Fruchtanatomische und zytologische Untersuchungen an einigen Arten der GattungenRhaponticum Adans. undLeuzea DC. (Compositae)

Zusammenfassung Es wurden insgesamt 5 Arten aus den GattungenRhaponticum Adans. undLeuzea DC. auf ihre fruchtanatomischen Merkmale hin untersucht.Auf Grund dieser Merkmale, insbesondere des Baues des doppelten Pappus, des Perikarps (Verholzungsgrad, Epidermis, Behaarung, Ablösungsvorrichtung) sowie des Samens wurden die bisher zur GattungLeuzea gerechneten ArtenRh. longifolium (Hoffmgg. etLink) M.Dittrich undRh. rhaponticoides (Graells) M.Dittrich neu kombiniert.Die systematisch unklare Stellung vonLeuzea conifera (L.) DC. wird mit Bezug auf ihre anatomischen Fruchtmerkmale diskutiert.Die obengenannten Fruchtmerkmale weisen auf eine enge verwandtschaftliche Beziehung zu den SektionenSerratula undMastrucium Cass. der GattungSerratula L. hin.Die Chromosomenzahlen, die im Rahmen dieser Untersuchungen ermittelt wurden und die früherer Zählungen, wurden in einer Tabelle (S. 386) zusammengestellt. Für alle untersuchten Arten wurden 2n=26 Chromosomen ermittelt.

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Summary Five species of the generaRhaponticum Adans. andLeuzea DC. were examined concerning the anatomical characters of the fruits.According to these characters especially the structure of the double pappus, the pericarp (degree of lignification, epidermis, hairiness, mechanism for detaching the fruits) as well as the seedRh. longifolium (Hoffmgg. etLink) M.Dittrich andRh. rhaponticoides (Graells) M.Dittrich till now put into the genusLeuzea DC. were new combined.The systematically uncertain position ofL. conifera (L.) DC. has been discussed according to its anatomical characters of the fruits.These characters mentioned above point out a close relationship to the genusSerratula L. (sect.Serratula andMaslrucium Cass.).The chromosome numbers determined in the course of this research and of former countings were listed in a table (p. 386). All counted species have 2n=26 chromosomes.

     

New and little known crickets of the subfamily phalangopsinae (Orthoptera, Gryllidae): 3. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Seychelles

Two new subgenera and eight new species of the subfamily Phalangopsinae are described from Sulawesi, Supiori, Mindoro, Palawan, Sumatra, and Cousin islands. Two former subgenera, Longizacla and Brevizacla, are considered as genera. The new synonymy for a subgenus of the genus Luzonogryllus is established. Diagnostic characters and systematic position of some taxa are discussed.     

Towards a revision of the South American genus Praocis Eschscholtz (Coleoptera,Tenebrionidae), with estimation of the diversity of each subgenus

A review of the subgenera of the South American genus Praocis Eschscholtz (Pimeliinae: Praociini) is presented. Praocis comprises 77 species and 8 subspecies arranged in nine subgenera distributed in arid lands from Central Peru and Bolivia to the Southern part of Patagonia in Chile and Argentina. For each subgenus of Praocis: Praocis Eschscholtz, Mesopraocis Flores & Pizarro-Araya, subgen. n., Anthrasomus Guérin-Méneville, Filotarsus Gay & Solier, Postpraocis Flores & Pizarro-Araya, subgen. n., Hemipraocis Flores & Pizarro-Araya, subgen. n., Orthogonoderes Gay & Solier, Praonoda Flores & Pizarro-Araya, subgen. n., and Praocida Flores & Pizarro-Araya, subgen. n., we present a diagnosis using new and constant characters of adult morphology such as clypeal configuration, length and proportion of antennomeres 9, 10 and 11, arrangement of apical tomentose sensory patches on antennomeres 10 and 11, anterior margin of prosternum, lateral margin of elytron, ventral surface of profemora, and shape of protibiae. An identification key for the nine subgenera of Praocis is presented. Type species are designated for the five new subgenera; for Mesopraocis: Praocis calderana Kulzer, for Postpraocis: Praocis pentachorda Burmeister, for Hemipraocis: Praocis sellata Berg, for Praonoda: Praocis bicarinata Burmeister, for Praocida: Praocis zischkai Kulzer, and for the previously described subgenus Orthogonoderes: Praocis subreticulata Gay & Solier. The current number of species and the estimated number of species to be described are presented. The distribution ranges of the subgenera, including new records from collections and recent expeditions, are given. Habitat preferences and a discussion of the biogeography of the genus are also presented.     

