银纹夜蛾的核型多角体病毒病

银纹夜蛾(Plusia agnata Staudinger)幼虫是大豆主要食叶害虫。在泰安地区,历年约占大豆害虫总发生量的70％以上;除大豆外,还为害甘蓝、白菜、棉麻等作物。 1979年6月,发现室内饲养的银纹夜蛾幼虫有倒挂死亡的虫体,经鉴定是一种核型多角体病毒病,现将其实验结果报道如下。     

云南莱氏野村菌田间自然发生流行动态研究

为了弄清楚莱氏野村菌田间自然发生流行规律,本研究于2012-2014年对云南省昆明市晋宁区花椰菜上莱氏野村菌的发生动态进行了调查研究,发现莱氏野村菌能感染银纹夜蛾Argyrogramma agnata和甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua幼虫,二者的田间被感染症状相似。在昆明市晋宁区花椰菜田间,莱氏野村菌于每年7-10月份在银纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾幼虫种群中发生流行,其中9月份为发生流行高峰期,而银纹夜蛾幼虫的田间自然感染率高于甜菜夜蛾。2012-2014年7月、8月、9月、10月银纹夜蛾的平均感染率分别为34. 38%、62. 53%、78. 49%和33. 67%,甜菜夜蛾的平均感染率分别为8. 39%、8. 65%、24. 49%和3. 47%。该菌对同种害虫不同龄期幼虫的感染率不同,其中银纹夜蛾1-3龄幼虫的感染率高于4-5龄;而甜菜夜蛾4-5龄幼虫的感染率高于1-3龄。该研究将为莱氏野村菌开发利用及银纹夜蛾和甜菜夜蛾的生物防治研究提供依据。     

饲养五种夜蛾科昆虫的一种简易人工饲料

以黄豆粉、酵母粉及麦麸粉等为主要营养成分 ,研制和筛选出了一种既可工厂化饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫 ,又可大量饲养甜菜夜蛾、银纹夜蛾、粉纹夜蛾和棉铃虫幼虫的简易人工半合成饲料。利用该饲料目前已实现了工厂化饲养斜纹夜蛾幼虫增殖斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒     

雷氏黄萤幼虫呼吸系统和呼吸行为

研究雷氏黄萤Luciola leii Fu and Ballantyne幼虫的呼吸系统及其呼吸行为。结果表明:雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸系统中只有气管无气囊。前胸、中胸和后胸均分布有气门,无气管鳃,腹部1~8节分布有气门和气管鳃,气门腔基部和气管鳃基部相连,呈"√"状,气管鳃内气管与气门气管相连通。雷氏黄萤幼虫的呼吸行为分为3种:利用胸部气门呼吸、腹部气门呼吸和气管鳃呼吸,其中以腹部气门呼吸为主。     

三种夜蛾成虫口器感器的超微形态

为确定不同种类夜蛾口器及其感器在超微结构上的差异, 采用扫描电子显微镜对棉铃虫Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)、 烟夜蛾H. assulta (Guenée)和银纹夜蛾Argyrogramma agnata (Staudinger)3种鳞翅目(Lepidoptera)夜蛾科(Noctuidae)重要农业害虫雌、 雄成虫口器感器的超微形态进行了观察和比较。结果表明： 3种夜蛾雌、 雄成虫口器感器类型均无明显差异。棉铃虫和烟夜蛾口器感器在类型和形状上十分类似, 均具有毛形、 锥形和栓锥形感器; 喙管末端的栓锥感器粗、 密, 棱纹明显。银纹夜蛾口器感器与两种铃夜蛾区别明显, 除上述3类感器外, 还具有腔锥形感器; 其喙管末端的栓锥感器细、 疏, 棱纹不明显。结果显示口器感器可用于夜蛾的分类及亲缘关系研究。     

杆状病毒p74基因具有种属特异性

选用苜蓿丫纹夜蛾核多角体病毒杆粒 (AcMNPVbacmid)为材料 ,通过在大肠杆菌中利用RecA基因介导的同源重组 ,将其p74基因剔除 ,并精确地用斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒 (SpltMNPV)的p74基因进行了替换。所构建的重组AcMNPV杆粒在修饰后的p74基因位点中未留下任何有可能影响该基因表达及功能的选择标记 ,SpltMNPV的p74基因直接位于AcMNPVp74基因的启动子控制下。RT PCR显示替换后的p74基因得到了表达。生物测定结果显示 ,重组病毒AcMNPV杆粒 polhSL74无法通过口服方式感染银纹夜蛾幼虫 ,表明杆状病毒p74基因具有种属特异性。     

