临床诊断书写规范化方法研究

目的 规范临床诊断书写,为DRGs付费制度的实施做准备。方法 建立临床诊断字典,临床医师通过电子病历系统从临床诊断字典中选择诊断名称。结果 95%以上的临床诊断名称均来自临床诊断名称字典,保证了临床诊断名称的规范性,同时能够直接与ICD10编码对应。结论 建立临床诊断字典能够规范临床诊断的书写,同时为提高临床诊断编码的准确性奠定了基础。     

Death and the Persistence of Basic Personality Structure Among the Lakota

Abstract

A brief field survey among the Lakota on the Cheyenne River, Rosebud, and Pine Ridge reservations was made possible by a grant from the Long Beach California State College Research Foundation. The purpose of the survey was to decide whether further in-depth studies were warranted of the psychological dimension of acculturation among these people. Hallowell’s hypothesis regarding the persistence of the modalpersonality structure seemed to be at least a relevant working hypothesis among the Lakota. Since cultural understandings of death have been shown to be integrally related to the modal personality structure, overt expressions relating to death were chosen as one possible clue to the continuance of the covert aspects of the typical personality. Observations made support Hallowell’s hypothesis, and suggest that further study is warranted.     

The Gegenbaur Transformation: a paradigm change in comparative biology

The leading experts in the development of phylogenetic systematics, Walter Zimmermann and Willi Hennig, formulated their research program in opposition to (neo-) idealistic morphology as expounded by authors such as Wilhelm Troll and Adolf Naef. Idealistic morphology was synonymous with systematic morphology for Naef, who wanted it to be strictly kept separate and independent of phylogenetics. Naef conceded, however, that the natural system researched by systematic morphology is to be causally explained by the theory of descent with modification. Naef went on to compile a dictionary that would regulate the translation of the language of systematic morphology into the language of phylogenetics. The switch from idealistic morphology to phylogenetic morphology is paradigmatically exemplified in the two editions (1859, 1870) of Carl Gegenbaur's Grundzüge der vergleichenden Anatomie. This paper traces the development of phylogenetic systematics from Gegenbaur through the work of Adolf Naef to Walter Zimmermann and Willi Hennig. Hennig added to Naef's systematic morphology the dimension of time, which required an ontological replacement: Naef's natural system, a nested hierarchy of intensionally defined sets subject to the membership relation, was replaced by Hennig's phylogenetic system, an enkaptic hierarchy subject to the part-to-whole relation.     

The Yuwipi Cult of the Oglala and Sicangu Teton Sioux

Abstract

The Yuwipi Cult of the Teton Sioux falls into the category of the Plains darkened room or darkened tent ceremonies involving monsters, usually diminutive. This type of ceremony with the tieing and subsequent freeing of the shaman by his personal spirits is old on the Plains but is also a circumpolar complex. A Woodland past, with some elements surviving from the even earlier southeastern home, is evident in various practices and artifacts connected with the cult.

The author takes issue with a previous statement that Yuwipi is like the Peyote cult marginal to the Teton religion. Rather, Yuwipi embodies all the basic elements of Teton cultism while peyotism lacks many of these.

A specific Yuwipi meeting is described in detail the preliminary arrangments with the shaman, sweat bath procedures, food preparation for the ceremony, preparation of the meeting room, as well as the altar and sacred area, scarification of volunteers, and finally the lightsout sessions of the Yuwipi ceremony.

It is concluded that, despite rrany stories of trickery common throughout the Sioux country, Yuwipi devotees continue to believe in the power of the Yuwipi men.     

The Sacred Calf Pipe Bundle: It’s Effect on the Present Teton Dakota*

Abstract

In the legends of the Teton Dakota the White Buffalo Calf Maiden, as a messenger from Wakan Tanka, gave the people the Sacred Calf Pipe Bundle. This bundle became the center of the Teton’s religious beliefs, for with the bundle the Calf Maiden also gave the people certain religious ceremonies. Chief among these were the Sun Dance, the Hunkalowanpi and the Spirit-keeping ritual. From the old days to the present this bundle has been held in great reverence. To date there have been 11 keepers of the bundle, the present keeper being a 15 year old boy. To some extent the attitudes and views toward the old religion have been modified by the present generation. However, through the efforts of certain individuals a reawakening of the people towards things “Indian” is taking place. One example is a new course of studies in some Indian schools on “How to be a Modern Indian.” A second is the proposed building of a new Catholic church at Pine Ridge, South Dakota, in the image of a tipi decorated with the symbols and meanings of the old Teton religion, and a third is the use of the “peace pipe” in Catholic services.     

