酵母多糖对中华条颈龟非特异性免疫机能的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲料中添加不同水平的酵母多糖对中华条颈龟(Mauremys sinensis)非特异性免疫机能的影响。选取体重为134.7±19.1 g的中华条颈龟,随机分成Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ四个组,各组饲料中酵母多糖的添加量分别为每千克龟重0 mg、800 mg、1200 mg和1600mg,并在第15d、30d检测各组免疫器官指数、白细胞数目、血清中溶菌酶及补体C3、C4活性等免疫指标。结果表明,各实验组脾脏指数和肝脏指数与对照组之间差异均不显著(p>0.05);各实验组白细胞数目相比对照组显著增多(p<0.05);在第15d血清中溶菌酶和C3、C4活性均显著高于对照组(p <0.05),在添加量为1200 mg/kg时活性最高,在第30d 各实验组溶菌酶和补体C4活性与同剂量组相比显著下降,补体C4活性与对照组差异不显著(p>0.05)。由此得出,饲料中添加酵母多糖可提升中华条颈龟的非特异性免疫机能,以1200 mg/kg添加水平的效果最佳,且投喂时间不宜过长。     

无花果多糖对鲫鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

实验研究了无花果多糖对鲫鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响。将鲫鱼分成A0、A1、A2、A3和A4五个组,其中A0组投喂基础饵料,设为对照组,而A1、A2、A3和A4分别投喂添加0.1%、0.2%、0.4%、0.8%无花果多糖的基础饵料,并在试验的第0、第7、第14、第21、第28、第35天检测鲫鱼血清补体C3含量、总蛋白含量、溶菌酶活力、SOD活性和血液白细胞吞噬活性。结果表明,A2组的补体C3含量、总蛋白含量、溶菌酶活力、SOD活性和血液白细胞吞噬活性显著高于A0组(P3组补体C3含量、SOD活性和血液白细胞吞噬活性极显著的高于A0组(P1组、A4组(P3组补体C3含量、总蛋白含量、溶菌酶活力、SOD活性和血液中白细胞吞噬活性与A2组相比差异不显著。A0组、A1组和A4组之间的补体C3含量、总蛋白含量、溶菌酶活力、SOD活性和血液白细胞吞噬活性无显著差异(P>0.05)。       

酵母多糖的提取及其对鱼类非特异性免疫功能的影响

以啤酒酵母为试验材料 ,采用化学抽提法可获得水溶性的酵母多糖复合物 ,经测定其多糖含量为 76 .2 %。应用投饲和注射两种不同的摄入方式 ,酵母多糖均可促使受试鱼类血液NBT阳性细胞数量和血清溶菌酶活力显著上升 (P <0 .0 5 )。不同的是注射的方式见效快 ,但持续性和稳定性较投饵的方式要差一些。结果表明 ,酵母多糖可明显提高鱼类的非特异性免疫功能     

饲料中复方中草药对大菱鲆生长、饲料利用及非特异性免疫的影响

研究探讨了不同剂量的复方中草药[党参(Codonopsis pilosula Nannf.)、白术(Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.)、茯苓(Poria cocos Wolf.)、熟地黄(Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch.)、甘草(Glycyrrhiza urale...     

