镉、铅及其复合污染对大麦幼苗部分生理指标的影响

以Cd、Pb为胁迫因子,以大麦为试验材料,采用室内培养法,研究了重金属Cd﹑Pb及复合污染不同时间（3、5d）对大麦幼苗叶片部分生理指标的影响。结果表明,随着 Cd﹑Pb及Cd+Pb处理浓度的增加,大麦幼苗叶片中可溶性糖的含量表现为先升后降。在Cd﹑Pb单一处理条件下,不同浓度Cd﹑Pb均可造成叶细胞膜透性增大,叶片的相对电导率和脯氨酸含量上升。不同浓度的Cd+Pb复合处理对叶细胞膜的损伤均大于单一处理,低浓度Cd+Pb（5+50 mg·L^-1）复合处理组的可溶性糖含量比单一处理高。在不同处理时间（3、5d）内,所有Cd+Pb复合处理组叶中脯氨酸含量均高于单一处理组,Cd﹑Pb复合处理对脯氨酸的积累有促进作用。单一处理中Cd对大麦幼苗的毒性比Pb大,而复合处理（Cd+Pb）对大麦幼苗的损伤和毒害作用比单一处理更为严重,其交互作用机理值得进一步研究。     

不同耐性水稻幼苗根系对镉胁迫的形态及生理响应

采用水培试验,以两个耐镉性不同的水稻品种为材料,研究了不同浓度镉胁迫对水稻幼苗根系形态、根系活力、游离脯氨酸含量及抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明:低于5 μmol/L Cd胁迫对2个水稻品种总根长、根表面积、根体积、根干重、根系活力无明显影响,在1 μmol/L Cd时,甚至起促进作用。随Cd浓度增加表现出一定的抑制效应,秀水63在10 μmol/L Cd胁迫下根系形态、根系活力明显受到抑制,而秀水09在25 μmol/L Cd胁迫下明显受抑。随Cd胁迫浓度的增加,游离脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性均呈上升趋势,两品种相比,秀水09的游离脯氨酸含量、SOD和POD增幅大于秀水63,而MDA含量增幅小于秀水63;过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化表现为先上升后下降,10-100 μmol/L Cd胁迫下秀水63根系中CAT活性明显低于秀水09。总之,水稻对Cd毒害响应存在明显的品种差异,且Cd胁迫下根系生理响应的差异是品种间耐性差异的重要原因之一。     

铅铬胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响北大核心CSCD

旨在探讨铅铬胁迫对小麦的毒害效应以及对幼苗脯氨酸的影响。用不同浓度的铅铬溶液处理小麦,研究铅铬单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,铅铬单一及复合胁迫均使得小麦种子萌发率降低,幼苗株高、根长降低,鲜物质量和干物质量减少。铅铬处理1 d后,各处理组小麦体内的脯氨酸含量较对照都有升高,尤其是复合胁迫下100mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr处理组,其小麦脯氨酸含量较对照升高了32.81%。铅铬处理3、5和7 d后,100 mg/L Cr、50 mg/L Cr、200mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr、100 mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr这4个处理组的小麦脯氨酸含量较对照均显著升高,其它各处理组与对照相比差异不显著。铅铬胁迫抑制了小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长,使得小麦体内脯氨酸含量升高,因此建议脯氨酸含量的变化可以作为监测植物铅铬胁迫的指标之一。     

铅铬胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响

旨在探讨铅铬胁迫对小麦的毒害效应以及对幼苗脯氨酸的影响。用不同浓度的铅铬溶液处理小麦,研究铅铬单一及复合胁迫对小麦种子萌发及幼苗脯氨酸含量的影响。结果表明,铅铬单一及复合胁迫均使得小麦种子萌发率降低,幼苗株高、根长降低,鲜物质量和干物质量减少。铅铬处理1 d后,各处理组小麦体内的脯氨酸含量较对照都有升高,尤其是复合胁迫下100mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr处理组,其小麦脯氨酸含量较对照升高了32.81%。铅铬处理3、5和7 d后,100 mg/L Cr、50 mg/L Cr、200mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr、100 mg/L Pb+100 mg/L Cr这4个处理组的小麦脯氨酸含量较对照均显著升高,其它各处理组与对照相比差异不显著。铅铬胁迫抑制了小麦种子的萌发和幼苗生长,使得小麦体内脯氨酸含量升高,因此建议脯氨酸含量的变化可以作为监测植物铅铬胁迫的指标之一。     

Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea)生长及金属离子积累特征分析

采用水培法,对Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫(500 mg·L-1Pb、25 mg·L-1 Cd、500 mg·L-1pb-25 mg·L-1Cd)条件下溪荪(Iris sanguinea Donn ex Horn.)幼苗不同部分的生长及Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、K和Na积累状况进行了研究.结果显示:在Pb单一胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗地下部分干质量较对照降低了18.2％,地上部分干质量和耐性指数均与对照无显著差异;在Cd单一胁迫条件下,地下部分与地上部分的干质量较对照分别降低了16.4％和14.1％,耐性指数降低了7％;在Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,溪荪幼苗不同部分的干质量以及耐性指数均与对照无显著差异.在Pb单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Pb含量均明显高于对照,Pb单一胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Pb含量分别比Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组高19.8％和16.0％.在Cd单一及Pb-Cd复合胁迫条件下,幼苗不同部分的Cd含量均明显高于对照,Pb-Cd复合胁迫处理组幼苗地上部分和地下部分的Cd含量分别为Cd单一胁迫处理组的2.02和5.74倍.经Pb和Cd单一及复合胁迫后,幼苗不同部分的Zn、Cu和Na含量均明显高于对照,而K含量则低于对照;地上部分的Zn、K和Na含量均高于地下部分,但Cu含量在幼苗不同部分的变化趋势则有所不同.比较结果表明:Pb-Cd复合胁迫对溪荪幼苗的Pb积累有促进作用、对Cd积累有抑制作用,表现出拮抗作用;溪荪对Pb胁迫的耐性相对更强,对Pb和Cd及其他金属元素有一定的积累能力,可用于Pb污染环境尤其是湿地Pb污染环境的修复.     

复合胁迫下茭白体内镉、铅的亚细胞分布和植物络合素的合成

以茭白（Zizania latifoliaTurcz.）的单季茭品种‘蒋墅茭’和双季茭品种‘葑红早’为试材,进行Cd2＋、Pb2＋的单一及复合胁迫处理,测定了茭白根系和叶片中的非蛋白巯基（NPT）、谷胱甘肽（GSH）、植物络合素（PCs）的含量,同时测定了茭白植株各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量,以探讨茭白对重金属镉、铅胁迫的耐性机理。结果表明：Cd2＋、Pb2＋的单一及其复合胁迫均能促进两茭白品种根系和叶片中NPT、GSH、PCs的含量及茭白各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋积累量的显著增加;复合胁迫时两茭白品种的NPT、GSH、PCs含量及各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量均高于单一胁迫,茭白的不同部位间,以根系中的NPT、GSH、PCs含量显著高于叶片;茭白各亚细胞组分中Cd2＋、Pb2＋的积累量表现为：细胞壁高于原生质体,而可溶性部分高于细胞器。     

绿洲土Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni复合污染下重金属的形态特征和生物有效性

通过模拟基于干旱区绿洲土壤Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合污染下的油菜盆栽试验,采用Tessier五步连续浸提法探究了重金属复合污染对油菜生长的影响及其各形态的转化归趋和生物有效性.结果显示,随着Cd-Pb-Zn-Ni复合胁迫水平的升高,油菜的干重先增加后减小,根系的生长由促进作用转变为抑制作用;对照土壤中4种重金属元素均以残渣态为主要赋存形态,可交换态的含量均很小;随着外源重金属的添加,油菜种植土壤中4种重金属元素的各形态含量随之增加,Cd、Pb、Zn的可交换态和Ni的碳酸盐结合态对外界胁迫响应强度最大,Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni的活性增加,且Cd、Pb的主要赋存形态迅速转变为碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Zn的主要赋存形态由残渣态和碳酸盐结合态过渡到碳酸盐结合态和铁锰氧化态,Ni的主要赋存形态为碳酸盐结合态;Cd、Zn在茎叶中的含量大于根系,Pb、Ni反之,油菜能将Cd、Zn更多的运输至茎叶,Pb、Ni则主要积累在根系;油菜茎叶吸收Cd和油菜各部位吸收Zn的主要贡献形态为可交换态,根吸收Cd的主要贡献形态由可交换态转变为有机结合态,根吸收Pb和油菜各部位吸收Ni的主要贡献形态为碳酸盐结合态.     

菖蒲幼苗对Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力分析

研究了菖蒲（Acorus calamus L．）幼苗对不同浓度Cd胁迫的响应及其Cd富集能力。结果表明,随Cd浓度的提高（0～25mg·L^-1）,菖蒲幼苗的株高、根长、干质量、叶绿素含量和对Cd的耐性指数均逐渐下降,脯氨酸含量逐渐升高;各处理组的SOD和POD活性均高于对照,且以15mg·L^-1Cd处理组最高。随胁迫时间延长（1—10d）,叶绿素含量持续下降,而SOD和POD活性及脯氨酸含量则先升高后下降。菖蒲幼苗体内Cd含量随Cd浓度的提高而增加,根系对Cd的富集能力高于地上部分。在Cd胁迫条件下,菖蒲幼苗对Cd的转移系数小于1,根系对Cd的滞留率为89．5％-93．9％,表明菖蒲幼苗根系对Cd有较强的滞留作用和富集能力。     

