采前6-苄基腺嘌呤处理对葡萄品质和贮藏生理特性的影响

以‘红地球’葡萄和‘克瑞森无核’葡萄为试材,研究了采前6-苄基腺嘌呤（6-BA）处理对果实采收时的品质及采后贮藏特性的影响。结果表明,采前20mg·L-1 6-BA处理可以显著提高两种葡萄果实单粒重和单穗重,有效控制贮藏过程中果实腐烂与落粒,显著抑制葡萄的呼吸速率,维持果实硬度,延缓可滴定酸的下降,提高贮藏期间可溶性固形物的含量,抑制果实细胞膜透性的增加,保持细胞膜的完整性,提高葡萄的贮藏品质。     

植物生长调节剂对‘火焰无核’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响

为了探究S-ABA、MeJA、COR 3种植物生长调节剂对‘火焰无核’葡萄果实着色及品质的影响,筛选出促进葡萄果实着色和品质提升的最佳处理,设置100 mg/L S-ABA、60 mg/L MeJA、2 000倍COR稀释液3个处理,于转色初期蘸穗,处理后至成熟期分7次采样,对果实粒重、纵横径以及可溶性固形物、总酸、花色苷、叶绿素、类胡萝卜素和酚类物质含量等进行连续测定分析。结果表明：(1)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理均可以促进果实着色,显著提高果面色泽参数a^*、红色葡萄果实颜色指数(CIRG),并降低色泽参数L^*、b^*和色度角h;3个处理花色苷含量分别比对照显著提高169.09%、31.55%、142.27%。(2)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理均可以提高果实品质,其可溶性固形物含量分别比对照显著提高9.17%、7.45%、9.74%,总酸含量分别降低6.81%、4.14%、9.25%,固酸比分别提高17.90%、12.16%、20.82%。(3)S-ABA、MeJA、COR处理的果实粒重、纵径、横径增大,类黄酮...     

不同立地条件‘凌丰’葡萄产量和品质调查分析

本文以‘凌丰’葡萄为试材,调查其在桂中、桂东南中试栽培点不同立地条件下的产量和果实品质。结果表明,在土壤肥力较好的桂东南中试点栽培,葡萄产量较高,果实品质较好;在土壤较瘠薄的桂中中试点栽培,土壤条件仅影响葡萄的长势与产量,而对葡萄品质影响不明显。由此提出在南方湿热地区栽培‘凌丰’葡萄的优质高产配套技术措施。     

采前喷钙对黄秋葵采后贮藏品质的影响

以黄秋葵为试验材料,采前使用氯化钙、草酸钙、有机酸螯合钙、丙酸钙对黄秋葵幼果进行喷钙处理,以喷清水为对照,考察采前喷不同形态钙对黄秋葵采后贮藏（4±0.5℃）品质的影响。结果表明：采前喷钙处理能减少黄秋葵采后贮藏期的失重率,降低电导率,抑制其果实脆度、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量及色差a*值的减少,较好保持了黄秋葵采后贮藏期的品质,其中以喷浓度为0.05 mol/L 有机酸螯合钙的效果最好,能较好地在冷藏条件下保持黄秋葵原有的外观和风味。     

1-MCP对‘珍珠’番石榴采后生理和品质的影响

为探讨改善番石榴贮藏性能的方法,番石榴(Psidium guajava L. ‘Pearl’)果实用1-甲基环丙烯(1-MCP)结合冷藏(15℃)处理,研究其贮藏生理和品质的变化。结果表明：1 μL L-1 1-MCP处理能有效抑制番石榴果实软化和果皮退绿;1-MCP处理抑制了可溶性固形物(TSS)含量上升和维生素C含量的下降;同时,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性升高,多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性下降,延缓了果实中丙二醛(MDA)的积累。因此,1-MCP处理结合低温可有效改善珍珠番石榴的贮藏性能。 关键词：番石榴;1-MCP;贮藏生理;品质     