银纹夜蛾生物学特性的观察

银纹夜蛾在我区发生5～6代。在27℃下,卵期2.8天、幼虫12.3天,预蛹0.8天,蛹6.6天。成虫补充营养时其寿命14天左右,无补充营养时则羽化后2～3天就死亡且不能产卵。每雌平均产卵311.9粒,最多756粒,低于20℃成虫多不产卵。据剪叶模拟试验,随剪叶量的增加而产量损失加重,剪叶愈早损失愈大,尤以开花和结荚二个阶段损失大。     

异源病毒感染对银纹夜蛾血淋巴酯酶的影响

对染病昆虫酯酶同工酶（简称酯酶）的变化进行分析测定,已成为了解病毒进入虫体靶器官后的病理生化变化以及病毒复制与虫体新陈代谢之间关系的重要途径之一,这方面的报道“J侧重于同源病毒——寄主系统的研究,本研究则针对银纹夜蛾（AWrammaagnata）幼虫感染异源粉纹夜蛾核型多角体病毒（TnNPV）后血淋巴酯酶的变化进行了探讨。现将结果报告如下：材料和方法1材料11虫源实验室内用半人工饲料饲养三代的健康银纹夜蛾五龄村幼虫。l．2毒源由中山大学昆虫研究所生物工程室提供的已纯化的TnNPV病毒株。1．3幼虫血淋巴样品的制备挑选工龄…     

叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾的捕食功能反应

叉角厉蝽Eocanthecona furcellate(Wolff)是一种极具应用潜力的重要捕食性天敌。为了探明叉角厉蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith) 3龄幼虫的控害效果,在室内条件下,观察了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾幼虫的捕食行为,研究了叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应。结果表明,叉角厉蝽以口针从草地贪夜蛾腹部或者体躯末端插入取食,被取食后的草地贪夜蛾呈干瘪状死亡。叉角厉蝽3龄若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的捕食功能反应模型符合Holling II型方程,为:Na=0.6702 N/(1+0.0133 N),叉角厉蝽若虫对草地贪夜蛾3龄幼虫的日最大捕食量、瞬时攻击率和处理时间分别为50.25头、0.6702 d和0.0199 d。叉角厉蝽的捕食量与猎物密度正相关,寻找效应与猎物密度负相关,叉角厉蝽的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰作用。试验证实叉角厉蝽对草地贪夜蛾具有较好的控害效果,为其田间应用释放技术提供了理论依据。     

红棕灰夜蛾核型多角体病毒的研究

红棕灰夜蛾 Sarcopolia illoba(Butler)是鳞翅目夜蛾科害虫。分布于我国东北、华北、华东、华中及苏联、日本、朝鲜、印度等地。幼虫多食性,为害烟草、甘蓝、马铃薯、甜莱、大豆、豌豆、菜豆等作物。1984年在哈尔滨大豆田中,从该虫幼虫自然死虫体内分离出一株核型多角体病毒。我们对该病毒的形态学进行了观察。这种病毒在国内外尚未见报道。并对12种夜蛾科害虫:迹幽夜蛾(Discestra stigmosa)、甘蓝夜蛾(Mamestra brassicae)、黄地老虎(Scotia segetum)、小地老虎(S.ipsilon)、银纹夜蛾     

Larval Gnathostoma hispidum detected in the red banded odd-tooth snake, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, from China

A total of 205 larval gnathostomes were collected from 18 (22.5%) of 80 red banded odd-tooth snakes, Dinodon rufozonatum rufozonatum, which had been smuggled from China and confiscated at Customs in Busan, Republic of Korea. In order to identify the species, some of the larvae were observed by a light microscope and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The larvae were 2.18 x 0.29 mm in average size, and had a pair of lips at the anterior end, a muscular esophagus, 2 pairs of cervical sacs, and brownish intestines. The head bulb was characteristically equipped with 4 rows of hooklets; the average number of hooklets in each respective row was 38.6, 40.5, 41.5, and 43.7. In SEM views, the mouth evidenced a pair of lateral lips of equal size in a half-moon shape. Each lip featured a couple of labial papillae and a small amphid located between the 2 papillae. The hooklets on the head bulb had single-pointed, posteriorly-curved tips. The cuticular spines were larger and more densely distributed on the anterior part of the body, and decreased gradually in size and number toward the posterior body. On the basis of these morphological characteristics, the larvae were identified as the third stage larvae of Gnathostoma hispidum.     

