Wedding of the Waters Cave, 48 HO 301, A Stratified Site in the Big Horn Basin of Northern Wyoming

Abstract

During the summer of 1959, the writer investigated several rock shelters at the mouth of the Wind River Canyon, about 3 miles south of Thermopolis, Wyoming. One of the rock shelters proved to be of archaeological value. A test trench revealed nearly 3 feet of stratified cultural deposits. The cultural materials fits well in the sequence for the Northwestern Plains, (Mulloy 1958: 204-223) and should be important in an area little known archaeologically.     

The Turk Burial Site, 48WA301

Abstract

This fissure burial in the southern mountains contained four adults and one child. Its age is estimated to be between 100 and 300 years, and the anthropometric evidence is consistent with a Shoshonean affiliation. Though considerably disturbed prior to investigation, the site yielded important information about the burial mode and artifacts of a fairly recent people.     

The Fort Smith Medicine Wheel,Montana

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to present information on a stone configuration in southeastern Montana, the Fort Smith Medicine Wheel (Site 24BH220), and to briefly review information on other known medicine wheels in an attempt to discover the function for which it was constructed.     

Site 48SH312:

Abstract

Site 48SH312 is part of an Early Middle Period complex in which at least part of the economy was oriented toward small-scale trapping of bison, utilizing the natural badland topography of the Powder River Basin. Further work is necessary to determine more of the economy as well as temporal and spatial aspects of the complex.     

Geology of Archeological Site 48SH312, Wyoming

Abstract

Archeological Site 48SH312 occurs upon slightly weathered shale in the uppermost portion ot the Fort Union Formation (Paleocene) of eastern Sheridan County, Wyoming. Only a trace of a paleosol is developed on the shale. Colluvium overlies the shale. The site is a small remnant of a ravine floor which existed during Kaycee time. Physiography of the present ravine and local distribution of resistant lenticular strata in the Fort Union Formation, suggest that the paleo-ravine was a box ravine with near vertical walls of 5-10 meters. Paleosol development, weathering features, and homogeneity of colluvium are interpreted as indicating a surface that represents late Kaycee time and provides a geological age for the site of 3500 to 4000 years before present.     

The Bentzen-Kaufmann Cave Site 48 SH 301

Abstract

A small cave in northeastern Wyoming yielded a number of bone fragments and artifacts representing an intermittent cultural deposition since the Early Period. A radiocarbon age of 6975 ± 275 years was obtained for one of the oldest components in the site.     

Site 39Lm219 In The Big Bend Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

Site 39LM219, an earth-lodge village located in the neck of the Big Bend of the Missouri River in Lyman County, South Dakota, is assigned to the Chouteau Aspect and is presumed to date at about A. D. 1700. Probably the site is part of the Crazy Bull Site previously described in this journal.     

Crazy Bull Site (39LM220), Big Bend Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

The Crazy Bull site (39LM220), is an, earth lodge village situated in the neck of the Big Bend of the Missouri River, Lyman County, South Dakota, One-half of a circular earth lodge and a midden area were excavated in July, 1959, by Warren Caldwell of the Smithsonjan Institution, River Basin Surveys. Iona Ware, Talking Crow Straight Rim, and Cadotte Collared pottery made up most of the rim sherd sample, Brass fragments in the house fill indicate a late occupation for the site, Due to a close ceramic relationship with the Spain site, the Crazy Bull site was assigned to the Chouteau Aspect.     

大铃棉中棉所48主要经济性状的QTL定位分析

利用4961对SSR引物对中棉所48的2个亲本进行多态性筛选,结果筛选到71对条带清晰、稳定性好的多态性引物,利用这些引物对261个F2群体进行扩增构建连锁图,获得了包含有49个标记位点的14个连锁群,共覆盖498.7cM,约占棉花总基因组10.0％的遗传图谱.采用WinQTL Cartographer 2.5的复合区间作图法(CIM),对F2群体的铃重、衣分及纤维品质进行分析,共检测到l1个稳定的QTLs,其中铃重2个、表分4个、纤维整齐度2个、纤维细度2个、纤维伸长率1个.这些稳定表达的QTLs能解释较大的表型变异,可用于纤维品质及产量性状的标记辅助选择,也可为大铃、优质棉的分子标记辅助选择,改良、提高大铃基因的选择效率,提供理论依据.     

