人和牛血清白蛋白的极谱测定

人或牛血清白蛋白溶液调至ｐＨ１０并在４℃左右放置３０ｈ,诱导出重复性良好的极谱峰。然后把试样溶液调至适当ｐＨ并记录极谱电流。在浓度低于１．０×１０－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,峰电流对浓度作图是直线,试样浓度可从图上直接读出。对影响白蛋白测定的诸因素作了详细研究和讨论。结果对富含硫的蛋白质的极谱研究有参考价值。     

Stimulation of Na+-Dependent, Veratridine-Sensitive Synaptosomal Amino Acid Uptakes by Serum Albumin

Abstract: Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is shown to stimulate selectively the synaptosomal uptakes of those amino acids that are dependent on external Na⁺ and that are inhibited by veratridine. Thus, the stimulation can be seen in the case of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, proline, and γ-aminobutyric acid, but not with serine and threonine. Further, studies on the interaction of veratridine, valinomycin, and BSA on the uptake of proline suggest that the primary action of the albumin is to increase the influx of proline. Such an action could result as a consequence of stabilization of the Na⁺ gradient by increased endogenous levels of ATP. Intrasynaptosomal ATP was increased in the presence of BSA but significantly decreased by veratridine.     

表面活性剂增敏--牛血清白蛋白荧光猝灭法测定槐花中芦丁含量

目的:应用牛血清白蛋白荧光猝灭法建立一种测定槐花中芦丁含量的新方法。方法:牛血清白蛋白(BSA)具有很强的内源荧光性,而芦丁溶液本身不产生荧光。当芦丁与BSA结合后,会导致其荧光强度下降,表面活性剂吐温-80(T-80)对体系有促进荧光猝灭作用。BSA在λex=338nm处的荧光猝灭程度与芦丁的量在一定浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,据此建立测定槐花中芦丁含量的新方法。结果:该结合物的最大发射波长为λmax=338nm,与芦丁摩尔浓度在6×10-7~3.0×10-5mol.L-1范围内线性关系良好。其线性回归方程为ΔF=136.36CRu(×10-5mol.L-1)-0.5454,相关系数r=0.9976,检出限为1.58×10-7mol.L-1,RSD为2.8%~4.3%,加标回收率为97.6%~101.2%。结论:本方法操作简便、快速,用于实际样本的测定,结果满意。     

表面活性剂增敏——牛血清白蛋白荧光猝灭法测定槐花中芦丁含量

目的：应用牛血清白蛋白荧光猝灭法建立一种测定槐花中芦丁含量的新方法。方法：牛血清白蛋白（BSA）具有很强的内源荧光性,而芦丁溶液本身不产生荧光。当芦丁与BSA结合后,会导致其荧光强度下降,表面活性剂吐温-80（T-80）对体系有促进荧光猝灭作用。BSA在λex=338nm处的荧光猝灭程度与芦丁的量在一定浓度范围内呈良好的线性关系,据此建立测定槐花中芦丁含量的新方法。结果：该结合物的最大发射波长为λmax=338nm,与芦丁摩尔浓度在6×10-7-3.0×10-5mol.L-1范围内线性关系良好。其线性回归方程为ΔF=136.36CRu（×10-5mol.L-1）-0.5454,相关系数r=0.9976,检出限为1.58×10-7mol.L-1,RSD为2.8%-4.3%,加标回收率为97.6%~101.2%。结论：本方法操作简便、快速,用于实际样本的测定,结果满意。     

Molecular Mobility and Oxygen Permeability in Amorphous Bovine Serum Albumin Films

We have used phosphorescence from the xanthene probe erythrosin B to characterize the molecular mobility and oxygen permeability as a function of temperature in amorphous solid bovine serum albumin (BSA) films. Analysis of the emission spectrum using a lognormal fitting function provided information on how temperature modulates the emission peak frequency and bandwidth (full width at half maximum). The peak frequency decreased gradually at low and more steeply at high temperature, whereas the bandwidth increased gradually at low and more steeply at high temperature, both changes indicating a softening of the protein matrix at ∼60°C. Phosphorescence intensity decay transients were well fit using a stretched exponential decay function at all temperatures. Lifetimes decreased gradually at low and more steeply at high temperature; Arrhenius analysis of the rate constant for nonradiative collisional quenching indicated an increase in quenching indicative of matrix softening at ∼70°C. The oxygen quenching rate was calculated from a comparison of emission lifetimes in the presence and absence of oxygen. This rate varied linearly with the collisional quenching rate over nearly three orders of magnitude, suggesting that the more global motions that control oxygen translational diffusion are modulated by more local motions that influence collisional quenching of erythrosin. The emission spectrum shifted to higher energy as a function of time following excitation, whereas the phosphorescence lifetime decreased with increasing emission wavelength; both behaviors provided strong evidence for distinct sites within the protein matrix varying in molecular mobility. These results enrich our molecular understanding of the intrinsic mobility of proteins within the amorphous solid phase, provide evidence for a dynamic transition within solid BSA, and provide insight into the molecular mechanisms controlling oxygen diffusion.     