New and little-known crickets of the subfamily phalangopsinae (Orthoptera,Gryllidae): 4. Neotropical genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Uvaroviella</Emphasis>

The former genera Acla Heb., Aclodes Heb., and Paraclodes Des.-Grand., are considered subgenera of the genus Uvaroviella Chop. Five new subgenera and nine new species of this genus from Ecuador and Guyana are described. Two new species names are proposed due to the secondary homonymy, and one old species name was resurrected from synonymy as a replacement name. Lectotype for U. cavicola Chop. is designated. New data on the geographical and bitopical distribution of some species are given. The paper is based on the material from the collections of the Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg (ZIN), and the Natural History Museum, London (NHM).     

Révision du genreProstrepsiceros Major 1891 (Mammalia,Bovidae)

The study of new fossils from the Miocene of Macedonia (Greece) has led us to a revision of the genusProstrepsiceros, which we propose to divide into two subgenera:P. (Prostrepsiceros) andP. (Helicotragus), these subgenera comprising respectively two and three species.     

The Stenopodainae (Hemiptera,Heteroptera) of Argentina

In Argentina, 10 genera and 33 species of Stenopodainae (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) have been recorded. Diagnoses of the genera, subgenera and species are given, and an illustrated key to genera is provided. Six species are new records for Argentina and an additional seven species represent new records for provinces.     

Diversification of the Genus Anopheles and a Neotropical Clade from the Late Cretaceous

The Anopheles genus is a member of the Culicidae family and consists of approximately 460 recognized species. The genus is composed of 7 subgenera with diverse geographical distributions. Despite its huge medical importance, a consensus has not been reached on the phylogenetic relationships among Anopheles subgenera. We assembled a comprehensive dataset comprising the COI, COII and 5.8S rRNA genes and used maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference to estimate the phylogeny and divergence times of six out of the seven Anopheles subgenera. Our analysis reveals a monophyletic group composed of the three exclusively Neotropical subgenera, Stethomyia, Kerteszia and Nyssorhynchus, which began to diversify in the Late Cretaceous, at approximately 90 Ma. The inferred age of the last common ancestor of the Anopheles genus was ca. 110 Ma. The monophyly of all Anopheles subgenera was supported, although we failed to recover a significant level of statistical support for the monophyly of the Anopheles genus. The ages of the last common ancestors of the Neotropical clade and the Anopheles and Cellia subgenera were inferred to be at the Late Cretaceous (ca. 90 Ma). Our analysis failed to statistically support the monophyly of the Anopheles genus because of an unresolved polytomy between Bironella and A. squamifemur.     

Phenetics of the subgenera and sections in the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Oxytropis</Emphasis> DC. (Fabaceae) bearing on ecology and phylogeny

Cluster analysis based on 50 quantitative alternative morphological characters was applied to 25 sections in the genus Oxytropis DC. It has mainly confirmed the division into subgenera and sections accepted by different authors. It reveals the affinity (not identity) between subgenera Traganthopsis Vass. and Triticaria Vass. (difference: 44%), and justifies the recognition of the section Chrysantha Vass. in the subgenus Oxytropis, as well as the recognition of the sections Dolichanthos Gontsch. and Mongolia F. C. Fu, the latter being related to the subgenus Ptiloxytropis Bunge. In addition, it has been shown that the divorce of the section Mesogaea Bunge from the Janthina Bunge section, and section Polyscapa Ulzij. from the type section Physoxytropis Bunge is unreasonable. These conclusions on phenetics are the guide indicators for a profound study of phylogeny influenced by ecology.     

