哈氏啮小蜂雌蜂的繁殖生物学特性

哈氏啮小蜂Tetrastichus hagenowii（Ratzeburg）是卫生害虫蜚蠊的重要天敌昆虫, 能寄生多种蜚蠊种类的卵荚, 被认为是控制蜚蠊危害最具潜力的天敌昆虫。本文对哈氏啮小蜂雌蜂的繁殖生物学特性进行了系统研究。结果表明: 哈氏啮小蜂行孤雌生殖和两性生殖的繁殖方式, 两性生殖其子代雌蜂所占比例为46.02%, 而孤雌生殖其子代均为雄性。经解剖镜检证实: 雌蜂发育至性成熟时的两侧卵巢结构呈现为, 每侧卵巢有8~12根卵巢管, 每根卵巢管怀卵量约1~6粒。结果发现雌蜂发育日期影响其怀卵数量, 1日龄哈氏啮小蜂怀卵量低, 平均为45.2粒/♀; 2日龄哈氏啮小蜂怀卵量较高, 平均为80.1粒/♀。哈氏啮小蜂羽化后即性成熟产卵, 产卵期为4~11 d, 日产卵量为0.86~7.57粒/♀, 单雌一生平均寄生1枚美洲大蠊卵荚。供试寄主卵荚密度是影响哈氏啮小蜂寄生率的重要因素, 在蜂卵荚比例为1∶5, 1∶3, 1∶2, 1∶1, 2∶1和3∶1范围内, 哈氏啮小蜂对卵荚的寄生率随着雌蜂数量与寄主卵荚比例的提高而增加, 然单雌寄生卵荚数量却呈下降趋势。     

小菜蛾主要寄生性天敌——菜蛾绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂间的相互作用

在28℃下,以小菜蛾3龄幼虫作寄主,研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂与菜蛾啮小蜂间的相互关系．当寄主供2种蜂同时产卵寄生时,与只供1种蜂时相比。绒茧蜂的寄生率无显著变化,而啮小蜂的寄生率则显著下降;2种蜂的合计寄生率与任一种蜂单独存在时相比无显著差异．当寄主先供绒茧蜂寄生,再供啮小蜂寄生时,绒茧蜂的成功寄生率不受影响,而啮小蜂的寄生率仅为8％～13％;啮小蜂能寄生在寄主体内的绒茧蜂高龄幼虫．绒茧蜂能寄生已被啮小蜂寄生的寄主幼虫,其子代部分个体能正常发育至成虫羽化．当已被绒茧蜂寄生和未被寄生的寄主同时存在时,啮小蜂主要寄生未被寄生的寄主．表明绒茧蜂具有竞争优势。但这种优势可因啮小蜂的寄生而被削弱．     

低温冷藏对不同虫期啊氏啮小蜂存活率的影响

研究啊氏啮小蜂Tetrastichus hagenowii(Ratzeburg)不同发育阶段在10℃贮存不同天数对其存活率的影响。结果表明,啊氏啮小蜂卵期冷藏10d、20d,其发育历期分别较对照延长6.6d、9.4d,平均每粒卵荚出蜂量比对照分别少10头、9.8头,冷藏卵荚的出蜂率较对照无差异,卵期冷藏30~90d,卵荚出蜂率为0。啊氏啮小蜂幼虫期冷藏10~90d,其发育历期较对照延长1.8~26.3d,平均每粒卵荚出蜂量、卵荚孵化率较对照分别下降5.6~50.3头、8.4%~70.4%。啊氏啮小蜂蛹期冷藏10~90d,其发育历期较对照缩短3.4~17.5d,平均每粒卵荚出蜂量和卵荚孵化率均随冷藏天数增加而明显降低。     

平腹小蜂Anastatus sp.个体发育与马尾松毛虫胚胎发育的相互影响

在28℃恒温下,松毛虫的胚胎发育期为7—8天;平腹小蜂的个体发育周期为19天左右,其中胚胎期约2天。如果松毛虫在产卵后12小时,胚胎发育到盘形成期以后,被平腹小蜂寄生,则胚盘在半小时内解体离散成匀质;产卵后约36小时,胚带形成后被寄生,经约5—12小时,胚带开始破坏而逐渐解体离散成为小颗粒;松毛虫胚胎发育到胚动以后,甚至将近孵化时,仍可被平腹小蜂寄生,并将离散后的寄主胚胎组织吞食殆尽,发育成蜂,破卵壳出来。在松毛虫胚胎发育早期被寄生,卵粒寄生率高,蜂的成活率也高,反之则低。 同一寄主卵可被一头或多头平腹小蜂复寄生。一粒寄主卵内的寄生蜂卵可达9粒,但最后只羽化一头蜂。     