Interactions of Chromium (III) and Chromium (VI) with Bovine Serum Albumin Studied by UV Spectroscopy,Circular Dichroism,and Fluorimetry

In the present work, the interactions of bovine serum albumin (BSA) with chromium (III) chloride, potassium dichromate, and chromate were studied by fluorescence, circular dichroism, and UV–vis absorbance spectroscopy. Fluorescence quenching of BSA by chromium (III) was found to be a dynamic process in the beginning, turning static at later stages. Spectroscopic data show that both dichromate and chromate bind in similar electrostatic fashion to BSA and does not follow the fluorescence quenching observation for chromium (III).     

Albumin stabilizes 14,15-leukotriene A4

14,15-Leukotriene A4 is a pivotal biosynthetic intermediate in 15-lipoxygenase initiated leukotriene biosynthesis. This compound hydrolyzes instantaneously in phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. However, addition of human or bovine albumin to otherwise identical buffer solutions increases its stability. Intact 14,15-leukotriene A4 then decomposes by first-order kinetics with rate constants inversely proportional to the albumin concentration. Stabilization of 14,15-leukotriene A4 under certain conditions may influence its proportionate transformation by enzymatic vs non-enzymatic processes.     

Inhibition of Choline Acetyltransferase Activity by Serum Albumin Modified with Octanoic Acid and Other Fatty Acids

In this study, we examined the effect of fatty acids on choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity. ChAT is unstable in a solution of low protein concentration, so serum albumin (BSA) is usually added to stabilize the enzyme. However, we found that ChAT from bovine caudate nucleus rapidly lost its activity when diluted with a buffer containing commercial preparations of BSA. This effect was caused by octanoic acid, which was found in the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system of lipid extract in commercial BSAs. The inhibition of ChAT activity by octanoic acid depended on the concentrations of the octanoic acid and of the albumin. We also found that ChAT activity was decreased by some long-chain fatty acids, arachidonic acid having exhibited the strongest effect. The extent to which arachidonic acid inhibited ChAT activity depended on the molar ratio of arachidonic acid and albumin, rather than upon the concentration of arachidonic acid. The effect of octanoic acid and arachidonic acid on ChAT activity appeared to increase in the presence of albumin.     

酸性品红与牛血清白蛋白变色反应机理的研究

利用光谱探针技术研究酸性品红(fuchsine ac id,FA)与牛血清白蛋白(bovine serum album in,BSA)的变色反应机理,考察了不同实验条件对FA-BSA复合物吸收光谱的影响。实验结果表明,FA与BSA分子相互作用产生变色反应的机理主要是由FA与BSA间的疏水相互作用引起,而静电作用则是形成FA-BSA桃红色复合物的必要条件。     

Selective Acceleration of Arachidonic Acid Reincorporation into Brain Membrane Phospholipid Following Transient Ischemia in Awake Gerbil

Abstract: Awake gerbils were subjected to 5 min of forebrain ischemia by clamping the carotid arteries for 5 min and then allowing recirculation. Radiolabeled arachidonic or palmitic acid was infused intravenously for 5 min at the start of recirculation, after which the brains were prepared for quantitative autoradiography or chemical analysis. Dilution of specific activity of the acyl-CoA pool was independently determined for these fatty acids in control gerbils and following 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion. Using a quantitative method for measuring regional in vivo fatty acid incorporation into and turnover within brain phospholipids and determining unlabeled concentrations of acyl-CoAs following recirculation, it was shown that reperfusion after 5 min of ischemia was accompanied by a threefold increase compared with the control in the rate of reincorporation of unlabeled arachidonate that had been released during ischemia, whereas reincorporation of released palmitate was not different from the control. Selective and accelerated reincorporation of arachidonate into brain phospholipids shortly after ischemia may ameliorate specific deleterious effects of arachidonate and its metabolites on brain membranes.     