日灼对酿酒葡萄‘霞多丽’果实品质与解剖结构的影响

以酿酒葡萄品种‘霞多丽’为试验材料,采用石蜡切片与CFDA荧光染色观察日灼果皮细胞结构与细胞活性变化,同时测定日灼发生后葡萄果实品质及相关生理指标变化,以揭示日灼对果实品质与细胞结构的影响。结果表明:(1)随着葡萄日灼病加重,果实表皮颜色由浅黄色逐渐加深,后期甚至出现细胞坏死。(2)果实发生日灼后,果实硬度与含水量下降,细胞壁含量增加,果皮从外向内第1~3层细胞明显变小,细胞壁增厚。(3)随着日灼病加重,果皮细胞破裂,且破裂数量增加,细胞活性也随之下降,果皮保护功能逐渐丧失,果肉细胞逐渐失水导致了果实皱缩;重度日灼果实周缘维管束木质部导管受到果皮细胞失水断裂的影响,出现断裂变形。(4)在葡萄果实日灼发生过程中,受到高温与强光照胁迫影响,同时伴随着水分散失增加,果实可溶性固形物含量和总糖含量增加,但有机酸含量降低,糖酸比随之增加;以上各品质指标值的大小与果实水分含量密切相关。研究发现,日灼引起了葡萄果实结构变化与生理代谢的紊乱,随着日灼程度加重,果皮细胞逐渐死亡,果实内水分大量散失,果实糖含量增加,严重影响了葡萄果实的外观和内在品质。     

不同预冷方式对采后莲藕贮藏品质的影响

以青浦莲藕为主要对象,研究冷水预冷和冷库预冷两种方式对于莲藕贮藏保鲜的影响,考察其在保鲜柜（4±0.5）℃、15天的贮藏期间的失重率、色泽、硬度、可溶性固形物、相对电导率等的变化。结果表明：与未经预冷的莲藕样品相比,冷水和冷库预冷能够显著降低莲藕失重率、延缓莲藕表皮色泽变化、维持莲藕的可溶性固形物含量,然而冷库预冷对莲藕在贮藏后期的细胞膜造成损伤,从而降低莲藕品质,而冷水预冷能够保持莲藕硬度,由此表明冷水预冷对莲藕具有更好的保鲜效果。     

病原侵染对采后葡萄激素水平的影响

外源ABA处理采后葡萄可显著促进乙烯释放和抑制IAA的生成,加重葡萄落粒。乙烯利对ABA促进作用不明显,但显著抑制IAA和GA3的生成。葡萄感病后组织内源激素水平发生了变化：ABA含量显著增加,乙烯释放率增大,IAA含量显著减少,这种变化趋势在果梗中尤为突出。     

不同品种授粉对西梅‘法兰西'坐果及果实品质的影响

为选择西梅('法兰西')适宜授粉品种,该研究以'法兰西'西梅品种为母本,'斯泰勒'和'女神'等2个授粉品种为父本进行人工授粉,研究不同品种授粉对'法兰西'西梅坐果率和果实品质的影响,并利用主成分分析对不同授粉品种进行了综合评价.结果表明:不同授粉品种对'法兰西'坐果率具有一定的提高作用,其中'女神'授粉'法兰西'品种的坐果率最高;果实的果仁纵径、果核纵径、单核重、单果重、果实纵径、果实横径、含水量、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、维生素C含量,不同授粉品种之间差异较大,果仁横径、单仁重、单核重、果柄、离核、果皮颜色、风味、可溶性固形物、硬度、总酸差异较小.通过主成分分析提取出了5个主成分,其累计方差贡献率达到90.694%,可以解释绝大部的原始信息.主成分分析得出不同授粉品种果实品质评价方法表达式为F=6.088F1+3.964F2+2.406F3+1.666F4+1.294F5.通过该模型计算出不同授粉品种综合得分,并排序.不同授粉品种综合得分为-1.263~1.260之间,综合得分排序为'女神'>'斯泰勒'>自然授粉.综合比较发现在实际生产中,推广'女神'来作授粉树效果较好.该研究结果为西梅('法兰西')授粉树优化配置果实品质提升提供了依据.     