A Ceremony For The Preparation Of The Offering Cloths For Presentation To The Sacred Calf Pipe Of The Teton Sioux*

Abstract

The following ceremony, according to my informants, must be performed each and every time an offering is made to the Sacred Calf Pipe of the Teton Dakota. When it is completed the Sacred Pipe Bundle can then be opened and prayed over.     

Lakota Sioux Terms for White and Negro

Abstract

The primary concern herein is to expose the suggested etymologies and meanings of the terms the Sioux employ to discuss members of the white and black races. This paper deals with the Oglala Sioux Indians of South Dakota, primarily current Lakota speakers of Pine Ridge and their ancestors over the past three hundred years.     

人工诱导海南龙血竭的化学成分研究

为了解人工诱导海南龙血树(Dracaena cambodiana)所产血竭的化学成分,从其乙醇提取物中分离得到10个化合物,经波谱分析分别鉴定为socotrin-4?-ol(1)、homoisosocotrin-4?-ol(2)、(E)-3-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-7-hydroxy-chroman-4-one(3)、5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-3-(4?-hydroxybenzyl)-4-chromanone (4)、3-去氧苏木查耳酮(5)、苏木查耳酮(6)、7,4?-二羟基黄酮(7)、7,4?-二羟基-8-甲基黄酮(8)、丁香树脂醇(9)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(10)。化合物1～10均为首次从人工诱导海南龙血树所产血竭中分离得到,其中化合物8为新天然产物,化合物3～6为首次从血竭中分离得到。化合物7和8对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌具有生长抑制作用。     

George W. Hill’S Account Of The Sioux Sun Dance of 1866

Abstract

There are several published accounts of the Sioux Sun Dance. Most are those of the Oglala division of the Teton Sioux and most occurred rather late in Sioux history. In 1866, Captain George William Hill witnessed and recorded a Sioux Sun Dance published here for the first time. It is an earlier account that most others and is of interest because most of the participants were not from the Oglala division.     

《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》和“伯杰氏国际系统微生物学学会”历史回顾、发展现状及未来展望

2023年是《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》出版一百周年。《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》的诞生，旨在建立起原核微生物分类的明确标准，开启对原核微生物分类学探索的使命。随着生物学、物理学、化学、分子生物学、生物信息学及其相关研究技术的发展及学科交叉，微生物分类学逐渐发展为以系统发育和多相分类为基础、研究微生物物种进化与生物学特性和物种间相关性的学科，因此新发现的微生物物种及其生物学特征信息增加迅猛，该手册在2015年改名为《伯杰氏古菌与细菌系统学手册》，并采用了电子版，使得更新快捷，为原核微生物系统分类学领域注入新的生机和活力。《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》是微生物系统分类学的经典之作，为微生物学者提供微生物物种分类信息的同时，也在引领该领域的学者探索更为广阔的微生物世界。“伯杰氏国际系统微生物学学会”于2009年成立，旨在促进国际微生物领域的学术交流，推动原核微生物系统分类学的发展。本综述全面回顾了《伯杰氏鉴定细菌学手册》和“伯杰氏国际系统微生物学学会”的发展历史及最新进展，并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。     

Art in the Making

Abstract

There's Pigs and Pigs: Erik Blegvad, The Three Little Pigs, Atheneum: New York, 1980, 32 pages, $8.95.

There's Pigs and Pigs: Joseph Jacobs, The Story of the Three Little Pigs (illust. by Lorinda B. Cauley), Putnam: New York, 1980, unpaged, $8.95.

There's Pigs and Pigs: Margaret Wise Brown (illust. by Ann Strugnell), Once Upon a Time in a Pigpen, Addison-Wesley: Reading, Mass., 1980, 64 pages, $10.95.

There's Pigs and Pigs: Miska Miles (illust. by Leslie Morrill), This Little Pig, Dutton: New York, 1980, unpaged, $6.95.

Picture Books: William Steig, Gorky Rising, Farrar, Strauss &; Giroux: New York, 1980, unpaged, $10.95.

Picture Books: Charles Keeping, Willie's Fire-Engine, Oxford University: New York, 1980, unpaged, $10.95 (boards).

Picture Books: Lydia Pender (illust. by Judith Cowell), The Useless Donkeys, Warne: New York, 1979, unpaged, $9.95.

Picture Books: Lillie D. Chaffin (illust. by Lloyd Bloom), We Be Warm Till Springtime Comes, Macmillan: New York, 1980, unpaged, $9.95.

Picture Books: Kate Canning, A Painted Tale, Barrons: Woodbury, N.Y.: 1979, unpaged, $6.95 (boards).

Historical Explorations: Maurice Boutet de Monvel, Joan of Arc, Viking: New York, 1980, 55 pages, $12.95.

Historical Explorations: Mitsumasa, Anno, Anno's Medieval World, Philomel Books: New York, 1980, 48 pages, $9.99.