饲料蛋白质水平对洛氏鱥生长、非特异性免疫及蛋白质合成的影响

为了研究饲料蛋白质水平对洛氏鱥(Rhynchocypris lagowskii Dybowski)生长、非特异性免疫及蛋白质合成的影响, 以洛氏鱥幼鱼[(6.98±0.01) g/尾]为研究对象, 以鱼粉、棉粕、豆粕及菜粕为蛋白源, 配制成蛋白质水平为24.98%、30. 02%、34.99%、40.01%和44.98%的5种等能、等脂肪的配合饲料, 进行为期8周的饲养试验。结果表明, 在试验条件下, 随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高, 洛氏鱥的终末体质量、特定生长率、增重率均呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中34.99%和40.01%组洛氏鱥的终末体质量、特定生长率及增重率显著高于24.98%组(P<0.05); 随着饲料蛋白质水平的升高, 洛氏鱥饲料效率和蛋白质效率呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥饲料效率和蛋白质效率显著高于24.98%组(P<0.05), 但与30.01%、34.99%和40.01%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。通过折线回归分析得出, 饲料蛋白质水平为35.89%时, 洛氏鱥的特定生长率最高; 饲料蛋白质水平为36.11%时, 洛氏鱥饲料效率最高。洛氏鱥肌肉中粗蛋白质含量随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先上升后下降趋势, 其中, 40.01%组洛氏鱥肌肉中粗蛋白质含量显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98%组(P<0.05); 而洛氏鱥肌肉中粗脂肪含量随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先下降后上升趋势, 其中, 40.01%组显著低于24.98%、30.02%和34.99%组(P<0.05), 但与44.98%组差异不显著(P>0.05)。洛氏鱥肝胰脏的碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和溶菌酶(LZM)活性随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先上升后下降的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥AKP、ACP、SOD和LZM活性显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98%组(P<0.05); 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量和RNA/DNA比值随饲料蛋白质水平的升高呈先升高后降低的趋势, 其中40.01%组洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量和RNA/DNA显著高于24.98%、30.02%、34.99%和44.98% (P<0.05)。通过折线模型回归分析可知饲料蛋白质水平为36.10%时, 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA含量最高; 饲料蛋白质水平为35.91%时, 洛氏鱥白肌中RNA/DNA比率最高。在洛氏鱥配合饲料中, 最适宜蛋白质需求水平为34.99%—40.01%。     

果寡糖对银鲫非特异性免疫功能的影响

为研究果寡糖（Fructooligosaccharides）对银鲫（Carassius auratus）非特异性免疫功能的影响,以50g左右的银鲫为实验对象,在其基础饲料中分别添加浓度为0．5g／kg（A。组）、1g／kg（A：组）、2g／kg（A,组）、4g／kg（A。组）的果寡糖,另设基础饲料为对照组（A。组）,分别于7d、14d、21d、28d、42d、56d检测银鲫血液中白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量。结果表明,A2组的白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量显著高于A0组（P〈0．05）,分别于第28、第21、第14、第14天达到最大值;A,组的白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量显著高于A0组（p〈0．05）,分别于第14、第14、第7、第14天达到最大值。A3组的补体C3的含量显著高于A2组（P〈0．05）,白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性与A2组相比差异不显著,但其活性高于A2组。A1组、A4组与A0组之间的白细胞吞噬活性、血清溶菌酶活力、血清SOD酶活性和补体C3的含量在各时间点均无显著差异。     

饲料中添加菊粉对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长、消化及非特异性免疫能力的影响

为探讨菊粉对暗纹东方鲀(Takifuguobscures)幼鱼生长、消化及免疫能力的影响,利用单因素实验设计,选取640尾暗纹东方鲀,体重(6.97±1.32)g,随机分为4组,每组设4个重复,在日粮中添加不同浓度的菊粉(0%、0.25%、0.5%、1%),连续投喂8周后测定鱼体生长、肌肉营养成分、肠道消化酶和肝非特异性免疫酶活性。结果显示,各菊粉添加组的生长指标无显著性差异(P>0.05);0.25%组肌肉的粗脂肪含量(0.87%)显著高于0.5%组(0.82%)和1%组(0.76%);0.25%组肌肉的粗蛋白含量(18.75%)显著高于1%组(18.50%),与对照组(18.62%)和0.5%组(18.60%)无显著差异。暗纹东方鲀幼鱼肠道组织的胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和淀粉酶活性均随着菊粉添加量的增加而呈逐渐上升的趋势。0.5%菊粉添加组肝组织的谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶和总超氧化物歧化酶活性极显著(P <0.01)高于其余处理组;0.5%组的过氧化氢酶活性也极显著(P <0.01)高于0.25%和1%组;丙二醛含量随着菊粉添加量的增加而呈递减的趋势。因此,菊粉添加量...     