非传粉小蜂对榕-蜂共生系统的影响

榕-蜂共生系统是桑科榕属(Ficus)植物与传粉榕小蜂专一互惠形成的生态学关系。但是,也有一些非传粉的小蜂出现在这个系统中,对榕-蜂共生系统可能产生较大的影响。西双版纳的聚果榕(Ficus racemosa)树上主要有5种非传粉小蜂,分别在榕果发育的不同阶段从果外向果内产卵。在传粉榕小蜂进果之前的花前期,Platyneura testace、Apocrypta sp.和P. mayri这3种非传粉小蜂先后到果外产卵繁殖后代,对榕-蜂共生系统造成显著影响,尤其是影响传粉榕小蜂的繁殖。在传粉榕小蜂进果之后的间花期,P. mayri、A. westwoodi和P. agraensis这3种非传粉小蜂相继到果外产卵,它们虽然能减少种子形成和传粉榕小蜂繁殖的数量,但最终没有对榕-蜂共生系统造成显著的影响。造瘿类的P. mayri可在花前期和间花期产卵繁殖,在花前期产卵时它主要是影响传粉榕小蜂的繁殖,而在间花期产卵时它则更多地是影响种子的生产。     

稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilaparvatae)在两种稻飞虱上的生殖力及其应用潜能

利用寄生变红卵和仔代成蜂数量作为繁殖力估计等方法,编制了稻虱缨小蜂(Anagrus nilaparvatae pang and wang)在褐飞虱(Nilaparvata lugens (St(a)l))卵和白背飞虱(Sogatella furcifera (Horvath))卵上繁殖的实验种群生命表,测定了稻虱缨小蜂寄生褐飞虱和白背飞虱的生殖力,分析了稻虱缨小蜂对稻飞虱卵的寄生能力.结果表明:在相同的繁蜂条件下,稻虱缨小蜂寄生褐飞虱卵的净生殖力R0为10.26,内禀增长率rm为0.2213,平均单雌产仔数为14.52头;寄生白背飞虱卵的净生殖力R0为8.78,内禀增长率rm为0.1840,平均单雌产仔数为12.20头.两组生命表参数比较分析显示褐飞虱卵具有较强的室内繁蜂潜能,可利用其进行室内繁蜂.应用稻虱缨小蜂、褐飞虱及白背飞虱的生命表参数讨论了稻虱缨小蜂在稻飞虱生物防治中的应用潜能及其可能的利用途径.     

啮小蜂寄主接受行为的研究

啮小蜂Tetrastichus sp.是一种群聚性蛹的内寄生蜂,主要寄生于茶长卷叶蛾的蛹.在实验室中,它还能寄生蓖麻蚕、粘虫、亚洲玉米螟、棉褐带卷蛾和家蝇等寄主蛹.在小环境中,啮小蜂雌蜂搜寻大蛹(粘虫)花费的时间要明显少于寻找小蛹(棉褐带卷蛾)所花费的时间.雌蜂多数从寄主的腹部爬上蛹,其次为胸部和头部.88%的雌蜂产卵管插入蛹的位置与上蛹的部位一致.蜂龄(2-6天龄)对雌蜂接受寄主的行为无明显影响.雌蜂对寄主蛹龄有一定的辨别能力,在第7天龄粘虫蛹中产的子蜂数明显减少,对第9天龄的粘虫蛹雌蜂虽作刺探,但未见寄生.随着寄主密度增加,平均每雌寄生的蛹数和产的子蜂数均相应增加,而寄主蛹的寄生率却逐渐下降.随着雌蜂密度增加,寄主蛹的寄生率和平均每头寄生蛹中的子蜂数相应提高,但平均每雌产的子蜂数则逐渐减少.雌蜂在寄生(平均1.74+5.05分.秒)和未寄生(平均2.90±6.50分.秒)寄主中产卵管插入的时间无明显差异,但在寄生(平均每蛹为182.20±85.06头)和未寄生(平均为87.80±69.50头)寄主中产的子蜂数则有明显差异(P<0.02).表明啮小蜂雌蜂对已寄生寄主蛹无明显的辩别能力.     