大铃棉中棉所48主要经济性状的分子标记与QTL定位

本研究利用4961对的SSR引物对中棉所48的两个亲本进行多态性筛选,结果筛选到71对条带清晰,稳定性好的多态性引物,用这些引物对261个F2群体进行扩增构建连锁图,获得了包含有49个标记位点的14个连锁群,共覆盖498.7cM,约占棉花总基因组10.0%的遗传图谱。采用WinQTL Cartographer 2.5的复合区间作图法（CIM）,对F2群体的铃重、衣分及纤维品质进行分析,共检测到11个稳定的 QTLs,其中铃重有2个,衣分4个,纤维整齐度2个,纤维细度2个,纤维伸长率1个。这些稳定表达的QTLs,能解释较大的表型变异,可用于纤维品质及产量性状的标记辅助选择,也可为大铃、优质棉的分子标记辅助选择,改良、提高大铃基因的选择效率,提供理论依据。     

Special Issue on "Big Data and Precision Medicine"

正The journal Genomics ProteomicsBioinformatics(GPB)is now inviting submissions for a special issue on the topic of‘‘Big Data and Precision Medicine’’to be published in the fall of 2016.For many complex diseases,the traditional‘‘one drug for one disease’’scenario may soon become history.The new concept of‘‘precision medicine’’will heavily rely on the collection of large amount of data from the population as well as patients of specific diseases.     

The effect of methanol, formaldehyde, and formic acid on growth of Candida boidinii 11 Bh.

The dependence of the specific growth rate of Candida boidinii 11 Bh on methanol concentration follows Monod-type kinetics only in a narrow concentration range (0--0.8 v/v), with a saturation constant of about 19 mmol. With a further increase in methanol concentration of up to 3% v/v, the specific growth rate remains constant. Beyond this level, the growth rate gradually drops to zero, reaching the threshold value at 7.8% v/v. The specific growth rate is also strongly dependent on the size of the inoculum. The biomass yield decreases with an increase in the methanol concentration. Formaldehyde and formic acid, oxidative products of methanol, approximately 100 and ten times, respectively, more toxic to growth than the original substrate.     

Massively Parallel Sequencing: The Next Big Thing in Genetic Medicine

Massively parallel sequencing has reduced the cost and increased the throughput of genomic sequencing by more than three orders of magnitude, and it seems likely that costs will fall and throughput improve even more in the next few years. Clinical use of massively parallel sequencing will provide a way to identify the cause of many diseases of unknown etiology through simultaneous screening of thousands of loci for pathogenic mutations and by sequencing biological specimens for the genomic signatures of novel infectious agents. In addition to providing these entirely new diagnostic capabilities, massively parallel sequencing may also replace arrays and Sanger sequencing in clinical applications where they are currently being used.Routine clinical use of massively parallel sequencing will require higher accuracy, better ways to select genomic subsets of interest, and improvements in the functionality, speed, and ease of use of data analysis software. In addition, substantial enhancements in laboratory computer infrastructure, data storage, and data transfer capacity will be needed to handle the extremely large data sets produced. Clinicians and laboratory personnel will require training to use the sequence data effectively, and appropriate methods will need to be developed to deal with the incidental discovery of pathogenic mutations and variants of uncertain clinical significance. Massively parallel sequencing has the potential to transform the practice of medical genetics and related fields, but the vast amount of personal genomic data produced will increase the responsibility of geneticists to ensure that the information obtained is used in a medically and socially responsible manner.     

The Peterson Site (39Lm215) An Earth Lodge Village In The Big Bend Reservoir,South Dakota

Abstract

One circular earth lodge and an interhouse test trench were excavated at the Peterson Site by the Smithsonian Institution, Missouri Basin Projec;t in 1958 prior to the flooding of the area by the Big Bend Reservoir. Surface features indicated that the site was an unfortified village of about 40 lodges. The artifact inventory suggests that the village, which has been tentatively assigned to the Fort Thompson Focus, was probably occupied during the mid-18th century.     

Synthesis of Recombinant P48 of Mycoplasma agalactiae by Site Directed Mutagenesis and its Immunological Characterization

Contagious agalactia caused by Mycoplasma agalactiae is an economically important disease of sheep and goats and has been prevalent worldwide including India. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the membrane protein P48 of M. agalactiae for specific diagnosis of disease. For this, p48 gene of the organism was amplified by PCR and subjected to site directed mutagenesis to convert three TGA codons to TGG’s and, subsequently, cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pPRO EX HTb. Purified recombinant P48 protein reacted to anti-P48 serum in western blotting, which confirmed its immunogenic nature. Furthermore, the immune-blotting of the cell lysates from various Indian isolates of M. agalactiae against anti-P48 serum resulted in a single band at ～ 48 kDa among all isolates, indicating the conserved nature of P48 antigen in M. agalactiae. Also, the cross reactivity of P48 antigen among various Mycoplasma spp. was checked by western blotting which revealed reactivity only with M. agalactiae and M. bovis. Hence, this antigen could be exploited to differentiate M. agalactiae from other pathogenic Mycoplasma species except M. bovis. However, the inability of P48 to distinguish M. agalactiae from M. bovis does not downgrade the significance of P48 as the two species are usually host specific.     