Preferential In Vivo Incorporation of [3H]Arachidonic Acid from Blood into Rat Brain Synaptosomal Fractions Before and After Cholinergic Stimulation

Abstract: Awake adult male rats were infused intravenously with [³H]arachidonic acid for 5 min, with or without prior administration of an M1 cholinergic agonist, arecoline (15 mg/kg i.p.). Methylatropine was also administered (4 mg/kg s.c.) to control and arecoline-treated animals. At 15 min postinfusion, the animals were killed, brains were removed and frozen, and subcellular fractions were obtained from homogenates of whole brain. Total radioactivity and radioactivity in various lipid classes were determined for each fraction following normalization for exposure by use of a unidirectional incorporation coefficient, k ^⋆_brain. In control animals, incorporation was greatest in synaptosomal and microsomal fractions, accounting for 50 and 30% of total label incorporated into membrane lipids, respectively. Arecoline increased incorporation in these two fractions by up to 400% but did not increase incorporation into the myelin, mitochondrial, or cytosolic fractions. Of the incorporated radioactivity, 50–80% was in phospholipid in microsomal and synaptosomal fractions, indicating that phospholipid is the major lipid affected by cholinergic stimulation. These results demonstrate that plasma [³H]arachidonic acid is preferentially incorporated into phospholipids of synaptosomal and microsomal fractions of rat brain. Cholinergic stimulation increases incorporation into these fractions, likely by activation of phospholipase A₂ and/or C in association with acyltransferase activity. Thus, intravenously infused radiolabeled arachidonic acid can be used to examine synapse-mediated changes in brain phospholipid metabolism in vivo.     

Spectroscopic Investigation of the Interaction Between Copper (II) 2-oxo-propionic Acid Salicyloyl Hydrazone Complex and Bovine Serum Albumin

The interaction between copper (II) 2-oxo-propionic acid salicyloyl hydrazone (Cu^IIL) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions was investigated by the methods of fluorescence spectroscopy, UV-Vis absorption, and circular dichroism spectroscopy. Fluorescence data showed that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by Cu^IIL was the result of the formation of the BSA–Cu^IIL complex. The apparent binding constants (K _a) between Cu^IIL and BSA at four different temperatures were obtained according to the modified Stern–Volmer equation. The thermodynamic parameters, enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS), for the reaction were calculated to be ?80.79 kJ mol^?1 and ?175.48 J mol^?1 K^?1 according to van’t Hoff equation. The results indicated that van der Waals force and hydrogen bonds were the dominant intermolecular force in stabilizing the complex. The binding distance (r) between Cu^IIL and the tryptophan residue of BSA was obtained to be 4.1 nm according to Förster’s nonradioactive energy transfer theory. The conformational investigation showed that the application of Cu^IIL increased the hydrophobicity of amino acid residues and decreased the α-helical content of BSA (from 62.71% to 37.31%), which confirmed some microenvironmental and conformational changes of BSA molecules.     

叶酸偶联牛血清白蛋白负载卡铂和紫杉醇肿瘤靶向纳米粒制备、表征及体外释放性能评价

紫杉醇（Paclitaxel,商品名Taxol）是一种在红豆杉科(Taxaceae L.)红豆杉属(Taxus L.)生长缓慢的常绿乔木中分离提取的天然化合物。卡铂和紫杉醇均是目前临床上使用率很高的抗肿瘤药物,并在临床上经常配伍使用治疗不同的癌症。本研究以叶酸偶联的牛血清白蛋白作为药物载体,采用去溶剂技术制备了叶酸靶向卡铂—紫杉醇的白蛋白纳米粒,并研究了靶向制剂体外释放性质。研究结果表明：卡铂—紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒平均粒径为199.4 nm,Zeta电位为-30.90 mV。卡铂包封率为91.4%;紫杉醇包封率为56.1%,药物总载药量为21%。其冻干粉复溶12 h后各项数据未发生较大变化,说明其具有良好的稳定性。体外释放结果表明叶酸—卡铂—紫杉醇白蛋白纳米粒与卡铂和紫杉醇原粉比较具有明显的缓释效果,体外释药时间可达120 h。     

Effect of Chromatographic Conditions on Enantioseparation of Bovine Serum Albumin Chiral Stationary Phase in HPLC and Thermodynamic Studies