六盘山翠金小蜂生物学特性的研究

六盘山翠金小蜂Tritneptis sp.是华北落叶松人工林主要食叶害虫落叶松红腹叶蜂Pristiphora erichsonii Hartig茧期的体外复寄生性天敌。对该蜂的生物学特性研究表明,该蜂在宁夏六盘山1年2代,以幼虫在寄主茧内越冬,翌年4月中旬开始活动取食,5月中旬开始化蛹,成蜂从6月中旬开始羽化,每头虫茧平均出蜂6.14头,雌雄比1.79∶1,雌蜂6月下旬开始产卵,一只雌蜂一生可在12.2头寄主虫茧上产卵,第1代寄生蜂幼虫7月上旬开始孵化并吸食寄主营养发育,7月下旬开始化蛹,8月上旬开始羽化并交尾、产卵寄生。该蜂体型较大,对寄主跟随性强,无重寄生天敌,自然寄生率7.3%～33.6%,是一种优良天敌寄生蜂。     

红脉穗螟寄生蜂寄主选择研究

[目的]优化红脉穗螟寄生蜂繁育技术,为该虫的生物防治提供参考。[方法]通过室内饲养研究了红脉穗螟幼虫寄生蜂褐带卷蛾茧蜂和蛹寄生蜂周氏啮小蜂(海南种)对4种昆虫的寄生效果,并对最佳接种比例进行筛选。[结果]褐带卷蛾茧蜂对大蜡螟幼虫寄生效果优于米蛾幼虫,且对黄粉虫和大麦虫幼虫不表现寄生特性,褐带卷蛾茧蜂和大蜡螟幼虫的最佳接种比例为1∶1和2∶1,其中在2∶1接种比例处理中的寄生率和单寄主产蜂量分别为76.67%和34.60头;4种昆虫蛹均可用于繁育周氏啮小蜂,从寄主的繁育成本和寄生效果分析,以黄粉虫蛹效果较最佳,接种蜂虫比以2∶1为宜,此时的单寄主产蜂量为148.60头。[结论]寄主和接种比例不同会影响寄生蜂的寄生效果,本研究中褐带卷蛾茧蜂适宜寄主为大蜡螟,最优蜂虫比为1∶1和2∶1,周氏啮小蜂(海南种)适宜寄主为黄粉虫,最优接种蜂虫比为2∶1。     

松毛虫卵期几种寄生蜂的共寄生现象及其对寄生率的影响

松毛虫赤跟蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura 白跗平腹Pseudanastatusalbitarsis Ashmead松毛虫宽缘金小蜂Pachyneuron olitarium(Harig), 松毛虫黑卵蜂 Telenomus dendrolimusi Chu和大蛾卵跳小蜂Ooenvyrtus Kuwanae(Howard)是松毛虫卵期几种主要寄生蜂。通过对上述几种寄生蜂寄生习性的研究表明：赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂不但能寄生新鲜害虫卵,还可以寄生对方已寄生并巳发育1-3天的寄生卵,但羽化串均不高;松毛虫宽缘金小蜂不寄生新鲜害虫卵,专门寄生赤眼蜂寄生后巳发育1-7,天的寄生卵,其中又以赤眼蜂发育3-5天的卵寄生串和羽化率为最高。除赤眼蜂和平腹小蜂可以混合使用外,其它蜂种混用都不同程度地存在相互排挤的现象。如果先让平腹小蜂寄生尔后再让赤眼蜂寄生或先让赤眼蜂寄生,尔后再让跳小蜂或黑卵蜂寄生,能够提高卵块寄生串和充分发挥各自天敌的作用。     

逐日羽化的赤眼蜂品质的比较

本文报道了逐日羽化的赤眼蜂(Trichogramma maidis Pint.et Voeg)品质的比较结果.第1天羽化的雌蜂是群体中生活力最强的个体;第2和第3天羽化的雌蜂生殖力、寿命、个体大小和性比等4项指标逐渐下降;而第4天羽化的雌蜂质量最差.当逐日(第1—第4天)羽化的赤限蜂先分别用地中海粉斑螟卵繁殖1代,然后分别收集第1天内羽化的赤眼蜂试验时,子代(F₁)雌蜂的质量有了明显的提高.母代为第3和第4天羽化的赤限蜂,其子代雌蜂的质量分别超过母代.试验表明,通过实验室选择培养可以改进和提高大量培养赤眼蜂的质量.     