Historical Explorations: Peter Spier, People, Doubleday: New York, 1980, unpaged, $10.00.

Historical Explorations: John S. Goodall, An Edwardian Season, Atheneum: New York, 1980, unpaged, $7.95.

Historical Explorations: Miriam Schlein (illust. by Erik Hilgert), I, Tut, Four Winds Press: New York, 1979, unpaged, $7.95.     

炭团木霉中非核糖体多肽基因NRPS1的功能研究

[目的] 木霉属真菌是应用最为广泛和潜力最大的生防真菌,其产生的典型化合物哌珀霉素（peptaibols）类抗生素在生物防治中发挥重要作用。本研究采用基因组挖掘技术（genome mining）发现炭团木霉（Trichoderma hypoxylon）的潜在哌珀霉素生物合成基因簇及对病原菌的防治作用。[方法] 生物信息学分析预测合成哌珀霉素的基因簇,利用Quick-change技术构建基因骨架敲除盒,通过PEG介导的原生质体转化方法获得敲除突变株,通过平板对峙法和菌丝生长毒力实验验证该基因簇对炭团木霉生物活性的影响。[结果] 基因挖掘鉴定一个非核糖体多肽合成酶（nonribosomal peptide synthetases,NRPS）可能合成哌珀霉素类抗生素,命名为NRPS1,对该基因进行部分敲除,成功获得3株NRPS1缺失突变株。对峙实验表明,突变株对寄生曲霉（Aspergillus parasiticus）、尖孢镰刀菌（Fusarium oxysporum）、黑白轮枝菌（Verticillium alboatrum）等9株植物病原真菌的抑制作用与野生株相比显著下降,且突变株的粗提物的抑菌活性明显弱于野生型。[结论] NRPS1是一个潜在的哌珀霉素合成基因,该基因在宿主与病原真菌对抗过程中起关键作用,该研究为炭团木霉哌珀霉素结构解析及生物防治机理研究奠定了基础。     

副干酪乳杆菌PC-01全基因组测序及不同副干酪乳杆菌菌株比较基因组学分析

【背景】副干酪乳杆菌(Lactobacillus paracasei)作为乳酸菌中重要菌种之一,常被认为是优良益生菌开发的潜在资源。【目的】以L.paracasei PC-01和L.paracasei Zhang为例,分析不同L.paracasei的基因组差异和遗传背景,为菌株的鉴定和开发奠定基础。【方法】采用PacBioSMRT三代测序技术对L.paracasei PC-01进行全基因组测序,结合2株L.paracasei模式菌株和公开的36株全基因组数据,通过比较基因组学方法揭示39株L.paracasei菌株之间的差异。【结果】L.paracasei PC-01基因组不包含质粒,染色体大小为2 829 251 bp,GC含量为46.64%;L.paracasei Zhang包含一个质粒基因组大小为2 898 456 bp,GC含量为46.51%;不同L.paracasei菌株基因组大小、质粒数及GC含量均存在一定差异。L.paracasei群体为开放式基因组,基因组具有高度多样性。基于核心基因构建系统发育树对于L.paracasei种内区分效果最好,L.paracasei PC-...     

The census of heronries, 1960–61

Capsule Eleonora's Falcons wintering in Madagascar selected degraded humid forests and cultivated areas close to pristine humid forest.

Aims To identify the habitat preferences of Eleonora's Falcon Falco eleonorae on their wintering grounds in Madagascar, and to use this information to gain insights into the conservation priorities of this species.

Methods A total of 11 Eleonora's Falcons were captured in Spain in 2007 and 2008 and equipped with solar-powered satellite transmitters. We obtained information on five complete wintering events for three birds, two of them tracked for two consecutive years. Data were analyzed using geographic information system-based cartography.

Results The analyses showed a preference for degraded humid forests and cultivated lands within areas where pristine humid forests were the most abundant habitat type.

Conclusions Eleonora's Falcons could be taking advantage from a spill-over edge effect of their insect prey into cultivated and more open areas close to humid forests. However, the importance of humid forests for Eleonora's Falcons seems to be high. The current loss of this habitat in Madagascar is a cause for concern with respect to the conservation of this long-distance migratory falcon species.     

Coulomb Forces and Potentials in Systems with an Orthorhombic Unit Cell

Abstract

R. Sperb's development of the author's earlier work on summation of Coulomb fields in periodically repeated systems with a cubic unit cell is extended to systems with an orthorhombic unit cell. This permits rapid evaluation of Coulomb forces and potentials in systems other than those with a cubic unit cell. A general formula enables the Madelung constant to be calculated, as a function of the cell dimensions a, b and c.     