Twelve chiral compounds were enantiomerically resolved on bovine serum albumin chiral stationary phase (BSA‐CSP) by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in reversed‐phase modes. Chromatographic conditions such as mobile phase pH, the percentage of organic modifier, and concentration of analyte were optimized for separation of enantiomers. For N‐(2, 4‐dinitrophenyl)‐serine (DNP‐ser), the retention factors (k) greatly increase from 0.81 to 6.23 as the pH decreasing from 7.21 to 5.14, and the resolution factor (R_s) exhibited a similar increasing trend (from 0 to 1.34). More interestingly, the retention factors for N‐(2, 4‐dinitrophenyl)‐proline (DNP‐pro) decrease along with increasing 1‐propanol in mobile phase (3%, 5%, 7% and 9% by volume), whereas the resolution factor shows an upward trend (from 0.96 to 2.04). Moreover, chiral recognition mechanisms for chiral analytes were further investigated through thermodynamic methods. Chirality 25:487–492, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Incorporation of [3H]Arachidonic and [14C]Eicosapentaenoic Acids into Glycerophospholipids and Their Metabolism via Lipoxygenases in Isolated Brain Cells from Rainbow Trout Oncorhaynchus mykaiss

The incorporation of [3H]arachidonate [( 3H]AA) and [14C]eicosapentaenoate [( 14C]EPA) into glycerophospholipids was studied in isolated brain cells from rainbow trout, a teleost fish whose lipids are rich in (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). EPA was incorporated into total lipid to a greater extent than AA, but the incorporation of both PUFAs into total glycerophospholipids was almost identical. The incorporation of both AA and EPA was greatest into phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). However, when expressed per milligram of individual phosphoglycerides, both AA and EPA were preferentially incorporated into phosphatidylinositol (PI), the preference being significantly greater with AA. On the same basis, significantly more EPA than AA was incorporated into phosphatidylcholine (PC). When double-labelled cells were challenged with calcium ionophore A23187, the 3H and 14C released from the cells closely paralleled each other, peaking at 10 min after addition of ionophore. The 12-monohydroxylated derivative was the pre-dominant lipoxygenase product from both AA and EPA with a rank order of 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) greater than leukotriene B4 (LTB4) greater than 5-HETE greater than 15-HETE for the AA products and 12-hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (12-HEPE) greater than 5-HEPE greater than LTB5 greater than 15 HEPE for EPA products. The 3H/14C (dpm/dpm) ratios in the glycerophospholipids, total released radioactivity, and the lipoxygenase products suggested that PC rather than PI was the likely source of eicosanoid precursors in trout brain cells.     

Study on the Interaction Between {\mathrm{Cu}}{\left( {{\mathrm{phen}}} \right)}^{{2 + }}_{3} and Bovine Serum Albumin by Spectroscopic Methods

In this work, the interaction between ${\text{Cu}}\left( {{\text{phen}}} \right)_3^{\,\,2 + } In this work, the interaction between Cu(phen)(2+)(3) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with UV-vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopic techniques under physiological conditions. The fluorescence data proved that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by Cu(phen)(2+)(3) was the result of the Cu(phen)(2+)(3) -BSA complex formation. The binding constants (K (a)) between Cu(phen)(2+)(3) and BSA at four different temperatures were calculated according to the modified Stern-Volmer equation. The enthalpy change (DeltaH) and entropy change (DeltaS) were calculated to be 10.74 kJ mol(-1) and 54.35 J mol(-1) K(-1), respectively, which indicated that electrostatic interactions played a major role in the formation of Cu(phen)(2+)(3) -BSA complex. The distance r between the donor (BSA) and acceptor[Cu(phen)(2+)(3)] was obtained to be 3.55 nm based on F?rster's energy transfer theory. The synchronous fluorescence and CD spectroscopy results showed that the polarity of the residues increased and the lost of the alpha-helix content of BSA (from 59.84 to 53.70%). These indicated that the microenvironment and conformation of BSA were changed in the presence of Cu(phen)(2+)(3).     

New insights into the binding mode of pyridine-3-carboxamide inhibitors of E. coli DNA gyrase

Previously we have reported on a series of pyridine-3-carboxamide inhibitors of DNA gyrase and DNA topoisomerase IV that were designed using a computational de novo design approach and which showed promising antibacterial properties. Herein we describe the synthesis of additional examples from this series aimed specifically at DNA gyrase, along with crystal structures confirming the predicted mode of binding and in vitro ADME data which describe the drug-likeness of these compounds.