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1.
Stand development and regeneration were studied during a 33-year period (1965-1998) in a 1-ha plot in a seral Picea glehnii forest in northern Japan. P. glehnii was mono-dominant in the upper canopy layer, but its understory trees were rarely found in 1965. Other species were scarcely observed in 1965. Many recruited saplings of Abies sachalinensis which had grown to > 5 cm diameter at breast height (DBH) by 1998 had become dominant in the understory layer. Mortality of P. glehnii canopy trees was low. Therefore, the stand basal area increased during the census period due to the growth of surviving canopy trees. Stand development brought about intense competition among trees by increasing local crowding for each tree, and promoted dominance of larger trees and suppression of smaller trees. Although growth rates of understory trees of the two conifers decreased with the increase in local crowding, the growth rate of A. sachalinensis was consistently higher than that of P. glehnii at all extents of local crowding. The recruitment rate (growing to 5 cm DBH) of the two conifers was less affected by local crowding. However, the number of recruits of P. glehnii was only about a quarter of that of A. sachalinensis during the census period because the regeneration of P. glehnii was largely restricted to fallen logs and within 1 m of the base of any live tree > 20 cm DBH. Therefore, our long-term study suggests that A. sachalinensis will dominate over P. glehnii in the seral forest because of higher recruitment and growth rates of the former than the latter in the understory.An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献
2.
Stand structure was studied with special reference to growth and mortality patterns of sapling and understorey trees in a
coniferousPicea jezoensis andAbies sachalinensis forest in Taisetsuzan National Park, Hokkaido, northern Japan.Picea jezoensis was dominant in the basal area, whileA. sachalinensis was abundant in large numbers in the canopy. Estimated mortalities increased significantly with diameter at breast height
(DBH) for bothP. jezoensis andA. sachalinensis in the canopy, but the tendency was different between the two species.Picea jezoensis had a lower mortality rate thanA. sachalinensis, especially at small DBH classes. The spatial distribution of understorey individuals ofA. sachalinensis did not show any significant correlation with the spatial distribution of canopy gaps, but that ofP. jezoensis showed a significant correlation.Abies sachalinensis can grow higher thanP. jezoensis under suppressed conditions; whileP. jezoensis requires canopy gaps for steady height growth. This growth pattern leads to a different waiting height in the understorey
(≥2 m in height and 10 cm in diameter at breast height).Abies sachalinensis waited for an improvement in light conditions at higher strata (max. 7 m), whileP. jezoensis waited at lower strata (max. 3 m). The estimated mortality of understoreyA. sachalinensis increased with size, while that of understoreyP. jezoensis decreased. Therefore,P. jezoensis gives priority to survival whileA. sachalinensis gives priority to understorey growth. The difference in the ‘waiting pattern’ between the two species in the understorey
was considered a significant feature for the canopy recruitment process ofP. jezoensis andA. sachalinensis. 相似文献
3.
J. Kreike 《Plant molecular biology》1990,14(5):877-879
A method is described for the isolation of DNA from spruce and fir, starting with 3 to 5 apices (5 mg material). Apices are prepared manually from dormant buds harvested in summer and autumn, which are homogenized in 30 l buffer containing 1% SDS. The DNA is extracted with phenol and precipitated with ethanol. Agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern hybridization show that its molecular length is ca. 30–40 kb and that it is readily digested with various restriction enzymes. The method is very fast, it does not need CsCl centrifugation and is therefore suited for the analysis of large numbers of individual trees. Moreover, the buds can be collected all over the year. The yield of the method is up to 30 g of high molecular weight DNA, enough to do several digests and hybridizations. 相似文献
4.
Three species ofMarasmius from Japan are described and illustrated here for the first time:M. glabellus, M. pallidocephalus andM. wettsteinii. The specimens were collected in Hokkaido. 相似文献
5.
Strobilomyces mirandus, a bolete new to Japan, is described and illustrated. This is the first record of the species outside of the type locality in Malaysia. It is very distinct from other Strobilomyces species by the unusually colored yellow or golden-orange to brownish-orange of the basidiocarp. 相似文献
6.
Treatment of spruce, fir and oak trees with herbicides, which may be one of the forest damage inducing agents, caused pronounced changes in the contents and distribution of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinins (CKs) one year after treatment, i.e. at the time of the first microscopically visible damage in treated trees. In Picea pungens IAA content increased in the terminal buds by about 105 % and in the apical buds of the first order branches by 220 %. The same was true for young sprouts of Abies nordmanniana, while in leaves of oak trees IAA content was decreased by 15 % after glyphosate treatment and by 30 % after 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) treatment. Another striking feature was a significantly decreased content of IAA in the lower parts of roots in Picea pungens (50 % of the control), which is accompanied by an increase in IAA content in the middle part of the roots (130 %). On the other hand, the IAA content of both sprouts and roots of A. nordmanniana was significantly increased after herbicide treatment.In P. pungens, the content of free cytokinins (sum of zeatin, zeatin riboside, isopentenyladenine and isopentenyladenosine) decreased due to herbicide treatment. The strongest decrease was seen in roots, especially in their upper and middle parts (the average reduction of cytokinin content in roots was 63 %). In the above-ground organs the reduction was seen namely for isopentenyladenine and isopentenyladenosine, while the abundance of zeatin riboside was, on the other hand, higher in treated plants. In Quercus robur leaves, the total content of cytokinins also decreased, namely after glyphosate treatment. In consequence of these changes, CK/IAA ratio decreased pronouncedly in all organs of herbicide-treated trees, with the exception of oak leaves treated by 2,4-D. 相似文献
7.