‘嘎拉’苹果果实品质的电学特性研究

以'嘎拉'苹果果实为材料,在0.1～100 kHz频率范围内,利用平行板电极系统研究了果实采后成熟衰老过程中的电学特性,并对电学参数与果实品质的关系进行了分析.结果表明:随测定频率的增加,'嘎拉'苹果果实的复阻抗(Z)、并联等效电阻(Rp)、并联等效电感(Lp)和并联等效电容(Cp)均逐渐下降,而电导率(σ)却逐渐上升;0.1 kHz是'嘎拉'苹果果实电学特性检测的特征频率;并联等效电阻在0.1 kHz时与果肉硬度呈极显著正相关(r=0.986**)、与可滴定酸含量呈显著正相关(r=0.934*),可作为标志果肉硬度和可滴定酸含量的敏感电参数.研究发现,在特征频率下,并联等效电阻可以作为辨别'嘎拉'苹果果实品质变化的特征电参数.     

一种测定葡萄木质部压力梯度的新方法

通过同时测定葡萄木质部导管液流平均流量和流速,应用变形的哈根-泊萧叶方程,研究了测定葡萄木质部压力梯度的新方法。结果表明,在直径分别为7mm的葡萄茎段和4mm的葡萄叶柄上,用此新方法测得的木质部压力梯度与实际加在其上的压力梯度吻合的很好,说明此新方法可用于连续、实时测定葡萄木质部压力梯度。用此新方法在离体葡萄枝上测定发现,随光照强度增强,其木质部压力梯度成线性正相关增加。     

Phenology of flowering and starch accumulation in grape (Vitis vinifera L.) cuttings and vines

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: A reliable protocol for flowering and fruiting in cuttings was developed with the aim of (a) studying inflorescence and flower development in grapevine cuttings and field plants, and (b) assisting haploid plant production. METHODS: Inflorescence and flower development was studied in 'Gewurztraminer' (GW) and 'Pinot Noir' (PN) grape vines and cuttings grown in a glasshouse, along with variations in starch in the flowers. As there is a strong relationship between flower development and starch, the starch content of reproductive structures was estimated. KEY RESULTS: Inflorescence and flower development were similar in the vines and cuttings with consistent differences between the two cultivars. Indeed, the ontogenesis of male and female organs is not synchronous in GW and PN, with both female and male meiosis occurring earlier in PN than in GW. Moreover, changes of starch reserves were similar in the two plant types. CONCLUSIONS: Cuttings have a similar reproductive physiology to vines, and can be used to study grape physiology and to develop haploid plants.     

葡萄胚胎发育与败育过程中胚珠的多胺含量变化

花后40~60d期间,种子败育型无核葡萄胚珠的3种多胺含量明显低于有核葡萄,据此认为无核葡萄胚珠中多胺含量急剧下降和较低的多胺水平可能是导致葡萄胚胎败育的重要原因。(Spd Spm)/Put和Spm/PAs比值变化与葡萄胚胎发育密切相关,较低的比值不利于胚胎的正常分化。     

葡萄实生树阶段转变过程中的内源多胺含量变化

用高效液相色谱法测定二年生巨峰葡萄自然实生树不同节位叶片、芽、韧皮部中内源多胺含量的结果表明,随着节位的升高,在3种组织中的腐胺(Put)和亚精胺(Spd)含量增加,21～25节腐胺增加幅度最大,自21节起亚精胺含量陡增;21～25节叶片中的精胺(Spm)含量出现高峰.说明21节左右可能是童性消失进入生殖生长期的临界点.     

