沈阳稻田中华按蚊孳生状态的初步观察

稻田是中华按蚊(Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann,1828)的主要孳生场所,因此掌握稻田中华按蚊孳生规律,做到有的放矢,才能经济有效地进行防治。我们将1982年4—10月间对沈阳稻田中华按蚊孳生状态的观察结果整理如下,以供参考。     

稻田养鱼灭蚊效果的观察

广大的水稻田地,一直是蚊类孳生的良好环境,根据书本及文献上的记载,在我国约有22种蚊类能孳生在稻田之中,其中按蚊有中华按蚊(Anopheles hyrcanus sinensis)等16种,库蚊有二带喙库蚊(Culex bitaeniorhynchus)等5种,以及一种刺扰伊蚊(Aedes vexans)。     

宜宾地区按蚊种类及其生态习性

宜宾地区的按蚊记录,何琦、刘吟龙(1943)曾报道有中华按蚊、微小按蚊,潘氏按蚊3种。建国以来,我们又先后发现嗜人按蚊、贵阳按蚊,八代按蚊,林氏按蚊、多斑按蚊、巨型按蚊西姆拉亚种、傅氏按蚊等七种。中华按蚊和嗜人按蚊的孳生地都主要是稻田,但后者多孳生在有水草和遮荫条件较好,水源清凉的稻田或沟渠内,它对生境的选择较中华按蚊严格,故多有狭区性分布特点。微小按蚊、潘氏按蚊、林氏按蚊孳生于山溪缓流。中华按蚊嗜吸牛血,兼吸人血,以成虫在牛房越冬为主,冬季在牛房有吸血活动,嗜人按蚊主吸人血,栖于人房,以卵越冬。微小按蚊,潘氏按蚊、…     

三带喙库蚊(Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles,1901)幼虫的生态

1.本文报告了1957年春,实验室中三带喙库蚊血液消化、产卵、孵化、幼虫的各龄、蛹化、羽化等的初步观察结果。 2.同年5—10月,又初步观察了三带喙库蚊幼虫11型孳生地的十项自然环境因素。 3.自然界的十项环境因素,对此蚊幼虫孳生的影响,亦略加分析讨论。 4.通过11型幼虫孳生地的调查,得知此蚊幼虫多孳生在茭瓜田、蕹菜田、芋头田、稻田及藕田等5型中。 5.1957年三带喙库蚊幼虫全期最高峰的出现日期,与流行性乙型脑炎流行的最高峰恰相吻合。     

中国稻田昆虫群落多样性及生态调控功能研究进展

稻田昆虫群落是农业昆虫群落总体的重要组成部分,也是稻田生态系统的重要结构。本文综述了我国稻田昆虫群落多样性及生态调控功能研究进展。显示,我国的稻田昆虫群落研究,主要围绕天敌资源利用与水稻害虫防治两个方面,且基于水稻害虫防治中心目标开展。而且,稻田昆虫群落常被分为捕食性昆虫、寄生性昆虫、中性昆虫、水稻害虫等亚群落或功能团被研究,且昆虫群落中重要天敌昆虫种群与重要水稻害虫种群密切联系。为此,本文主要就我国稻田昆虫群落与组成、稻田昆虫多样性与资源、水稻害虫发生动态、防治方法策略与害虫生态调控、食物网营养关系与能流、采样技术方法、稻田生态安全性评价指示生物等进展进行了介绍,并指出了未来发展的方向。     

台湾蠛蠓孳生地调查

作者在闽南地区以饱和盐水漂浮检查土样法,调查台湾蠛蠓孳生地,发现台湾蠛蠓孳生地主要有两种类型:一种是荔枝、桂圆、树兰花树林及竹林内小片潮湿而含腐植质的土;另一种是树荫下和半遮荫处青苔下面的土,此外在树荫下较高而密的草下亦有孳生。这些孳生地都是有遮荫、含砂质和腐植质,土质较松而潮湿。在过于潮湿和腐植质过多,地面较硬和完全向阳的场所都未发现该虫孳生。土壤分层检查结果看来,孳生主要在地面下一厘米范围内。其孳生与雨量有密切关系,雨季孳生地广泛,长时间干旱则大部分孳生地变得干硬,不适于其孳生,只在经常有水的清水沟及泉潭附近的青苔下面土内尚有孳生。     