豆腐柴根提取物对小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响

将不同剂量豆腐柴(Premna Microphylla Turcz)根提取物分别灌胃给药,通过小鼠刚果红吞噬试验,初步研究了豆腐柴根提取物对小鼠非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果表明,豆腐柴根提取物具有增强机体非特异性免疫功能的作用,其中以C组的效果最为显著。该研究为合理开发利用豆腐柴这一野生药物资源提供了科学的实验依据。     

气管炎疫苗滴鼻剂对机体非特异性免疫功能的影响

采用白色葡萄球菌ATCC26104、流感嗜血杆菌ATCC58528、卡它布郎汉姆氏菌ATCC29108和甲型溶血性链球菌ATCC32212为气管炎疫苗滴鼻剂的生产菌株。选择适宜的吸收促进剂和凝胶剂,将传统的气管炎疫苗针剂改制成气管炎溶菌菌苗凝胶滴鼻剂。通过动物模型实验,观察凝胶滴鼻剂和针剂对小白鼠的非特异性免疫功能的影响。结果,气管炎疫苗凝胶滴鼻剂对小白鼠的非特异性免疫功能有明显的调节作用,与针剂相比,对小白鼠的非特色性免疫功能的调节作用无差异。     

玉屏风散对鱼类非特异性免疫和免疫相关基因表达的影响

为探究传统中药玉屏风散在水产养殖上的生物学功效,在基础饲料中分别添加2.5%、5%和10%的玉屏风散和1%的芪参散配成实验饲料,饲喂实验鱼2周,然后分别观察两种中药对罗非鱼(体重约220 g)的生长、非特异性免疫及免疫相关基因表达的影响以及对草鱼(体重约20 g)免疫保护率的影响。结果显示:各中药组均提高了罗非鱼增重率, 10%玉屏风散组效果最显著;各实验组中罗非鱼肝、肾、脾体指数和各血液学指标与对照组无显著差异;各中药组罗非鱼谷草转氨酶(AST)和谷丙转氨酶(ALT)含量均不高于空白对照组; 2.5%、10%玉屏风散组和1%芪参散组碱性磷酸酶(AKP)含量均高于对照组(P0.05);各药物组罗非鱼溶菌酶活性均高于对照组,且2.5%玉屏风散组与对照组差异显著(P0.05);玉屏风散各剂量组罗非鱼呼吸暴发活性均高于对照组(P0.05);罗非鱼肝脏中热休克蛋白70(HSP70)在各实验组中表达量均上调,肾脏中HSP70在2.5%和5%玉屏风散组表达量上调,脾脏中HSP70在各实验组中表达量均下调;肝脏中转化生长因子受体TGFRⅢ在2.5%玉屏风散组表达量上调,肾脏中TGFRⅢ在2.5%玉屏风散组和1%芪参散组表达量上调,脾脏中TGFRⅢ在各实验组中表达量均上调;玉屏风散各剂量组能够提高草鱼对嗜水气单胞菌的抵抗能力,表现为死亡率降低和进入血液的细菌减少,其中5%玉屏风散组效果最佳。实验表明,玉屏风散能够有效促进罗非鱼生长,对其非特异性免疫指标以及免疫相关基因表达均有不同程度的促进作用,并能够有效地提高草鱼的免疫保护率。       

Early infection of discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus altricial larvae by Sciadicleithrum variabilum (Monogenea)

The occurrence of Sciadicleithrum variabilum on the gills of discus Symphysodon aequifasciatus larvae 7 days after hatching is reported for the first time. This suggests that altricial larvae are susceptible to Monogenea following gill differentiation and before complete yolk resorption.     