Frequent successful multiparasitism by five parasitoids attacking the scale insectNipponaclerda biwakoensis

Successful multiparasitism by five parasitoid wasps of the scale insectNipponaclerda biwakoensis was investigated at a reed bed in Lake Biwa. The wasps were gregarious endoparasitoids consuming the entire body of the host. The rate of successful multiparasitism for a parasitoid species was defined as the proportion of the number of individual hosts from which the species emergedwith other species to the total number of hosts from which the species emerged. The rates were high for each parasitoid species, ranging from 17 to 82%. Successful multiparasitism frequently involved two species with similar adult size, but rarely involved species with different adult size. For four of the five species, the number of wasps per host was significantly less when wasps emerged from a host with other species relative to when emerged alone. For the other one species, the number of wasps was less, but the difference was not significant. With only one species, female wasps were significantly smaller when they emerged from a host with other species relative to when emerged alone.     

Contrasting scales of oviposition and parasitism in praying mantids

We report on spatial patterns of parasitism of oothecae (egg cases) of praying mantises (Stagmomantis limbata) by torymid wasps, Podagrion spp. Using collections of mapped mantid oothecae from Riparian sites in the Sonoran desert and Grassland sites in the Chiricahua Mountains (both in Arizona, USA), we characterized the spatial distributions of oothecae and parasitism. The likelihood of an egg case suffering some parasitism was higher at Grassland sites, which had high oothecal densities, than at low-density Riparian sites. However, experimental isolation of Grassland oothecae to densities comparable to Riparian sites reduced parasitism rates. At Riparian sites, parasitized oothecae exhibited on average the same extent of parasitism as parasitized oothecae at high densities but with much greater variation. Indeed, large fractions of Riparian oothecae suffered both severe (>50%) and light (<20%) parasitism, whereas most parasitized Grassland oothecae suffered intermediate levels of parasitism. Analysis of first nearest neighbor distances indicated that the parasite load of an ootheca did not depend on its immediate isolation. However, extending the analysis to include subsequent nearest neighbors (using a technique from spatial statistics called the R(K) function), we found that even though oothecae of S. limbata were spatially clustered, some oothecae in a (statistically defined) cluster escaped parasitism when overall oothecal densities were low. This pattern suggests that when oothecae are sparsely distributed, Podagrion wasps exploit only a fraction of the oothecae available locally, even though the oothecae are strongly aggregated relative to their overall density. We suggest this lack of congruency in the scales of oothecal deposition and parasitism at low densities (which is absent when oothecae are at high densities) may be explained in part by behavioral aspects of the parasite's reproduction, including increased host fidelity by relatively sedentary female parasites. Received: June 13, 2000 / Accepted: October 16, 2000     

Evaluation of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) for the control of American cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) in sewers and crevices around buildings

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) to control American cockroaches, Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae), in sewer manholes and in crevices around buildings. Parasitoids were released weekly for 12 wk from laboratory parasitized heat-killed oothecae, and parasitism monitored using sentinel oothecae of American cockroaches. In addition, preference of A. hagenowii for 1- to 4-wk-old oothecae was evaluated in the laboratory. A. hagenowii females showed no preference for any ootheca age. Twenty of the 30 tested females parasitized one ootheca, whereas the other 10 parasitized two oothecae. The total progeny (males, females, and total) that emerged from a single ootheca parasitized by a female was not significantly different to the total progeny that emerged from two oothecae parasitized by a female. The number of males, females, and total progeny that emerged from the second parasitized ootheca was significantly less than the number that emerged from the first parasitized ootheca. The weekly mean sentinel oothecal parasitism rate in wall crevices was 18.1 +/- 3.2% and in sewer manholes was 13.3 +/- 2.0%. The mean number of released A. hagenowii females per number of parasitized sentinel oothecae recorded in crevices was 189 +/- 18, whereas it was 428 +/- 50 in sewers. A. hagenowii females were more effective at parasitizing sentinel oothecae placed at high and middle levels in manholes than at a low level when releases were made at the midpoint of the manhole shaft.     