稻田秸秆还田:土壤固碳与甲烷增排

基于我国农田土壤有机质长期定位试验和稻田甲烷排放试验成果,将全国稻田划分为单季区和双季区.根据土壤有机质试验数据,分析了秸秆还田在我国两个稻田区的单季稻田、水旱轮作稻田和双季稻田的固碳潜力.同时根据我国稻田甲烷排放试验数据,采用取平均排放系数的方法,估算了我国稻田在无秸秆还田情况下的甲烷排放总量;结合IPCC推荐的方法和参数,估算了我国稻田秸秆还田后甲烷排放总量及增排甲烷的全球增温潜势.结果表明:在中国稻田推广秸秆还田的固碳潜力为10.48TgC.a-1,对减缓全球变暖的贡献为38.43TgCO2-eqv.a-1;但秸秆还田后稻田甲烷排放将从无秸秆还田的5.796Tg.a-1增加到9.114Tg.a-1;秸秆还田引起甲烷增排3.318Tg.a-1,其全球增温潜势达82.95TgCO2-eqv.a-1,为土壤固碳减排潜力的2.158倍.可见,推广秸秆还田后,中国稻田增排甲烷的温室效应会大幅抵消土壤固碳的减排效益,是一项重要的温室气体泄漏.     

气候变暖与稻谷生产的相互影响及对策

稻田是大气甲烷的一个排放“源”,但稻株却从大气中吸收ＣＯ２,因而是大气ＣＯ２的一个“汇”,两乾构成稻田生态系统的碳循环。根据稻田生态系统的碳循环和我国稻谷生产 史,进一步论述气候与我国稻谷生产的相互影响。结果表明,我国稻谷生产不会加速气候变暖的进程,并提出保持好生态环境的发展稻谷生产对策 。     

黄斑伊蚊孳生习性及季节消长的调查

笔者于1983年在辽宁千山对黄斑伊蚊孳生习性及季节消长作了调查,现报告如下:一、孳生习性:对山间溪流、池塘、石穴、陶瓷容器、金属容器、水泥池(槽)、树洞、泉水坑等场所作了黄斑伊蚊幼虫的调查。共采样198份,孳生率30.81%。其中石穴孳生率29.41%(20/68);树洞孳生率55.56%(35/63);陶瓷容器孳生率50.00%(3/6);金属容器(铁锅、铁罐头盒)孳生率23.08%(3/13)。山间溪流21份,池塘21份,水泥池(槽)5份,泉水坑1份等场所都没有采到。树洞、石穴孳生主要蚊种的组成如下:树洞,共孵出标本237只。其中黄斑伊蚊占72.58%(♀96、♂76);白雪伊蚊占13.50%(♀1…     

东北稻田水体噬藻体psbA基因多样性

【目的】揭示东北稻田噬藻体psbA基因多样性,分析其系统进化地位,为噬藻体生态学研究提供数据支持。【方法】采用滤膜分离并浓缩噬体、PCR-克隆测序技术对我国东北稻田水体中噬藻体psbA基因进行调查。【结果】在东北稻田水体中共得到17条来自于噬藻体的psbA基因,经系统进化分析表明,我国东北稻田具有新的噬藻体的类群,与日本稻田生态系统中psbA基因类群相比,两地间噬藻体类群存在显著的差异,稻田水体中噬藻体psbA基因类群有别于海洋、湖泊类群。【结论】采用PCR-克隆测序技术以psbA基因为分子标记首次对我国东北稻田水体噬藻体类群进行调查,发现有新的噬藻体类群。     