Histological, ultrastructural and topochemical studies on the brood care of Symphysodon aequifasciatus Pellegrin 1903

In the period of brood care, the epidermis of the genus Symphysodon has a trophical function. Compartment-like filament-containing surface layer cells and secretocytes of different degree of maturity are the first nourishment for the young larvae. Because of the modifications on the outer surface, the larvae are able to take in epidermal nourishment. Epibiotical bacteria on the epidermis of the adults and other epibiotical organisms are found in the intestine of the larvae.     

葛氏鲈塘鳢与七彩神仙鱼心肌细胞钠离子通道的温度响应特征

温度适应对于动物的生存至关重要,而目前对于鱼类这样的外温动物的温度适应相关研究仍然缺乏。葛氏鲈塘鳢(Perccottus glenii)可以在结冰的环境中生存数天,而七彩神仙鱼(Symphysodon aequifasciatus)是被广泛饲养的热带观赏鱼类,本研究将这2种鱼类作为冷水鱼与热带鱼的代表,探究其温度耐受性。为此,测定了它们的临界温度以及不同温度下(0 ~ 38 ℃)的心率,并利用原代细胞急性分离,结合膜片钳电生理技术与控温技术,测定了上述2种鱼类心肌电压门控钠离子通道在不同温度下的电生理特征。结果显示,葛氏鲈塘鳢和七彩神仙鱼的温度耐受范围具有较大差异,分别为﹣2.0 ~ 27.4 ℃以及13.1 ~ 39.3 ℃。葛氏鲈塘鳢的心率在0 ~ 19 ℃之间随着温度的升高而稳定升高,在19 ℃时达到最高,其后逐渐降低,这与葛氏鲈塘鳢心肌细胞上的电压门控钠离子通道在20 ℃时电流峰值最大且通道的开放概率最大这一电生理特征具有一致性。而七彩神仙鱼的心率则在14 ~ 31 ℃之间稳定升高,这与其心肌细胞电压门控钠离子通道电流峰值和开放概率在15 ~ 30 ℃的实验范围内随温度的升高而升高的电生理特性也一致。以上结果说明,这2种鱼类的心率、心肌细胞电压门控钠离子通道复合电流对于温度的响应与其自身的温度耐受范围以及原产栖息地温度紧密相关。因此,鱼类心肌细胞上的电压门控钠离子通道可能存在对温度的适应机制,保证鱼类循环系统在不同温度下正常运行。     

Dietary microbial levan enhances cellular non-specific immunity and survival of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) juveniles

A preliminary study with a 75days feeding trial was conducted to study the immunomodulatory effect of microbial levan on Cyprinus carpio juveniles. Five purified isonitrogenous and isocaloric diets with graded levels of levan, namely (T(1)) 0.1% levan, (T(2)) 0.2% levan, (T(3)) 0.5% levan, (T(4)) 1.0% levan, and a control group without levan were fed to five groups of fishes in triplicate. The total erythrocyte count and haemoglobin content was significantly (p<0.05) enhanced in the T(3) group, though the total leucocyte counts, total protein and A/G ratio did not show any significant difference (p>0.05) when compared with the control group. The respiratory burst activity (NBT) of blood phagocytes and lysozyme activity was also highest in T(3) group. The relative survival percentage after challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila was highest (100%) in the T(3) group followed by 83.33% and 66.67% in the T(2) and T(4) groups, respectively. This suggests that microbial levan at 0.5% can be used as a dietary immunostimulant for C. carpio juveniles. This is the first report on microbial levan having an immunomodulatory effect on C. carpio.     