闽东约马蜂的生物学习性观察

约马蜂PolistesjokanamaeRadoszkowski是一种习见的社会性天敌昆虫。研究表明约马蜂在闽东地区于4月中旬觅址筑巢,历经40d建成31~40个巢房的小巢。约马蜂1年发生2代,第1代蜂于5月下旬开始羽化,7月初蜂巢拥有职蜂可达30只,每只职蜂日均外勤达14次,群体进入快速增长期;第2代蜂8~9月间出现,雄蜂所占比例超过1/3,群体进入鼎盛期。第2代雌蜂与雄蜂交尾后于11月陆续离巢越冬。幼体发育历期28~37d,与外界气温密切相关,随温度升高而缩短。文中还提出计算幼体发育历期的方法。     

Suitability of heat- and freeze-killed oothecae of the American cockroach (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) as hosts for an oothecal parasitoid, Aprostocetus hagenowii (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of heat- and freeze-killed oothecae of Periplaneta americana (L.) (Dictyoptera: Blattidae) as hosts for parasitoid Aprostocetus hagenowii (Ratzeburg) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). The oothecae were subjected to -20, 45, 48, 50, and 55 degrees C at different exposure times (15, 30, 45, and 60 min). The effects of heat- and freeze-killed oothecae on several biological parameters (e.g., parasitism and emergence rates, developmental times, progeny number, and sex ratio) ofA. hagenowii were determined. Embryonic development of 2-d-old oothecae was terminated by either freezing at -20 degrees C or heating at > or = 48 degrees C for > or =30 min. A. hagenowii parasitized live oothecae as well as both heat- and freeze-killed oothecae. Percentage parasitism, emergence rates, and developmental times ofA. hagenowii in both heat- and freeze-killed oothecae were not significantly different from those of the live oothecae. Both heating and freezing did not influence progeny number (male and female) and sex ratio of A. hagenowii emerged from killed oothecae.     

繁育寄主对三种赤眼蜂个体大小及抱卵量的影响

【目的】繁育寄主及成蜂日龄均会影响赤眼蜂体内的抱卵量,为了解繁育寄主及育出赤眼蜂个体大小与赤眼蜂抱卵量的关系,我们在室内研究了米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica（Stainton）卵和亚洲玉米螟 Ostrinia furnacalis （Güenée）卵作为繁育寄主对3种赤眼蜂雌蜂大小、抱卵量的影响。【方法】在光周期14L:10D、温度25±1℃的室内条件下,以米蛾卵、亚洲玉米螟卵作为繁育寄主,解剖不同日龄（羽化后12-72 h）松毛虫赤眼蜂 Trichogramma dendrolimi Matsumura、玉米螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma ostriniae Pang et Chen以及稻螟赤眼蜂Trichogramma japonicum Ashmead,观察雌蜂抱卵量,测量成蜂的大小,分析雌蜂抱卵量与其日龄、个体大小以及繁育寄主的关系【结果】在羽化后48 h以内,3种蜂的抱卵量随雌蜂日龄的增长而增加。羽化后72 h,除米蛾卵繁育的玉米螟赤眼蜂及玉米螟卵繁育的松毛虫赤眼蜂的抱卵量比羽化后48 h时略高外,其他组合均出现下降。以亚洲玉米螟卵为繁育寄主时的玉米螟赤眼蜂的抱卵量显著高于对应日龄的以米蛾卵为繁育寄主时的抱卵量,而松毛虫赤眼蜂（除羽化后12和24 h外）和稻螟赤眼蜂则相反;以米蛾卵为繁育寄主时,相同日龄的赤眼蜂中,松毛虫赤眼蜂抱卵量最高,稻螟赤眼蜂的抱卵量最低;以亚洲玉米螟卵为繁育寄主时,玉米螟赤眼蜂抱卵量最高,稻螟赤眼蜂抱卵量最低。雌蜂抱卵量与雌蜂个体大小呈线性正相关,相关程度随雌蜂日龄增加而更加明显。【结论】后足胫节长度可以作为评价松毛虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和稻螟赤眼蜂质量的指标。赤眼蜂抱卵量受繁育寄主、赤眼蜂蜂种及雌蜂日龄的显著影响,寄主的适合性也会影响育出赤眼蜂的大小,筛选合适的繁育寄主有助于提高赤眼蜂的质量。     