FINE STRUCTURE OF PACINIAN CORPUSCLES IN THE MESENTERY OF THE CAT

Pacinian corpuscles in the mesentery of adult cats were fixed with either glutaraldehyde, osmium tetroxide or permanganate solutions by close intra-arterial injection through the mesenteric artery, and were processed, after electron staining and Epon embedding, for electron microscopy. Better resolution of the corpuscle's ultrastructure was obtained than available heretofore. The myelinated segment of the corpuscle contains blood vessels separated from the axon by collagen fibers and 3 to 4 layers of lamellae. No blood vessels are found in the central core, though access from the vessels is afforded by diffusion through the "cleft" of the inner core. Two cell types are discernible in the inner core hemilamellae; the "clear cells" in which pinocytotic vesicles and organelles abound and reflect the greater metabolic activity of these cells, in contrast to the "dark cells." The ultraterminal is ellipsoidal in form with projections into the "cleft" which give this portion an irregular appearance in section. The terminal and ultraterminal are packed with mitochondria, and "synaptic" vesicles are seen in the ultraterminal. The innermost laminae of the inner core cells are in close apposition to the terminal and break their regular pattern of hemilamellation to surround the small ultraterminal projections at the apical part of the corpuscle.     

THE EXPERIMENTAL DEMONSTRATION OF PRE-MIGRATION ACTIVITY IN THE ABSENCE OF FAT DEPOSITION IN BIRDS

Under dietary conditions that experimentally prevented the accumulation of "pre-migratory" depot fat, typical nocturnal migratory restlessness developed in the Brambling Fringilla montifringilla. Subsidiary data are presented from Junco hyemalis and Zonotrichia albicollis.
In captive controls, the rapid accumulation and subsequent utilization of body fat closely paralleled the onset and waning of nocturnal unrest.
Although the Brambling accumulates fat reserves before both nuptial and contra-nuptial flights, it would seem that the presence of such is not an essential element of the so-called "total physiological state" necessary for the onset of migration.     

THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF GLIOSOMES IN THE BRAINS OF AMPHIBIA

Small fragments of superficial neuropil and fragments of deeper layers from various regions of the brains of Xenopus laevis Daud. and Rana esculenta L. were fixed in buffered osmium tetroxide, embedded in Vestopal W or methacrylate, and studied with the electron microscope. The glial fibers and their meningeal end-feet contain numerous large mitochondrion-like dense bodies for which the term "gliosome" has been adopted. Gliosomes have a specific and constant structure characterized by the presence of a row of peripheral and circular canaliculi and an electron-opaque fibrous or finely granular matrix. Also, another less frequently found type of gliosome is present which contains regular lamellar structures. The gliosomes vary considerably in size and may be very large, up to 9 µ in length. Numerous and various intermediate forms between mitochondria and gliosomes can be seen. Gliosomes are largest and most numerous in the distal portions of the glial fibers and in the meningeal end-feet.     

生态学中一类n维反应扩散方程组解的性质

本文讨论一类不满足所谓的拟单调条件的反应扩散方程组的初边值问题．应用谱论和单调性方法证明了问题解的存在唯一性和平衡解的渐近稳定性．并进一步讨论了生态学中n种群单食物链模型的第二初值问题,得到了问题的非负平衡解的存在性和渐近性以及相应的吸引区域．     

THE ROLE OF WATER IN THE STRUCTURE OF PERIPHERAL NERVE MYELIN

In the study of the drying kinetics of nerve fibres, at least five "phases" of water evaporation can be distinguished. A consideration of the accompanying changes in low-angle x-ray diffraction patterns permits a tentative identification of the "phases" and a quantitative interpretation of the data in terms of the water distribution in nerve fibres. These results suggest that the myelin sheath of frog sciatic nerve contains 40 to 50 per cent water, and it is suggested further that the greater part of this water is "organised" in relation to the hydrophilic groups of the lipide and protein components.     