A review of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Deporaus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera,Rhynchitidae) from the Russian fauna: 1. Subgenera <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudapoderites</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Japonodeporaus</Emphasis>

The genus Deporaus from the Russian fauna is revised. Four species (D. pacatus, D. azarovae, D. septentrionalis, and D. hartmanni) of the subgenera Pseudapoderites and Japonodeporaus are found. Keys to the subgenera and to the species of the subgenus Pseudapoderites are given. The genus Deporaus, subgenera Pseudapoderites and Japonodeporaus, and four species are redescribed. The distribution of these species in Russia is discussed.     

Stem anatomy of Philodendron Schott (Araceae) and its contribution to the systematics of the genus

Previous morphological analysis has indicated that subgenus Meconostigma was the basal group of the genus and sister group of a clade formed by subgenera Philodendron and Pteromischum. However, recent molecular analysis suggests Pteromischum is the sister group of the clade Philodendron and Meconostigma. The objective of this work was to anatomically describe the stem of Philodendron, searching for possible synapomorphies for the three currently accepted subgenera, and thus give support to one of the two phylogenetic hypotheses, and to contribute new and updated information about characters relevant to the taxonomy of the group. Anatomical data were obtained from 14 species of Philodendron. The main conclusions of our study were recognition of a sclerified hypodermis and storied cork in Philodendron and verification of the absence of amphivasal bundles, the presence of which was previously suggested for the genus by French and Tomlinson. The presence of a branched root vascular plexus in Meconostigma and Philodendron gives support to the phylogenetic hypothesis in which those two subgenera form a monophyletic clade. The unistratified and sclerified hypodermis, only simple vascular bundles within the periphery of the central cylinder, and a connection through a fibrous sheath between them were considered apomorphic characters of Pteromischum.     

Morphogenesis of rissoidae in the inland basins of the Eastern Paratethys

Miocene rissoids from the heterochronous low-salinity seas of the Eastern Paratethys (Early Chokrakian, Karaganian, Late Konkian, Early Sarmatian, and Early Maeotian) were revised. The polyphyletic genus Mohrensternia is subdivided into several generic and subgeneric taxa. The new genus Zhgentia and the new subgenera Rissoa (Turboellina), R. (Pseudoturboellina), and R. (Maeotia) are established.     

New data on the taxonomy and morphology of weevils of the genus <Emphasis Type="Italic">Plinthus</Emphasis> (Coleoptera,Curculionidae)

The taxonomic composition of the genus Plinthus Germar, 1817 is considered. The procedure of dissection of the weevil genitalia, variations in the endophallus armature, proventriculus, and crop in Plinthus species are described, and the terminology for these structures is explained. The taxonomic significance of the morphological characters of the endophallus, proventriculus, and crop, as well as the phylogenetic relationships of the genus Plinthus and its subgenera are discussed. New data on the taxonomy, morphology, and distribution of species from the subgenera Plinthomeleus Reitter, 1913 and Plinthus s. str. are presented. Keys to the subgenera of Plinthus and to species groups of the subgenus Plinthomeleus are given. Plinthus squalidus is recorded from the Caucasus and Russia for the first time.     

The subdivisions of Magnistipula Engl. (Chrysobalanaceae)

A conspectus of the subgenera and sections ofMagnistipula is provided. Of the two subgenera occurring on the African mainland, subgenusMagnistipula is divided into the sectionsMagnistipula,Animalculum andPeregrinator, whereas subgen.Pellegriniella is monotypic. A Malagasy subgenus,Tolmiella, is new; its two species,M. cerebriformis andM. tamenaka, are transferred fromHirtella.     