替代宿主增殖松毛虫质型多角体病毒的比较研究

银纹夜蛾幼虫(Argyrogramma agnata)对松毛虫CPV(DpCPV)十分敏感,本文对两种不同的宿主增殖松毛虫CPV作了比较,电镜证实用替代宿主增殖的DpCPV与原毒株多角体(CPB)和病毒粒子的形态完全一致。3%PAGE分析二者的RNA图谱基本一致,有大小相同的2.98×10     

ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE BASAL APPARATUS AND PUTATIVE VESTIGIAL FEEDING APPARATUSES IN A QUADRIFLAGELLATE EUGLENOID (EUGLENOPHYTA)1

The flagellar apparatus and presumptive vestigial feeding apparatuses of a cold-water, photosynthetic, quadriflagellate euglenoid is described. The organism possesses two similar sets of flagella each consisting of one short and one long flagellum. Each pair of flagella is associated with three microtubular roots for a total of six roots in the basal apparatus. At the level of the ventral basal bodies, each intermediate root is nine-membered, while the ventral roots are composed of eight to nine microtubules. Only one of the ventral roots lines the single microtubule reinforced pocket. A four-membered dorsal root attaches to each dorsal basal body, and at the level of the reservoir each gives rise to a dorsal band. An additional bundle of microtubules, not arising from the microtubular roots of the basal apparatus, begins posterior to the basal apparatus as a small group of a few microtubules and extends anteriorly on the right ventral side of the reservoir ending at the canal. At the level of the stigma, the microtubules are organized into a multi-layered bundle that continues to increase in size and eventually splits to form two bundles at the level of the canal. We postulate that these bundles may represent the remnants of a rod-and-vane-type feeding apparatus like that found in many phagotrophic euglenoids.     

Activity-driven sharpening of the retinotectal projection in goldfish: Development under stroboscopic illumination prevents sharpening

Blocking or synchronizing activity during regeneration of the retinotectal projection prevents both the sharpening of the retinotopic map recorded on tectum and the refinement of the structure of individual arbors within the plane of the map, and this refinement is triggered by N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. We tested whether activity-driven refinement also occurs during development of the projection in larval and young adult goldfish. Shortly after hatching, larval goldfish were placed into tanks within light-tight chambers illuminated by a xenon strobe at 1 Hz for 14 h of each daily cycle. Fish were reared for 1.5–2 years, until large enough to record in our retinotectal mapping apparatus (6 cm length). Age- and size-matched controls had normal maps with multiunit receptive fields (MURFs) recorded at each tectal point of 10.8° (0.16 S.E.M., n = 5), whereas the strobe-reared fish had only roughly retino-topic maps with much enlarged MURFs averaging 26.7° (1.41 S.E.M., n = 5). This enlargement represents an abnormal convergence onto each tectal point, as the maps failed to sharpen during development. The arbors of individual retinal axons were stained with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) in larval fish and in adult strobereared and control fish. They were drawn with camera lucida from tectal whole mounts, and analyzed for spatial extent in the plane of the retinotopic map, order of branching, number of branch endings, depth of termination, and caliber of the parent axon. Arbors from larval fish (1–2 weeks) were small (approximately 50 × 40 μm) with less than 10 branches, occupied a single strata, and could not be separated into different classes by caliber of axon. The 87 arbors stained in control adult fish (6 cm long) were much like previously examined adult arbors, with those from fine, medium, and coarse axons averaging 115, 166, and 194 μm in extent, respectively, and having 17–24 branch endings. The 110 arbors from 12 strobe-reared fish were often abnormal. Although the fasciculation was normal, the extrafascicular routes were abnormal with reversing turns. The axons often had branches along their course, and these branches were scattered across a wider extent, rather than forming a distinct cluster. In contrast, neither the number of branches nor the depths of termination was significantly changed in any group. The coarse caliber arbors were most abnormal, being 64% longer and 30% wider than controls. The fine caliber arbors were also significantly larger by about 20%, but the medium caliber arbors were not enlarged. The enlarged arbors partially account for the unsharpened electrophysiological maps. Together the results show that during development, as well as during regeneration, the retinotectal map is subject to an activity-driven sharpening process. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