THE ORIGIN OF THE SPINNING APPARATUS IN SPIDERS

• 1 Previous attempts to explain the evolution of spider silk have relied heavily on conjecture. The formulation of testable historical hypotheses to replace such speculation is discussed.
• 2 The importance of phylogenetic reconstructions and other historical hypotheses for use in generating and testing hypotheses concerning the evolution of specific adaptations is examined. Recent ideas on arachnid phylogeny are reviewed and their relevance to the problem of silk evolution in spiders is explored.
• 3 Evidence from the analysis of three historical problems (origin of spinnerets, origin of silk glands, original selective pressure favouring evolution of silk) is reviewed from three different frames of reference (in-group analysis, out-group analysis, convergence analysis). Several lines of evidence are found which suggest that silk use originated in spiders due to selective pressures associated with reproduction (specifically, the transfer of sperm or the protection of eggs).
• 4 The prevalence of segmental appendages retained for use in manipulating genital products in both arachnids and non-arachnid arthropods and the probable placement of spinnerets near the genital opening in ancestral spiders suggest that spinnerets represent modified gonopods.
• 5 The most primitive types of silk glands are retained in virtually all spiders, in part, for use in the construction of sperm webs and egg sacs. Similar silk glands are found near the genital opening in many male spiders and used in building a portion of the sperm web.
• 6 The silk of adult arthropods other than spiders is used largely in manipulating or protecting sex cells. If there are multiple functions, use in reproduction is typically one of them. Thus, there is evidence for strong selective pressure favouring the evolution of silk for use in reproduction.
• 7 Two hypotheses are proposed which are consistent with the conclusion that silk in spiders evolved for reproductive needs (the spermatophore-sperm web and egg sac hypotheses). Testable predictions of each hypothesis are proposed.

     

THE EVOLUTION OF REVERSIBLE SWITCHES IN THE PRESENCE OF IRREVERSIBLE MIMICS

Reversible phenotypic switching can be caused by a number of different mechanisms including epigenetic inheritance systems and DNA-based contingency loci. Previous work has shown that reversible switching systems may be favored by natural selection. Many switches can be characterized as "on/off" where the "off" state constitutes a temporary and reversible loss of function. Loss-of-function phenotypes corresponding to the "off" state can be produced in many different ways, all yielding identical fitness in the short term. In the long term, however, a switch-induced loss of function can be reversed, whereas many loss-of-function mutations, especially deletions, cannot. We refer to these loss-of-function mutations as "irreversible mimics" of the reversible switch. Here, we develop a model in which a reversible switch evolves in the presence of both irreversible mimics and metapopulation structure. We calculate that when the rate of appearance of irreversible mimics exceeds the migration rate, the evolved reversible switching rate will exceed the bet-hedging rate predicted by panmictic models.     

ALLATUM DEPENDENCE OF GROWTH AND METAMORPHOSIS IN AGROTIS YPSILON IN RELATION TO THE FEEDING PATTERN OF THE LARVAE

Growth and metamorphosis in Agrotis ypsilon is under the control of a balanced interaction of ecdysone with juvenile hormone. The presence of the corpora allata is essential for the maintenance of the secretory activity of the ecdysial glands. The growth rate is determined by the amount of food which the larvae consume as this is apparently influenced by the prothoracotropic action of the corpora allata. A minimum relative "metamorphosis" weight of "unity" was suggested to be attained in order for an insect to metamorphose from one stage into the next.     

中国古本草书艾蒿类植物的初步考订

本文对中国古本草书记载的艾蒿类植物,如白蒿、艾、白艾、艾蒿、野艾蒿、苹、籟蒿、水蒿、萎蒿、柳叶蒿、(艹闾)蒿、艾叶、家艾、蕲艾、牛尾蒿、草蒿、青蒿、黄花蒿、香蒿、臭蒿、狃蒿、邪蒿、茵陈蒿)蓬高、野同蒿、紫香蒿、牡蒿、齐头蒿、水辣菜、奄闾子、庵(艹闾)、刘寄奴及金寄奴等作了初步考订,同时对一些名为"艾"或"蒿"但非菊科蒿属植物亦作一初步的考订。     

THE BIOLOGY OF THE MOURNING CHAT IN WINTER QUARTERS

Mourning Chats ( Enanthe lugens in the Helwan area in Lower Egypt winter along the lower spurs of the mountains. Each bird occupies a separate territory from which it excludes other Mourning Chats, and wherein it sings.
"Winter" song is most energetic in the months of July to October; at this season the main singing hours are in the early morning and early evening. In the period November to February song is less frequent, and is most often heard in the late afternoon.
In the hot weather of the autumn the birds select perches in shade during the mid-day hours.
Evidence is advanced that there is a measure of interspecific territorial competition between Mourning Chats, Hooded Chats ( Enanthe monacha and White-tailed Chats ( Enanthe leucopyga. The possible relevance of this interspecific territorial practice to the hypothesis of the "food value" of territory is discussed.