Establishing Native Grasses in a Big Sagebrush–Dominated Site: An Intermediate Restoration Step

Many semiarid rangelands in the Great Basin, U.S.A., are shifting dominance to woody species as a consequence of land degradation including intense livestock grazing and fire suppression. Whereas past rehabilitation efforts in Big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) steppes removed the shrub and added introduced forage grasses to successfully shift communities from shrublands to grasslands, current consensus is that native species should be included in restoration projects and that retention of some woody plants is desirable. We examined the potential for interseeding grasses into dense shrub communities as a precursor to thinning shrubs and releasing grasses from shrub interference. We compared seedling establishment of the native grass, Bluebunch wheatgrass (Pseudoroegneria spicata), with that of the Eurasia grass, Crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), in dense Ar. tridentata stands. Shrubs may play an important role as nurse plants for seedling establishment (reduced solar radiation, “island of fertility” effect) but result in highly contrasting light environments and root interference for seedlings. In experimental plots, we examined effects of Ar. tridentata shade levels (0, 40, 70, and 90% reduction of solar radiation) and initial root exclusion (present/absent) on the establishment and growth of P. spicata and Ag. desertorum seedlings. With this design we evaluated the interference effects of Ar. tridentata on the two grasses and identified the most beneficial microsites for grass restoration in Ar. tridentata–dominated communities. We predicted seedling survival and growth to be greater under moderate shade (40% reduction) and limited root competition than under no or strong shade conditions (0 and 90%) and unrestricted root interactions. Fifty to 85% of the P. spicata and Ag. desertorum seedlings survived the dry summer months of 1995 and 1996 and the intervening winter. Neither shading nor root exclusion from Ar. tridentata affected final seedling survival of either species. Seedling biomass of both grass species was negatively affected by initial root interactions with Ar. tridentata. However, the analysis of seedling biomass variability (coefficient of variation) indicated that in all shade and root‐exclusion treatments, some seedlings of both species developed to large individuals to survive in Ar. tridentata–dominated rangelands. Thus, the use of interseeding techniques shows promise for restoring herbaceous species in dense Ar. tridentata stands and should be given further consideration when shrub retention is an important consideration.     

Characterization of a New Operon, as-48EFGH, from the as-48 Gene Cluster Involved in Immunity to Enterocin AS-48

Enterocin AS-48 is a cyclic peptide produced by Enterococcus faecalis S-48 whose genetic determinants have been identified in the conjugative plasmid pMB2. A region of 7.8 kb, carrying the minimum information required for production of and immunity against AS-48, had been previously cloned and sequenced in pAM401 (pAM401-52). In this region, the as-48A structural gene and as-48B, as-48C, as-48C₁, as-48D, and as-48D₁ genes and open reading frame 6 (ORF6) and ORF7 had been identified. The sequence analysis carried out in this work in the BglII B fragment (6.6-kb) from pMB2 cloned downstream from the last ORF identified (ORF7) revealed the existence of two new ORFs, as-48G and as-48H, necessary for full AS-48 expression. Thus, JH2-2 transformants obtained with the pAM401-81 plasmid became producers and resistant at the wild-type level. Tn5 disruption experiments in the last genes, as-48EFGH, were not able to reproduce these expression levels, confirming that expression of these genes is necessary to get the phenotype conferred by the wild-type pMB2 plasmid. The as-48EFGH operon encodes a new ABC transporter that could be involved in producer self-protection. On the basis of the observed similarities, As-48G would be the ATP-binding domain, the deduced amino acid sequences of As-48E and As48-H could be assigned as transmembrane subunits, and As-48F, with an N-terminal transmembrane segment and a coiled-coil domain, strongly resembles the structure of some known ABC transporter accessory proteins whose localization in the cell is discussed. This cluster of genes is expressed by two polycistronic mRNAs, T₂ and T₃, in JH2-2(pAM401-81) in coordinate expression. Our results also suggest that expression of T₃ could be regulated, because in JH2-2(pAM401_EH) transformants, T₃ was not detected, suggesting that these genes do not by themselves confer immunity, in accordance with the requirement for the as-48D₁ gene for immunity against AS-48.