Radiation-induced translocations in spermatogonial stem cells of Macaca fascicularis and Macaca mulatta

3 adult monkeys, one Macaca fascicularis and two Macaca mulatta, were whole-body irradiated with 1 Gy gamma-rays (60 Co). Reciprocal translocations induced in spermatogonial stem cells were scored as translocation multivalents in primary spermatocytes from 7.5 to 27.5 months after exposure. The translocation yields ranged from 4.1% at the earliest to 1.8% at the latest sampling interval. No significant differences were observed in the responses of the individual animals. A decline in the translocation frequencies with time after treatment was found in all 3 animals. The present data are different from those reported for testicular X-irradiation of the rhesus monkey Macaca mulatta (van Buul, 1980; Lyon et al., 1976) in that the translocation yields are higher. They are consistent with the results reported for testicular gamma-irradiation of the crab-eating monkey Macaca fascicularis (Matsuda et al., 1984, 1985). In view of the present results it appears unlikely that a species difference exists within the genus Macaca in the sensitivity of spermatogonial stem cells to the induction of translocations by ionizing radiation.     

Comparison of glucose and insulin concentrations in macaque sera and plasma

The glucose and insulin concentrations in blood from Macaca nigra and M. mulatta were determined after an overnight fast and 3 min after a glucose infusion. Blood treatment included clotting for serum or additions of fluoride, heparin, or heparin plus fluoride. Samples were centrifuged at 0 min or after being held at 22 degrees C for 20, 40, or 60 min. Levels of glucose and insulin generally agreed within 1 SD at all times examined for samples removed at 0 or 3 min.     

Comparison of the karyotypes of four Cercopithecoidae: Papio papio, P. anubis, Macaca mulatta, and M. fascicularis.

The karyotypes of two species of baboons, Papio papio and P. anubis, and of two species of Macaca, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, are compared after the use of numerous banding techniques. No difference was detected between the karyotype of the two Papio species. However, a minor change in the T-staining of a short segment, probably heterochromatic, could be detected between the Papio species and M. mulatta. A paracentric inversion exists between these three and M. fascicularis. These karyotypes are briefly compared with those of the Pongidae and man. The value of the karyotypic criteria and of the methods used for taxonomy is discussed.     

恒河猴与食蟹猴微卫星DNA多态性的比较分析

目的分析恒河猴和食蟹猴群体间的遗传多样性,确立一种对恒河猴和食蟹猴种群个体的遗传鉴别方法。方法利用聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增技术采用15个多态性微卫星DNA位点对50只恒河猴和50只食蟹猴个体进行了DNA多态性的分析,对比两群体间等位基因数目差异。结果筛选的15个具有显著多态性的微卫星DNA位点对恒河猴和食蟹猴种群可以进行DNA多态性分析,其等位基因数目均在7个以上,且两群体间有11个位点的等位基因数存在一定的差异。结论利用这些多态性微卫星DNA位点建立一种有效鉴别恒河猴和食蟹猴种群遗传背景的方法具有一定的可行性。     

云南地区恒河猴线粒体DNA控制区遗传多态性研究

目的从分子水平探讨云南地区恒河猴遗传多样性,为今后开展恒河猴遗传资源的保护及合理利用提供借鉴和背景资料。方法采用PCR直接测序法测定云南地区恒河猴96份样品的线粒体DNA控制区全序列,用Mege 4.0和DNA SP软件对变异位点数、简约信息位点数、单倍型、单倍型多样度、核苷酸多样度等遗传信息进行分析,基于邻接法（neighbor-joining,NJ）和最小进化法（minimum-evolution,ME）构建系统发生树。结果在96份样品中,共检测出了149个多态性位点,定义了46种单倍型,单倍型多样度（Hd）为0.968±0.007,核苷酸多样度（Pi）为0.020。结论云南地区恒河猴存在着较丰富的遗传多态性。     

Survival of Bacteria on Metal Surfaces

Survivor curves were determined for Serratia marcescens, Sarcina lutea, Pasteurella tularensis, and P. pestis deposited from the airborne state onto metallic surfaces and subsequently stored at various humidities and temperatures. Cells of all species tested remained alive longest in a dry atmosphere, except that cells of S. marcescens survived best in a saturated atmosphere. Survival decreased most rapidly at the intermediate humidity level for three of the test organisms, yet P. tularensis died most rapidly in a saturated atmosphere. An increase in temperature decreased survival of P. pestis and P. tularensis.     