Two Robin Populations

Capsule This study is the first ever documented evidence of an interglacial refugium during the Last Interglacial for birds in Anatolia and suggests the need of a re-examination of the effects of the Last Interglacial on the geographic distribution and genetic structure of species.

Aims We tested whether, in accordance with the ‘refugia within refugia’ model, multiple refugia existed for Kruper's Nuthatch Sitta krueperi during the Last Glacial Maximum or the species survived along the coastal belt of Anatolia through the Late Quaternary glacial–interglacial cycles.

Methods An ecological niche model was developed to predict the geographic distribution of Kruper's Nuthatch under reconstructed past (the Last Interglacial and the Last Glacial Maximum), present, and projected future bioclimatic conditions. Also, robust coalescent-based analyses were used to assess demographic events over the history of Kruper's Nuthatch.

Results Kruper's Nuthatch survived the Last Glacial Maximum almost along the coastal belt of Anatolia, but not in multiple refugia, and surprisingly, contrary to expectations, it survived the Last Interglacial in southern Anatolia, but not along the coastal belt of Anatolia.

Conclusion A kind of the ‘refugia within refugia’ model (i.e. the ‘refugium within refugium’ model) was supported because range shifts took place within Anatolia (itself also a refugium) for Kruper's Nuthatch.     

Labour's ‘strange blindness’ and the end of Jubilee

ABSTRACT

This essay responds to David Roediger's Seizing Freedom: Slave Emancipation and Liberty for All. After a brief examination of the central themes of the book, I turn to the author's emphasis upon political agency. I argue that this emphasis is necessary, given the political and scholarly aims of the book. At the same time, I suggest that the agency depicted in Seizing Freedom was simultaneously constrained by the cultural, political, and social forces discussed in Roediger's earlier companion volume, The Wages of Whiteness. I end the essay with a short discussion of the labour leader William Sylvis that attempts to synthesize insights from Seizing Freedom and The Wages of Whiteness in order to explain the ‘strange blindness’ that led white labour to systematically ignore and repress the activity of black workers.     

枸杞根际土壤真菌群落多样性的高通量测序

【目的】为了解不同枸杞产区枸杞根际真菌多样性的差异,从枸杞根际土壤真菌群落的角度试图解释宁夏枸杞优良品质与其土壤微生物菌群的联系。【方法】采用Mi Seq高通量测序方法,分别将我国4个不同地区枸杞根际土壤样品进行ITS区的高通量测序,并分析了物种组成和丰度、Alpha多样性、Beta多样性和菌群结构,测定不同产区枸杞主要有效成分,同时对枸杞品质和其土壤理化因子及枸杞根际真菌种群多样性的相关性做了分析。【结果】多糖含量和甜菜碱含量均是中宁枸杞高于兴仁和精河,格尔木含量最低;宁夏兴仁、宁夏中宁、新疆精河3个地区菌群结构类似,子囊菌门和结合菌门占总菌群的80%左右,而青海格尔木除了子囊菌门占58%外,壶菌门和新丽鞭毛菌门远远高于其他3个地区,比例占总菌群的近25%;4个地区枸杞根际土壤真菌菌群结构相似性依次为宁夏兴仁、新疆精河、宁夏中宁、青海格尔木。【结论】枸杞根际土壤样品真菌物种组成丰富,不同地区枸杞根际土壤真菌种群结构有一定差异;枸杞主要有效成分含量与枸杞根际土壤真菌种群结构具有一定相关性。     

Nest-site selection and predation in Savi's Warblers Locustella luscinioides

Capsule Savi's Warblers preferred sites dominated by high and dense Juncus and Rubus with thick litter, and avoided pure reeds; predation was higher in sites with less litter.

Aim To describe nest-site selection and identify which habitat and nest features influence predation risk.

Methods Comparisons were made between habitat characteristics measured at nest-sites and random points, and between predated and successful nests.

Results Total vegetation cover, litter thickness, habitat type, undergrowth height and undergrowth cover, which were higher or denser at nest-sites, were the most important variables influencing the distribution of Savi's Warbler nests. Nests were most often predated in sites with low litter thickness.

Conclusion Savi's Warblers are dependent on the presence of dense low vegetation and litter for nesting, which should be maintained close to or within reed-beds for their benefit.     

Playing primitive: “In the land of the headhunters” and/or “war canoes”

Edward Curtis's 1914 film of the Kwakiutl of British Columbia is analyzed from the perspective of early ("primitive") cinema and the avant‐garde. The original film, In the Land of the Headhunters, is recontextualized and compared both to Nanook of the North and fiction filmmaking of the silent period; the restored film, In the Land of the War Canoes, is considered from the perspective of ethnographic spectatorship and native reappropriation of colonialist texts. As an allegory of the “salvage paradigm,” Curtis's ethnography is positioned within a postmodernist discourse on cultural representation.