班氏跳小蜂对新寄主资源的寄生适合度

【目的】班氏跳小蜂Aenasius bambawalei是扶桑绵粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis的伴迁性天敌,迄今已知该寄生蜂只能寄生扶桑绵粉蚧,但是我们发现该寄生蜂还能成功寄生另一种外来有害生物——石蒜绵粉蚧P. solani。本研究旨在明确班氏跳小蜂对该新寄主资源的寄生适合度,为今后充分开发、利用该寄生蜂提供科学依据。【方法】在实验室条件下,以马铃薯Solanum tuberosum块茎作为粉蚧的寄主植物,测定了班氏跳小蜂对不同龄期石蒜绵粉蚧的寄生适合度,并在非选择条件下测定了上述两种寄主上僵蚧形成时间以及该寄生蜂羽化时间、寿命、后足胫节长度、寄生率、羽化率及子代性比。【结果】班氏跳小蜂可寄生石蒜绵粉蚧的雌成虫及2龄和3龄若虫,但只有寄生雌成虫才能正常羽化出蜂。分别以石蒜绵粉蚧与扶桑绵粉蚧为寄主时,最适合的蜂蚧比分别为2∶15和2∶20。不同寄主对僵蚧形成时间及班氏跳小蜂的羽化时间无显著影响,但显著影响班氏跳小蜂的寿命以及雌蜂后足胫节长度,尤其是扶桑绵粉蚧上羽化的寄生蜂的寿命比以石蒜绵粉蚧上的长约20 d。而且,班氏跳小蜂对扶桑绵粉蚧的寄生率(54.0%)显著高于对石蒜绵粉蚧的(25.3%),但班氏跳小蜂在这两种寄主上的羽化率均在90%以上,差异不显著;寄生扶桑绵粉蚧的雌蜂比例高于寄生石蒜绵粉蚧的雌蜂比例。【结论】班氏跳小蜂能寄生石蒜绵粉蚧,且只在雌成虫上完成世代发育;与在更适寄主扶桑绵粉蚧上比较,石蒜绵粉蚧上羽化的班氏跳小蜂在寿命及雌蜂个体大小上有劣势。     

Biological characteristics of Evania appendigaster (L.) (Hymenoptera: Evaniidae) in different densities of Periplaneta americana (L.) oothecae (Blattodea: Blattidae)

Evania appendigaster (L.) is a solitary endoparasitoid of oothecae of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana (L.). In this work we report our studies on the parasitism of P. americana oothecae by E. appendigaster and the biological characteristics of this egg parasite, as it is affected by host density and mating. Cockroach oothecae were presented for individual females at different densities (one, two, three, four, five and six oothecae) during 2 days of exposition time. Reproduction was determined to be biparental and arrhenotokous. Host density did not influence sex ratio and longevity. The greatest reproductive efficiency of the females occurred in the first 14 days of their lifetime. At higher densities low parasitism rates were accompanied by a high percentage of dead oothecae. The percentage of parasitism decreases with increase in host density.     

Volatile Emissions from an Epiphytic Fungus are Semiochemicals for Eusocial Wasps

Microbes are ubiquitous on plant surfaces. However, interactions between epiphytic microbes and arthropods are rarely considered as a factor that affects arthropod behaviors. Here, volatile emissions from an epiphytic fungus were investigated as semiochemical attractants for two eusocial wasps. The fungus Aureobasidium pullulans was isolated from apples, and the volatile compounds emitted by fungal colonies were quantified. The attractiveness of fungal colonies and fungal volatiles to social wasps (Vespula spp.) were experimentally tested in the field. Three important findings emerged: (1) traps baited with A. pullulans caught 2750?% more wasps on average than unbaited control traps; (2) the major headspace volatiles emitted by A. pullulans were 2-methyl-1-butanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-phenylethyl alcohol; and (3) a synthetic blend of fungal volatiles attracted 4,933?% more wasps on average than unbaited controls. Wasps were most attracted to 2-methyl-1-butanol. The primary wasp species attracted to fungal volatiles were the western yellowjacket (Vespula pensylvanica) and the German yellowjacket (V. germanica), and both species externally vectored A. pullulans. This is the first study to link microbial volatile emissions with eusocial wasp behaviors, and these experiments indicate that volatile compounds emitted by an epiphytic fungus can be responsible for wasp attraction. This work implicates epiphytic microbes as important components in the community ecology of some eusocial hymenopterans, and fungal emissions may signal suitable nutrient sources to foraging wasps. Our experiments are suggestive of a potential symbiosis, but additional studies are needed to determine if eusocial wasp–fungal associations are widespread, and whether these associations are incidental, facultative, or obligate.