Design of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivar-specific SCAR primers for PCR fingerprinting

Among 34 grapevine cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.), eight putative genotype-specific RAPD markers, from ’Albariño’, ’Caíño blanco’, ’Chardonnay’, ’Folle blanche’, ’Grenache blanc’, ’Malvasía Sitges’, ’Torrontés’ and ’Treixadura’ respectively, were selected to transform into SCAR markers. Of these, seven markers were cloned and then five which showed a positive specific hybridization signal were sequenced. For these five markers, 30 sequence-specific primers ranging from 14 to 29 bases were designed to amplify genomic DNA from 64 grapevine cultivars under more-stringent PCR conditions. Only, two primer pairs, OpA11₁₁₇₅p17R/ p17F and OpD10₈₀₀p14R/p14F, still produced a specific SCAR marker, the ’Folle blanche’ ScA11₁₁₇₅ and the ’Malvasía Sitges’ ScD10₈₀₀ respectively. Moreover, the ScA11₁₁₇₅ marker was amplified only in ’Folle blanche’ among the 64 cultivars tested with a large annealing temperature range using either two different Taq DNA polymerases or two separate thermocyclers. In addition, we discuss the initial polymorphism originated by the RAPD technique and suggest a new design of SCAR primers to obtain reliable cultivar-specific SCAR markers from single PCR-based bands for identification purposes.     

Evaluation of differences in the aroma composition of free-run and pressed neutral grape juices obtained from Emir (Vitis vinifera L.)

In this study, the differences in the aroma compounds released after the free-run and pressed juices of cv. Emir grape (Vitis vinifera L.) were evaluated. Aroma compounds were obtained by liquid-liquid extraction with CH(2) Cl(2) , and then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). According to the results, pressing uniformly increased the levels of the aromatic constituents, but this treatment lowered the grape juice quality for winemaking by increasing the total phenolic compounds, browning index, and C(6) -alcohol levels (green-herbaceaous odor) as compared to the free-run juice. From all the aroma compounds identified in both juices, hexan-1-ol, (E)-hex-2-en-1-ol, isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol, and 2-phenylethanol were the most abundant volatile compounds.     

蔗糖转运蛋白基因VvSUC12和VvSUC27在葡萄胚性和非胚性愈伤组织中的差异表达

本研究通过对霞多丽葡萄花前约10d的花丝进行组培诱导,获得胚性和非胚性两种愈伤组织,分别进行继代、组织结构观察和体细胞胚的诱导验证。为研究两种愈伤组织对培养基中主要碳源蔗糖的利用特点,根据GenBank中的定位于细胞质膜的葡萄蔗糖转运蛋白基因VvSUC12和VvSUC27的序列,设计了这两种蔗糖转运蛋白的PCR引物。以RNAplant试剂法,提取胚性愈伤组织和非胚性愈伤组织的RNA,进行半定量RT-PCR。研究表明,31个循环半定量RT-PCR结果中VvSUC12在胚性愈伤和非胚性愈伤中均有表达,且在非胚性愈伤组织中的表达水平稍高于胚性愈伤组织,表达差异未达到显著水平,VvSUC27的表达水平明显低于VvSUC12,且只在胚性愈伤组织中表达。提高至35个循环的半定量RT-PCR结果显示VvSUC27基因在非胚性愈伤组织中微弱表达,而在胚性愈伤组织中的表达强度较31个循环有所增加,且高于非胚性愈伤。     

ABA xylem concentrations determine maximum daily leaf conductance of field-grown Vitis vinifera L. plants

Differences in maximum leaf conductance in grapevine plants growing in soils with contrasting water availabilities during mid-summer in Portugal could be accounted for by differences in the concentration of ABA in xylem sap. This conclusion is reinforced by the observation that the relationship between leaf conductance and endogenous ABA concentration can be mimicked by the application of exogenous ABA to leaves detached from irrigated plants. During the day, leaf conductance decreased after a morning peak, even when the leaves remained in a constant environment at a moderate temperature and leaf-to-air vapour pressure difference. This decline in leaf conductance was not a consequence of an increase in the xylem ABA concentration or the rate of delivery of this compound by the transpiratory stream. The afternoon depression in leaf conductance was associated with an apparent limitation in stomatal opening potential, which persisted even when detached leaves were fed with water and rehydrated. The reason for this inhibition has still to be identified.