A case of freemartin with atresia recti and ani in Japanese Black calf

A female Japanese Black calf was born on 25 March 2003 at Hiroshima University Farm as a co-twin to a male Japanese Black calf. The male calf showed no external urogenital abnormalities. The absence of anal opening and external features of freemartinism were observed in the female. A small opening to the vulva (about 1.5 cm in length) with fused lips and a prominent clitoris were seen. The hair around the vulva was 3.5 cm in length and was heavy and dense. The distance from the vulva to the atretic anus was 9.0 cm. There were no other detectable abnormalities on physical examination. The PCR-based DNA test showed male-specific sequences confirming the calf to be freemartin. At autopsy 1 day after the calf birth, the gonads were found to be small and hard and the left uterine horn showed segmental aplasia near its proximal end. Two seminal glands (remnants of mesonephric duct) were located on both sides of the uterine body. A cervix was absent. The vagina was underdeveloped and looked like a tubual structure. The rectal end was closed, while the distance from the end of the atretic rectum to the absent anal opening was about 4.0 cm. On histological examination, the gonads exhibited extensive morphologic alteration; there was no cortex with the absence of ovarian structures. The seminal glands consisted of hypoplastic glandular tissue surrounded by extensive fibrous connective tissue. In conclusion, this is a case report of a freemartin with atresia recti and ani.     

Regeneration of the tibia and somatotopy of regenerated hair sensilla in Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål)

After injury many arthropods are able to regenerate lost body parts and their innervation. Here, regeneration was studied in the desert locust Schistocerca gregaria after amputation of the midleg tibia and tarsus in the first larval instar. A regenerate was formed first in the third larval instar and it increased in size with each larval moult. The regenerate was always unsegmented and remained much shorter than the intact leg parts. The growth rate was initially rather high and decreased thereafter to that of intact parts. The amputation also influenced the growth rate of proximal leg parts (femur and trochanter) resulting in shortened leg segments. The regenerate carried many sense organs like trichoid sensilla and canal sensilla. The primary mechanosensory neurons of the trichoid sensilla projected somatotopically into the mesothoracic ganglion. A comparison of these projections from intact leg segments and regenerates showed a regrow into the target neuropil areas and a restoration of the somatotopy. Intact sensilla on the injured leg and regenerated sensilla expanded their central projections lateral-medially.     

Synapse loss and axon retraction in response to local muscle degeneration

During metamorphosis in the moth, Manduca sexta, the abdominal body-wall muscle DEO1 is remodeled to form the adult muscle DE5. As the larval muscle degenerates, its motoneuron loses its end plates and retracts axon branches from the degenerating muscle. Muscle degeneration is under the control of the insect hormones, the ecdysteroids. Topical application of an ecdysteroid mimic resulted in animals that produced a localized patch of pupal cuticle. Muscle fibers underlying the patch showed a gradient of degeneration. The motoneuron showed end-plate loss and axon retraction from degenerating regions of a given fiber but maintained its fine terminal branches and end plates on intact regions. The results suggest that local steroid treatments that result in local muscle degeneration bring about a loss of synaptic contacts from regions of muscle degeneration. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

几种银莲花光合特性的初步分析

采用LI6400便携式光合仪分析昆明室外栽培的几种野生银莲花光合作用特性。净光合速率(Pn)和蒸腾速率(Tr)日变化均呈单峰曲线,前者的峰值出现在10～11点,后者的峰值出现在13点前后。在光强0～2000μmol·m2·s1条件下,Pn呈S曲线,光合补偿点为60～80μmol·m2·s1,饱和点为800μmol·m2·s1左右,但光强继续增加到1800μmol·m2·s1,Pn仍有少许提高;Tr随PAR的增加而缓慢地增加。在环境CO2浓度为0～350μmol·mol1条件下,Pn直线上升,草玉梅、秋牡丹和野棉花的光合CO2补偿点均为50μmol·mol1左右;Tr在环境CO2浓度25～350μmol·mol1范围内几乎呈水平线。野生银莲花的Pn和Tr表现较明显的种间差异。     

Bioassay of a nucleopolyhedrosis virus of the gypsy moth, Porthetria dispar

The pathogenicity of an American isolate of the nucleopolyhedrosis virus of Porthetria dispar was studied. Laboratory data on third-instar larvae showed that mortality was directly related to virus concentration. The computed LD₅₀ was 1,729 PIBs/larva or 72 PIBs/mg larval body weight. The LT₅₀'s for 2.5 × 10⁶, 2.5 × 10⁵, 2.5 × 10⁴, 5 × 10³, and 2.5 × 10³ PIBs/larva were 8.1, 9.9, 11.3, 12.2, and 13.1 days, respectively. Approximately 37 and 60% of the total larval mortality occurred during the third- and fourth-instar, respectively. The periods to pupation and the pupal weights of survivors apparently were not affected by virus concentration. Moth emergence from surviving pupae was not reduced.