与环境管理有关的生态学研究展望

当今世界 ,自然资源和环境管理间有许多问题需要解决。决策者们不断寻求能够实现环境质量改善和有效、持续利用资源的途径和手段。而环境资源的有限性和稀缺性也决定了必须进行有效的环境管理 ,这就需要借助生态学知识作出有效可行的管理决策 [10 ,11]。然而 ,在我国目前的条件下 ,生态学家和环境管理人员之间通常缺乏联系 ,在许多方面难以达成共识。其原因 ,既有人为造成的 ,也有历史发展的原因。在解决有关生态保护、环境管理和可持续发展之间的种种问题时 ,对生态学研究所处的地位和作用缺乏理论上的探索。另一方面 ,生态系统管理比我们…     

转基因动物在生物制药工业中的应用

简要论述了转基因动物的概念、制作方法及应用领域,回顾了转基因动物技术的发展及现状,分析了转基因动物与克隆动物的区别.就转基因动物在制药工业和生物医药领域中的国内外研究与开发应用情况进行了阐述,同时展望了转基因动物制药的发展前景及对社会的影响.     

动物转基因高效表达策略研究进展

外源基因在动物体内、细胞内表达时,常由于各种原因导致基因沉默。目前,主要有两种策略用于打破该瓶颈:一是利用友好位点;二是优化外源基因顺式作用元件。利用友好位点就是通过定点整合技术将外源基因插入至活性转录区域;优化外源基因顺式作用元件即采用合适的启动子、增强子、内含子、染色质开放元件、核基质附着区等元件,构建出高效表达载体。对相关策略进行概述,为动物基因工程育种提供参考。     

实验动物细菌学监测工作中存在的问题及建议

实验动物细菌学质量控制标准是评价实验动物质量的重要指标,本文在分析发达国家实验动物质量标准的基础上,结合目前的检测现状,对我国实验动物细菌学监测标准在检测项目、检测方法、检测频率、取样要求等方面存在的问题进行了分析并提出建议。     

实验动物皮肤病原真菌检测方法的改良

目的对实验动物皮肤病原真菌2种培养方法进行了比较。方法将采集到的3只皮肤真菌感染病兔样品经由沙氏平皿法和沙氏试管斜面培养法分别进行培养。结果在3只真菌感染病兔中应用试管斜面法我们只检测到1例皮肤病原真菌阳性,而采用沙氏平皿法3例阳性全部检出。结论结合临床检测经验,我们认为本研究的沙氏平皿法优于沙氏试管斜面法,在实验动物皮肤病原真菌常规检测中具有推广应用价值。     

Companion Animals as Selfobjects

ABSTRACT

This research examined whether self psychology could be systematically applied to human–animal relationships. Twenty-four semi-structured interviews were conducted, which consisted of 16 questions designed to illuminate selfobject needs. The interviews were intended to identify whether the horse/dog/cat/rabbit was a selfobject, that is, a provider of self-cohesion, self esteem, calmness, soothing, and acceptance, for the participant and, if so, whether the primary type(s) of selfobject was mirroring, idealizing, or twinship. Results revealed that self psychology could be applied successfully to human–animal relationships, that it could usually be determined whether the animal served a selfobject function, and that selfobject type was generally able to be established. In this sample, animals rivaled and even surpassed humans in their ability to provide important selfobject needs.     

体细胞介导制备转基因动物的新途径

体细胞介导制备转基因动物的技术路线是在核移植技术的基础上建立起来的。它的问世不过只有四五年时间 ,但显示了其具有广泛的应用前景。本综述比较了不同制备转基因动物技术的优缺点 ,介绍了体细胞介导制备转基因动物的基本技术路线 ,着重阐述了体细胞转染和整合细胞的克隆 ,以及体细胞介导的转基因技术的局限性和应用前景     

湖南省实验动物中几种常见的人兽共患病监测

目的对2003年至2007年湖南省实验动物中沙门氏菌、汉坦病毒、仙台病毒、淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒、弓形虫病等几种常见的人兽共患病的流行病学进行调查。方法按《GB14922．2-2001》和《GB14922．1-2001》抽检动物。结果实验大、小鼠汉坦病毒（HV）和仙台病毒（Sendai）出现抗体阳性,实验小鼠淋巴细胞脉络丛脑膜炎病毒（LCM）出现抗体阳性,实验鼠沙门氏菌（Salmonella）检测结果阳性,实验大鼠和普通级兔弓形体（Toxoplasma）检测结果阳性。结论应加强对实验动物流行病学的监测。     