A classification of the New World species of Aster (Asteraceae)

In order effectively to list and comment on the results of cytological investigations inAster in a companion paper, a scheme of infrageneric classification is presented which utilizes the basic chromosome number as a pivotal diagnostic character. Reasons are stated as to why, with the exception ofUnamia Greene which is transferred toSolidago, and the commonly recognized generaLeucelene Greene,Machaeranthera Nees andXylorhiza Nutt., none of the segregate genera previously proposed or recorded in the literature is upheld. Instead, these taxa are being given subgeneric or sectional rank. Two additional subgenera are established to accommodate the species groups traditionally placed in “Aster proper,” which are characterized by having basic chromosome numbers ofx = 5 andx = 8, respectively. Altogether ten subgenera of the genusAster, five of them subdivided further into a total of 24 sections, are recognized as having representative species in the New World. All basionyms and type species are listed, and a number of new combinations and status changes are validated in accordance with the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature. Where known (from literature and personal research), chromosome numbers are recorded for the species.     

Karyomorphology and GC-rich heterochromatin pattern in Passiflora (Passifloraceae) wild species from Decaloba and Passiflora subgenera

Thirteen wild species of Passiflora were analyzed using conventional and CMA/DA/DAPI staining to evaluate the karyotype diversity between and within the subgenus Decaloba and Passiflora. The karyotypic features indicate that both subgenera have a conserved chromosome number, as reported before for several species. Submetacentric (sm) chromosomes were found in species from both subgenera, suggesting that sm chromosomes are not restricted to a particular subgenus. The analysis of the karyotypic heterogeneity enabled to distribute the species in three groups, but with no support to phylogenetic and taxonomic levels. The application of fluorochromes allowed for the visualization of CMA⁺/DAPI⁻ blocks, which in our studies always correlated with the occurrence of satellites, showing that occurrence of two chromosome pairs with satellites per cell is a characteristic shared by some species from both subgenera. This feature does not always have relationship with the basic chromosome number. The data found in this study will help to understand the phylogeny, cytotaxonomy, and evolution of the genus Passiflora showing that karyotypic variation can be seen between and within the subgenus Decaloba and Passiflora.     

A study on the Neotropical Anthaxiini (Coleoptera,Buprestidae, Buprestinae)

Revision of the Neotropical genera of the subtribe Anthaxiina Gory & Laporte, 1839 (Coleoptera, Buprestidae, Buprestinae, Anthaxiini). Five new genera are described: Anthaxita gen. n., Charlesina gen. n., Cobosina gen. n., Marikia gen. n. and Sanchezia gen. n. Genus Agrilaxia Kerremans, 1903 is divided into two subgenera: Agrilaxia and Costiptera subgen. n. and the genus Bilyaxia Hołyński, 1989 is divided into three subgenera: Bilyaxia, Paraguayetta subgen. n. and Tomasia subgen. n. One new species is described: Anthaxita peruviana sp. n., and two informal species-groups are suggested within Agrilaxia (Costiptera subgen. n.): Agrilaxia (Costiptera) modesta (Kerremans, 1897) species-group and Agrilaxia (Costiptera) occidentalis (Kerremans, 1900) species-group. Lectotype is designated for Agrilaxia mrazi Obenberger, 1932. A key of all genera/subgenera is provided and all treated taxa are illustrated.     

Contributions toward a monograph of Cybianthus (Myrsinaceae): III a revision of subgenus Laxiflorus

The nomenclatural history, morphology, ecology and taxonomy of the subgenus is reviewed and its relationship to other subgenera discussed. Keys, distribution maps and synonymies for each taxon are provided. Five species are recognized of which one,Cybianthus deltatus, is described as new, illustrated and discussed. One new combination,Cybianthus fulvopulverulentus subsp.magnoliifolius (Mez) Pipoly, is made.Cybianthus spicatus is a polymorphic ochlospecies, with four ecotypic growth forms. Five binomials are lectotypified.