Influence of temperature and ambient oxygen on the swimming energetics of cyprinid larvae and juveniles

Synopsis The relationship between respiration and swimming speed of larvae and juveniles (2–100 mg fresh mass) of Danube bleak, Chalcalburnus chalcoides (Cyprinidae), was measured at 15° and 20° C under hypoxic (50% air saturation), normoxic, and hyperoxic (140% air saturation) conditions. In a flow-tunnel equipped with a flow-through respirometer the animals swam at speeds of up to 8 lengths · s^-1; speeds were sustained for at least two minutes. The mass specific standard, routine, and active respiration rates declined with increasing body mass at both temperatures. Metabolic intensity increased with temperature, but also the critical swimming speed (at which oxygen uptake reached its maximum) was higher at 20° than at 15° C by about 30%. Nevertheless, the oxygen debt incurred by the fish at the highest speeds was about 40%, and the net cost of swimming about 32%, lower at 20° than at 15°C. The standard metabolic rate was more strongly dependent on temperature (Q₁₀ around 2.5) than the maximum active rate (Q₁₀ below 2). Whereas standard and routine respiration rates were well regulated over the pO₂-range investigated (8.5–25.8 kPa), the active rates showed a conformer-like pattern, resulting in factorial scopes for activity between 2 and 4. Under hypoxia, the critical swimming speed was lower than under normoxia by about 1.51 · s^-1, but the net cost of swimming was also lower by about 30%. On the other hand, hyperoxia neither increased the swimming performance nor did it lead to a further increase of the metabolic cost of swimming. The hypoxia experiments suggest that in response to lowered tensions of ambient oxygen maintenance functions of metabolism not directly related to swimming may be temporarily reduced, leading to increased apparent swimming efficiency under these conditions. The responses of the larvae of Danube bleak to low temperature and low ambient oxygen are discussed in terms of the metabolic strategies by which energy-limited animals meet the challenge of environmental deterioration.     

A simple model of pathogen–immune dynamics including specific and non-specific immunity

We present and analyze a model for the dynamics of the interactions between a pathogen and its host’s immune response. The model consists of two differential equations, one for pathogen load, the other one for an index of specific immunity. Differently from other simple models in the literature, this model exhibits, according to the hosts’ or pathogen’s parameter values, or to the initial infection size, a rich repertoire of behaviours: immediate clearing of the pathogen through aspecific immune response; or acute infection followed by clearing of the pathogen through specific immune response; or uncontrolled infections; or acute infection followed by convergence to a stable state of chronic infection; or periodic solutions with intermittent acute infections. The model can also mimic some features of immune response after vaccination. This model could be a basis on which to build epidemic models including immunological features.     

Effect of dietary ascorbic acid on growth and non-specific immune responses of tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes

We report nutritional physiology and non-specific immune responses of ascorbic acid (AA) in puffer fish for the first time. This study aimed to examine the essentiality and requirements of AA in diets for the tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes based on growth performance, liver AA and bone collagen concentration, and non-specific immune responses. Five casein-gelatin based semi-purified diets were formulated to contain five graded levels of l-ascorbyl-2-monophosphate at 0, 40, 80, 160 and 700mg/kg (designated as AMP0, AMP40, AMP80, AMP160 and AMP700, respectively) and fed to triplicate groups of fish. After 10weeks of feeding trial, growth performances of fish (initial body weight, 35g) fed the AMP0 were significantly lower compared to that of fish fed diets supplemented with AMP. The fish fed the AMP0 diet also exhibited significantly lower hematocrit, condition factor and hepatosomatic index compared to the fish fed diets supplemented with AMP. Phagocytic activity (NBT assay) was significantly lower in fish fed the AMP0 diet than in fish fed the AMP containing diets. Plasma lysozyme activity of fish fed the AMP80 and AMP160 was significantly higher than that of fish fed the AMP0. Dietary supplementation of AMP significantly increased the liver superoxide dismutase in the fish. Myeloperoxidase activity of fish fed the AMP0 was significantly lower compared to that of fish fed the AMP containing diets. Bone collagen level tended to increase numerically and total AA concentration in liver of fish was significantly increased in a dose dependent manner by the supplementation of AMP. Therefore, tiger puffer requires exogenous ascorbic acid and the optimum dietary level could be 29mg AA/kg diet for normal growth and physiology. Dietary AA concentration over 82mg/kg could be required to enhance non-specific immune responses of the fish. However, it does not seem that the fish needs an overdose of dietary AA (>160mg/kg) for better non-specific immune responses.     