The Children's Treatment of Animals Questionnaire: A Rasch Analysis

ABSTRACT

The study of human–animal interactions is limited by a paucity of empirically validated measures of humane treatment of companion animals. The current study reports findings from a psychometric analysis of the Children's treatment of animals Questionnaire (CTAQ; thompson and Gullone 2003), an instrument that assesses children's humane interactions with nonhuman animals. Specifically, the current study extends what is known about the psychometric properties of the CTAQ by using traditional and item response theory analyses. The CTAQ was administered to a sample of 217 school-age children whose mothers were currently receiving residential or non-residential domestic violence services. Item-analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and parallel analysis were conducted to replicate previous psychometric evaluations of the CTAQ. Rasch analysis of the CTAQ was also conducted to provide a stringent test of unidimensionality and to identify potential invariance in item functioning across various demographic variables. The CTAQ showed adequate fit to the Rasch model; one modification, removal of item 5, was required. A Rasch principal components analysis of residuals indicated a single latent dimension among the remaining 12 items. Scale use was appropriate; Rasch-andrich thresholds increased with category values and no disordering of categories was evident. Examination of item-person maps indicated the sample was also well-targeted. Notably, evidence of differential item function was found across Spanish and English translations. Overall, findings indicate that the CTAQ is an appropriate unidimensional measure of children's humane treatment of animals. The measure is particularly well-suited for children ages 7 to 12 years who are at risk for exposure to and perpetration of animal cruelty. We recommend use of a 12-item version of the CTAQ to enhance the utility of the total score as a latent measure of children's humane treatment of companion animals.     

Attitudes toward Animals among Kindergarten Children: Species Preferences

ABSTRACT

Attitudes toward animals are influenced by both animal traits (e.g., similarity to humans, aesthetic quality, size) and individual human attributes (e.g., gender, age, educational level, cultural factors). Although the examination of children's interest in animals, and their preference for different species, may evidence specific trends and help explain the development of attitudes, the vast majority of research has not considered children younger than 6 years. The present study was aimed at assessing preferences for a variety of animal species in a sample of 3–6 year-old Italian children, using a forced-choice task and visual aids (images of the animals). Pictures of 48 animal species, ranging from mammals to invertebrates, were presented to the children. Two photographic stimuli were simultaneously displayed and participants were asked to indicate their preference. Results show that the children preferred higher-order species, and domestic over wild animals. Apart from a few exceptions, invertebrates were the most disliked group of species among the children. Girls showed more negative and fear-related attitudes than the boys. Results are discussed taking into account different factors that may affect children's preferences for various animal species, that is, similarity to humans and aesthetical appeal. Greater knowledge on early attitudes toward animals has implications for promoting interest in animals and for building educational interventions for kindergarten children. This is particularly important in light of the growing use of different animals in educational and therapeutic contexts, as well as from an animal welfare perspective.     

陕西汉中地区经济动物研究

经济动物根据其用途可划分为 9大类 ,通过对汉中地区各类经济动物发展潜力的分析 ,汉中地区应大力发展肉用动物、药用动物和工业资源动物的养殖。在开发利用经济动物的过程中 ,应特别注意应用生物技术 ,保持生物资源的可持续发展     

国内外实验动物病毒检测的比较

实验动物病毒学检测项目、检测方法、检测频率等在实际应用中仍存在诸多问题。本文简要介绍国内外常用实验动物病毒检测的内容和方法。结合目前我国实验动物病毒检测实际工作中值得关注的问题提出建议。     

Attitudes toward Animals among German Children and Adolescents

ABSTRACT

This is the first study about attitudes toward animals among German children and adolescents. A sample of 543 pupils (261 boys, 282 girls) aged 11 to 17 (mean age = 13.37 ± 2.01 years) completed a questionnaire based on different established scales, for example, the Animal Attitude Scale (AAS) and the Intermediate Attitude Scale (IAS). Several aspects of attitudes toward animals and various dimensions of human–animal relationships were measured, including gender, age, grade, pet ownership, animal-related activities, meat consumption, and fear of and disgust toward animals. Gender and age were important factors in determining attitudes toward animals: pro-animal attitudes decreased with age and girls showed more positive attitudes compared with boys. Pet ownership and animal-related activities were associated with more positive attitudes toward animals, whilst meat consumption was related to lower pro-animal attitudes. There were no correlations between fear and general attitudes toward animals. The correlations between disgust and attitudes toward animals were weak. We found significant correlations among the different scales and subscales in animal attitudes.     