Pb胁迫对路易斯安那鸢尾幼苗生长和生理生化特性的影响

采用液体培养法研究了0（CK）、200、400、600和800 mg·L-1Pb胁迫条件下路易斯安那鸢尾（Louisiana Iris）品种‘Professor Neil’幼苗生长,叶片叶绿素含量,叶片和根系的丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量、超氧阴离子自由基（O-·2）产生速率以及超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性的变化。结果表明：随Pb质量浓度的提高,幼苗的株高、根长、叶片和根系干质量以及耐性指数总体呈逐渐下降的趋势,且总体上显著低于对照（P〈0.05）,但各处理组间差异不显著。幼苗叶片的叶绿素a和b含量均随Pb质量浓度提高而缓慢下降,但仅在800 mg·L-1Pb胁迫条件下叶绿素a含量显著低于对照（P〈0.05）,其余处理组的叶绿素a和b含量及叶绿素a/b比值均与对照无显著差异。叶片和根系的MDA和Pro含量及POD活性均随Pb质量浓度提高逐渐增加,根系的SOD活性则随Pb质量浓度提高逐渐降低;而叶片的SOD活性以及叶片和根系的CAT活性和O-·2产生速率均在200~600 mg·L-1Pb胁迫条件下随Pb质量浓度提高逐渐增加,但在800 mg·L-1Pb胁迫下均不同程度降低,表明路易斯安那鸢尾可通过体内抗氧化酶和相关物质的诱导及合成缓解低浓度Pb胁迫对其造成的毒害作用,而高浓度Pb胁迫对路易斯安那鸢尾的伤害较重。综合分析结果表明：路易斯安那鸢尾具有一定的耐Pb特性和修复Pb污染水体的潜能。     

Pb污染对马蔺生长、体内重金属元素积累以及叶绿体超微结构的影响

通过土壤单因子Pb胁迫盆栽试验和铅锌尾矿污染土壤掺比试验研究了不同土培条件下Pb对马蔺（Iris lactea var chinensis）生长、体内重金属元素积累以及叶绿体超微结构的影响。结果表明：2种不同土壤Pb胁迫下马蔺株高、根长、叶数以及地上、地下部生物量均随Pb浓度的增加呈先增后降的趋势,其中,土壤单Pb胁迫下,低于500 mg?kg-1Pb胁迫（T1—T3）均增加了马蔺的株高和根长,仅800mg?kg-1高Pb浓度处理时马蔺生物量才出现轻微下降（P＞0.05）;与单一土壤Pb胁迫相比,铅锌尾矿污染土壤掺比试验中铅锌尾矿含量低于一定浓度下对马蔺株高、根长生长同样也具有促进效应,只有100%尾矿污染土壤处理下马蔺地上部和根系生物量下降显著（P＜0.05）。马蔺地上部和根系Pb含量均随土壤中Pb浓度和尾矿含量的增加而增加,800mg?kg-1土壤单Pb胁迫下为340.6、1700.02 mg?kg-1,100%尾矿污染土壤处理下为126.9、1725 mg?kg-1。Pb单独胁迫下马蔺地上部Zn含量随Pb含量的增加逐渐下降, Zn和Pb的吸收表现出一定的拮抗效应;而不同掺比污染土壤胁迫下马蔺地上部和根系Zn积累同Pb一样,均随土壤中Pb、Zn浓度的增加而增加,Zn和Pb的吸收表现为一种协同效应。而2种不同土壤Pb胁迫下马蔺对Cu、Cd的吸收均相对较少。本研究中,800mg?kg-1Pb胁迫处理和50%尾砂土壤胁迫处理下马蔺叶片叶绿体双层被膜及内部基粒和类囊体结构与对照相比变化不大。综上表明,马蔺对重金属Pb有较强的耐受性,具备修复Pb污染土壤的潜在能力。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Synthesis,tautomerism, and antimicrobial,anti-HCV,anti-SSPE,antioxidant, and antitumor activities of arylazobenzosuberones

2-Dimethylaminomethylene-1-benzosuberone 1 was coupled with diazotized aniline derivatives to afford a series of the hitherto unreported 2-arylazo-1-benzosuberones 3a–i. The tautomeric structure and the effect of substituents on the tautomeric form (s) of the products 3a–i were discussed. Similar coupling of the enaminone 1 with diazonium salts of heterocyclic amines gave the respective fused azolotriazino-benzosuberones. Some of the newly synthesized compounds showed potent antimicrobial, anti-HCV, antioxidant, antitumor (as topoisomerase I inhibitors), and antimicrobial activities.