The effect of dietary nickel on the immune responses of Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae

By exposing Spodoptera litura Fabricius larvae to nickel (Ni) in artificial diets for successive three generations, we investigated the impacts of the dietary Ni on growth and immune response of the fifth and sixth instar larvae at 24 h intervals. The time of newly moulted fifth instar larvae was labelled as 0 h. After exposure to 5 mg/kg Ni for two generations, Ni exposure significantly improved larval phenoloxidase activity and encapsulation grade in fifth instar larvae when compared to controls, except for encapsulation grade at 72-120 h in the second generation. However, higher concentrations of Ni (≥10 mg/kg) only significantly reduced encapsulation grade at 72-120 h. In the third generation, insects given higher dietary levels of Ni (≥10 mg/kg) showed lower immune responses and retarded relative growth rate (RGR) compared to controls, but those exposed to lower Ni levels (≤5 mg/kg) had a significantly improved encapsulation grade at 24-72 h. Larvae at lower Ni level (≤5 mg/kg) treatments had significantly higher RGR in comparison with that in controls. There was no significant difference in food relative consumption rate (RCR) and RGR among any treatment of the fifth instar larvae in three successive generations. These results indicated that the type and extent of effects on growth and immune responses of S. litura varied with the Ni concentrations and exposure periods.     

The effect of dietary administration of the fungus Mucor circinelloides on non-specific immune responses of gilthead seabream

The immunostimulant potential of the whole fungus Mucor circinelloides administered in the diet to gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) was studied. Three different lyophilised strains were used: the wild-type (R7B) and two mutant strains in the carotene-production pathway which are enriched in lycopene (MU224) or beta-carotene (T31). Fish were fed diets containing 0 (control) or 10 g of one of the whole M. circinelloides strains per kg feed. After 2, 4 or 6 weeks of treatment the growth rate as well as humoral (lysozyme activity) and cellular (phagocytosis and cytotoxicity) immune responses were determined. The specific growth rate increased slightly with all the M. circinelloides-supplemented diets. Serum lysozyme activity increased slightly (P>0.05) in fish fed the mutant strain-supplemented diets. Of the cellular responses, phagocytosis significantly increased after 6 weeks, in fish fed the wild-type strain-supplemented diets while cytotoxicity increased after 4 weeks in fish fed the beta-carotene-enriched strain-supplemented diet. The immune responses were increased to some degree by diets containing whole M. circinelloides strains. These results are discussed in the light of the on-going search for new microorganisms, wild or mutant-type, for use as immunostimulants in fish farming.     

Maternal transfer of humoral specific and non-specific immune parameters to sea bream (Sparus aurata) larvae

Immunisation of sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) broodstock with a novel vaccine mixture of Photobacterium damsela subsp. piscicida SK7 (Phdp) was performed during the period of egg development and the changes in specific and non-specific humoral immune parameters were measured. Total immunoglobulin level, specific antibody titre, anti-protease activity and lysozyme activity were significantly higher in immunised parents compared to the control. After spawning significantly higher anti-protease activity, lysozyme activity and total immunoglobulin level were detected in the eggs from immunised parents. Specific antibody titres against Phdp were only detected in the eggs from the immunised parents. The larvae from immunised parents also expressed significantly higher levels of specific and non-specific humoral immune parameters compared to the controls. A small amount of total immunoglobulin was detected in larvae decreasing gradually until day 8 post-hatching and then an increase was measured in larvae from immunised parents, whereas no immunoglobulin was detected at days 4, 6 and 8 in larvae from non-immunised parents. The specific antibody titre against Phdp was detected only in larvae from immunised broodstock until day 14 post-hatching. The higher humoral immune parameters in eggs and larvae from immunised parents in comparison to eggs and larvae from non-immunised parents, suggest transfer of maternal specific and non-specific immune factors.