Richard H. W. Bradshaw 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2008,17(5):597-603
Palaeoecological data are compared with output from climate-driven forest simulation models to separate human influence as a driver of vegetation dynamics from other drivers such as climatic change. The transition from Tilia cordata to Fagus sylvatica dominance in a small forest hollow in Denmark was not predicted by a climate-driven forest simulation model and could be ascribed to anthropogenic impact. This transition can be upscaled to a large region of north-west Europe and contributes to a data-model mismatch for the European distribution of Fagus 6,000 years ago. A data-model mismatch for Picea abies during the last few centuries in southern Scandinavia can also be attributed to anthropogenic impact. Combining pollen data and vegetation models can help with the important task of upscaling from the scale of the forest stand, where anthropogenic impact is readily detectable, to regions and continents, where it is more challenging to distinguish anthropogenic impact from the impacts of climatic change. 相似文献
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10.
Shinnosuke Miyauchi 《Mycoscience》2001,42(5):483-485
Cortinarius reticulisporus sp. nov., found in deciduous forests, is described and illustrated. It closely resemblesCortinarius rubicundulusin its pileus color and the vivid yellowing of the context on bruising, but differs from the latter in its subglobose to broadly
ellipsoid basidiospores with quotient of the length/width smaller than 1.4 and particularly fine lines connecting warts when
observed under SEM. The differences betweenCortinarius reticulisporus and other similar taxa are briefly discussed. 相似文献
11.
Wolfram Beyschlag Frauke Kresse Ronald J. Ryel Hardy Pfanz 《Trees - Structure and Function》1994,8(3):132-138
Summary Strong evidence for the occurrence of pronounced stomatal patchiness in needles of Picea abies (L.) Karst. and Abies alba Mill. was found using various indirect methods. Anatomical investigations revealed a septate leaf anatomy for both species, a phenomenon expected if a patchy distribution of stomatal aperture is present. Calculation of some photosynthetic characteristics (e.g. carboxylation efficiency) from gas exchange measurements is shown to be markedly affected by the patchy distribution of stomatal apertures on the needles. The importance of stomatal patchiness in connection with air pollution related forest decline symptoms as well as an hypothesis suggesting a possible role of the phenomenon as a protective mechanism against photoinhibition are discussed. 相似文献
12.
After many unsuccessful attempts to obtain biologically active mRNAs from spruce (Picea abies) tissues using available protocols, we have adapted a procedure for the isolation of RNAs from needles, shoots, and callus
ofPicea species. Our modifications permit the recovery of and an average of 300 μg RNA per g of needles that is suitable for translationin vitro, northern hybridizations, and the construction of cDNA libraries. 相似文献
13.
Cortinarius prunicola sp. nov., found in orchards and plantations ofPrunus mume, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its dry and violet-white carpophores, unpleasant odor, and its close association withP. mume in spring and early summer. The differences betweenC. prunicola and similar species are briefly discussed. 相似文献
14.
Summary Embryogenic callus was initiated from radicles of mature embryos removed from imbibed seeds (24 h). Embryogenic and other
nonembryogenic types of callus proliferated on a modified half-strength Murashige-Skoog medium (MS) basal medium (BM) supplemented
withmyo-inositol, casein hydrolysate (CH), L-glutamine (gln) and growth regulators kinetin (KN), N6-benzyladenine (BAP) each (20×10−6
M), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (50×10−6
M) Embryogenic callus bearing suspensor-like cells in a mucilaginous gel matrix was isolated and maintained by subculture every
10 to 12 days on BM with KN, BAP each (2×10−6
M) and 2,4-D (5×10−6
M). Somatic embryos developed spontaneously from the callus on this medium at 23±1° C. Closer examination revealed that numerous
polyembryonic clusters, comprised of elongated cells (suspensors) and small dense cells with large nuclei (somatic embryos),
occurred in the viscous gel. When this enriched embryonal-suspensor mass was subcultured to low 2,4-D (1×10−6
M), globular embryos developed by 40 to 60 days. Upon transfer to a liquid medium without growth regulators, the embryos elongated
and developed cotyledons and shoots with needles. Plantlet development was completed by 30 days in a basal medium without
CH, gln and growth regulators. The total culture time was 150 days. Approximately 40±10 embryos were formed from 500 mg of
initial callus. Somatic embryogenesis became aberrant if embryos remained attached to the callus mass and were not subcultured
within 10 to 12 days according to the described protocol. Somatic embryos were encapsulated in an alginate gel and stored
at 4° C for nearly two months without visible adverse effects on viability.