哺乳动物低氧应激代谢成因的研究进展

氧气是哺乳动物机体代谢稳态维持的物质基础,若代谢过程中氧气供给不足,可造成低氧应激。目前,环境低氧、代谢性低氧和携氧细胞功能障碍是造成动物低氧应激的重要成因。目前,低氧对动物机体代谢和组织功能的影响研究主要集中于肺脏、肝脏、消化道、肌肉和乳腺等部位。若处于低氧状态的哺乳动物形成了适应低氧的代谢模式,则可维持其代谢稳态;相反,若动物无法维持低氧状态下的代谢稳态,则会导致机体氧化应激甚至病变。目前,低氧应激在家畜方面的研究主要集中于高原动物代谢适应机制;然而,泌乳期动物机体代谢速率、氧气消耗和自由基水平均较高,但氧在泌乳动物代谢应激形成中的作用及其对泌乳性能的影响,仍有待探索。综述了哺乳动物产生低氧应激的代谢成因与作用结果,旨在探讨哺乳动物低氧应激生物学基础,为进一步从低氧应激调控角度为泌乳动物的健康状况维持提供理论依据。     

Childhood Neglect,Attachment to Companion Animals,and Stuffed Animals as Attachment Objects in Women and Men

ABSTRACT

Childhood neglect has severe, pervasive, negative outcomes that often continue into adulthood. As a potential source of support for both children and adults, companion animals (pets) can both give and receive affection and therefore may be sources of healthy attachment for people who were raised in negative situations. Toy stuffed animals, in contrast, can only receive affection but may still be useful as transitional objects, particularly for people who experienced interpersonal neglect in childhood and who are in the midst of a transition away from the family home and into college. The current study examined the relationships among childhood neglect, companion animal attachment, and attachment to toy stuffed animals. Undergraduate participants (n = 457) from a large regional university answered questionnaires online. The first hypothesis, that self-reported childhood neglect would be positively related to attachment to companion animals, was supported for women only. Neglected women were more attached to companion animals than were non-neglected women, with a medium effect size. For men, there was no significant effect. The second hypothesis was that childhood neglect would be positively related to attachment to stuffed animals; this hypothesis was not supported. The third hypothesis, that women would be more attached to both companion animals and stuffed animals than would men, was supported. Attachment to companion animals and attachment to stuffed animals were positively related. Results are discussed within a framework of attachment and transitional objects as potential aids to therapy in people who were neglected in childhood.     

石蒜属植物的药用和观赏利用前景

石蒜属植物是重要的药用植物,又是一类优良观赏植物,既可用于园林配置,也可用作切花生产或盆栽。综述了石蒜属植物的药用和观赏价值并对其应用前景进行了探讨,为全面开发利用我国这一丰富的野生资源提供了一些理论基础。     

部分水产养殖动物性别控制基因的研究进展

动物的性别是受遗传或环境等因素控制的。自从在哺乳动物中发现了性别决定基因SRY后,还发现了许多其他与性别控制和性腺发育相关的基因。由于海水养殖动物的性别控制技术在遗传育种和生产中十分重要,因此利用现代分子生物技术研究性别控制的基因成为热点。本文综述了鱼类、锯缘青蟹、海龟和海胆等水产养殖动物性别控制基因的研究进展。     

Integrating Multiple Toxicological Endpoints in a Decision-Making Framework for Contaminated Sediments

Contaminated sediment has been identified as one of the major impediments to ecosystem restoration, but there has been little progress made in the management of sediment contaminants. Four primary lines of evidence are generally required for informed assessments yet the integration of these various lines of evidence is problematic. Using data from 220 reference sites located in the nearshore zone of the Laurentian Great Lakes the normal response of four species of laboratory organisms to sediments representing a wide range of sediment characteristics was examined. The toxicity data from the reference sites were used to establish categories of responses to test sediments. The delineations for the three categories were developed from the standard statistical parameters of population mean and standard deviation (mean ± SD) of an endpoint measured in all reference sediments. Three approaches for integrating information were examined; the first two are score based, the third approach uses a multivariate statistical method to integrate the responses. The methods were examined using both artificial and real test site data and from this it was concluded that ordination is the superior of the three. It is the least subjective within the context of the integration of the endpoints, is quantitative, and also provides appropriate weighting based on the variation observed within reference sites.     

家养动物复杂性状基因定位的统计分析和实验设计

复杂性状基因定位的研究是人类、动植物研究中的1个热点领域。在畜禽的研究中,其目的是定位与生产性状、繁殖性状和疾病相关的基因。在人类中,复杂性状基因定位的研究具有极大的挑战性。尽管基因定位的结果积累得很快,但能得以确认的结果却很少。关于畜禽基因定位的研究结果同样也增长很快,目前在鸡、猪、奶牛等物种中几个大尺度的基因定位工作也正在开展中。虽然在不远的将来能够得到新的、可确信的结果,但是如何精确地理解这些复杂性状的基因仍然需要一定的时间。近来,复杂性状基因定位的方法已被用于通过基因表达的数据研究转录调节因子的定位工作中,这是基因定位研究中1个新的领域。基因定位的统计分析和实验设计是基因定位研究中的关键性步骤,研究的目的在于讨论畜禽复杂性状基因定位的统计分析和实验设计的研究进展及今后的发展。