Editor's Statement This paper presents advances in the in vitro regeneration of a commercially useful plant species from stored
seeds. In addition, data is presented on short-term storage of the plantlets, and long-term proliferation of the embryonal
mass in vitro. 相似文献
15.
Shinnosuke Miyauchi 《Mycoscience》2001,42(2):223-225
Cortinarius laccarioides sp. nov., found in deciduous forests, is described and illustrated. It is characterized by its small hygrophanous pileus,
greyish red or greyish violet lamellae and stipe, and globose to subglobose basidiospores. The differences betweenC. laccarioides and similar species are briefly discussed. 相似文献
16.
Mycena cupulicola sp. nov. and M. adscendens var. carpophila, new to Japan, are described and illustrated. The former is characterized by having lageniform caulocystidia with a slightly thick-walled broadened base and no cheilocystidia. The latter is characterized by having a white pileus up to 1mm in diameter and narrowly conical caulocystidia. Mycena cryptomeriicola was confirmed to have inamyloid basoidiospores. 相似文献
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Cesare Ravazzi Marta Donegana Elisa Vescovi Enrico Arpenti Marco Caccianiga Petra Kaltenrieder Laurent Londeix Stefano Marabini Stefano Mariani Roberta Pini Gian Battista Vai Lucia Wick 《Vegetation History and Archaeobotany》2006,15(4):357-371
We describe a new palaeobotanical site at Bubano quarry on the easternmost Po plain, northern Italy. Pollen and macrofossils from river and marsh sediments demonstrate the occurrence of Picea in a Pinus sylvestris forest growing in a radius of some tens of kilometres south of the sedimentation place, at the beginning of the Late-glacial interstadial. The Late-glacial and Holocene history of Picea in the northern Apennines is reconstructed on the basis of the palaeobotanical record. The sharp climatic continentality increase eastwards across the northern Apennines from the Tyrrhenian to the Adriatic coast is considered significant for the survival of Picea during the Late-glacial. The most critical phase of survival is related to the moisture changes and consequent Abies competition associated with the last glacial-interglacial transition and the early Holocene. The residual spruce populations expanded during the middle Holocene. The history of Picea in the northern Apennines is a case of ineffective interglacial spread of tree populations from pre-existing stands of LGM (Last Glacial Maximum) and Late-glacial age. 相似文献
19.
Haruki Takahashi 《Mycoscience》2007,48(2):90-99
Five new species of the Boletaceae (Agaricales) from Japan are described and illustrated: (1) Boletus bannaensis sp. nov. (section Luridi), forming a grayish-brown pileus and rufescent flesh, found in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests; (2) Leccinum rhodoporosum sp. nov., forming discolorous red pores, a whitish stipe covered overall with violet-brown to blackish-brown furfuraceous
scales and fusoid-cylindrical brown basidiospores, found in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests or warm-temperate Quercus-Pinus forests; (3) Pulveroboletus brunneoscabrosus sp. nov., forming a lemon-yellow pulverulent basidiomata covered overall with orange to brownish-orange appressed scales,
found in subtropical to warm temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests; (4) Rubinoboletus monstrosus sp. nov., forming a brownish-orange to yellowish-brown pileus and a very short, nonreticulate, hollow stipe, found in subtropical
evergreen broad-leaved forests; and (5) Tylopilus fuligineoviolaceus sp. nov., having a deep violet to blackish-brown pileus and brunnescent hymenophore, found in warm temperate Quercus-Castanopsis forests. 相似文献
20.
Summary CO2- and H2O-gas exchange of 20- to 25-year-old spruce trees from a plantation in the Hunsrück mountains were investigated over a period of 3 years. All measurements were made as pair comparisons, i.e., in each case the gas exchange of a damaged tree and of a relatively healthy tree in its immediate vicinity was measured simultaneously. A second plantation in the Westerwald mountains consisted of 18-year-old apparently healthy spruce trees. Pair comparison at this location meant comparison of two healthylooking trees. The investigations at both locations included diurnal course measurements of photosynthesis and transpiration, and light saturation curves and CO2-saturation curves of photosynthesis. The reduced photosynthesis parameters of the phenotypically damaged trees at the Hunsrück location indicates massive damage to the photosynthetic apparatus. Measurements of H2O-gas exchange showed that there are disturbances in stomatal regulation of the needles of damaged trees. As a result, the water use efficiency of these needles proved to be significantly lower. In addition, apparent photorespiration of the damaged trees was decreased, whereas their light- and CO2-compensation points and their dark respiration were increased. In contrast to the Hunsrück plantation, no such effects were detectable when the healthy-looking Westerwald trees were subjected to pair comparison of gas exchange. Reduced photosynthetic capacity and disturbances of the stomatal regulation of the phenotypically damaged Hunsrück trees may be due to damage in the cellular membranes. Furthermore, a comparison of three growing seasons led to the conclusion that the gas exchange of spruce trees in their natural habitat is markedly influenced by climatic conditions. 相似文献