Books Reviews

Book review in this article
NORTH ATLANTIC KILLER WHALES .J. Sigurjonsson and S. Leatherwood
BIOLOGY AND CONSERVATION OF THE RIVER DOLPHINS . William F. Perrin, Robert L. Brownell, Jr., Zhou Keiya and Lin Jiankang     

Influence of Bacterial Infection on Serum Enzymes of White Rats

Infection of white rats with Francisella tularensis (Pasteurella tularensis) and Salmonella typhimurium and exposure to the endotoxin of S. typhimurium stimulated significant increases in various serum enzymes including aldolase, lactate dehydrogenase, phosphohexose isomerase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase. The rates of changes in enzymatic activity after infection were directly related to the size of infecting dose and to the type of infective agent employed. Tularemic infection stimulated excessive changes in enzyme activity, whereas salmonellosis and endointoxication elicited less pronounced alterations of relatively short duration. Changes observed in serum enzymes after exposure to these agents reflect the severe liver damage and extensive systemic involvement noted in tularemia as opposed to more localized and less intensive tissue damage occurring during salmonellosis and endointoxication.     

Survival of Airborne Pasteurella tularensis at Different Atmospheric Temperatures

The aerosol survival, recovery, and death rate of Pasteurella tularensis SCHU S5 disseminated in particle sizes of 1 to 5 mum were significantly affected by air temperature. The highest aerosol recovery of viable P. tularensis was observed within -7 and 3 C; the recovery decreased significantly below and above this temperature range. The death rate of airborne P. tularensis was not significantly influenced by an increase in temperature from -40 to 24 C. However, a progressive increase in atmospheric temperature from 24 to 35 C resulted in increased death rates; thus, a linear relationship appeared to be present between the temperature and death rates. At 49 C, the recoveries of viable airborne P. tularensis were significantly lower and the death rates were higher than at the other temperatures.     

猕猴被毛氨基酸含量的初步研究

为建立实验猕猴被毛氨基酸含量的参考数据和对猕猴饲料氨基酸配比的筛选提供实验基础数据,挑选不同生活环境的猕猴共30只,即笼养猴10只、半自然圈养(猴园)猴10只、野外猴10只,用氨基酸自动分析仪测定其被毛氨基酸的含量.分析结果表明,按不同生活环境分组,猕猴被毛的脯氨酸、缬氨酸、氨和精氨酸以及胱氨酸的含量是人工饲养猴(包括笼养猴和猴园猴)低于野外猴(P<0.01),被毛赖氨酸、组氨酸和氨基酸总量含量是野外猴高于笼养猴(P<0.05)和猴园猴(P<0.01);按性别分组,只有雄性猴的被毛苏氨酸和组氨酸的含量高于雌性猴(JP<0.05),其余氨基酸均无差异(P>0.05).因此,影响猕猴被毛大部分氨基酸含量的因素不仅是食物相应氨基酸的含量,生活环境也有很大的影响;性别因素对猕猴被毛的大部分氨基酸的含量是没有影响的.     

Serological survey of a captive macaque colony in China for antibodies to simian type D retroviruses.

Sera from 510 macaques consisting of Macaca mulatta, Macaca assamensis, Macaca fascicularis, Macaca nemestrina, and Macaca arctoides were investigated for antibodies to simian AIDS type D retrovirus (SRV) by ELISA and Western blot with viral antigens purified from supernatants of SRV-1 infected cell cultures. Of these monkeys, 104 were seropositive by ELISA; only 23 were confirmed by Western blot. The true positive reaction to SRV was found in 15 of 463 (3.2%) M. mulatta and eight of eleven (72.7%) M. assamensis.     

An experimental examination of female responses to infant face coloration in rhesus macaques

In many primates, infants possess distinctive coloration that changes as a function of age. This colour is thought to serve the purpose of eliciting caretaking behaviour from the mother as well as other conspecifics. The present study investigated the responses of adult female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) to pictures of infant faces in relation to infant age and facial coloration. Study animals were shown digitized images of neonates and 5-6-month-old infants displaying either unaltered facial colour, pink neonatal colour, or novel (green) facial colour. While infant and neonate faces of all colours elicited the attention of adult females, pink neonatal facial coloration did not appear to be especially attractive to subjects in contrast with the findings from an earlier study [Higley, J.D., Hopkins, W.D., Hirsch, R.M. Marra, L.M. Suomi S.J., 1987. Preferences of female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) for infantile coloration. Dev. Psychobiol. 20, 7-18]. The results suggest that infant facial colour is not particularly important in mediating infant attractiveness to rhesus macaque females as previously suggested or that other infantile facial characteristics might be more important than colour in eliciting caretaking behaviours amongst females.     

短尾猴（Macaca arctoides）和猕猴跟骨的功能形态研究

本文从形态描述和统计入手,对短尾猴(macaca arctoides)和猕猴的跟骨进行了比较研究。结果表明,所研究的跟骨变量无论数值大小还是几何图形结构都存在一定差异。特别是跟骨最大宽、跟长、后距骨连结面长、跟骨高度及相对跟长存在显著性差异水平。猕猴跟骨变量间的相关关系比短尾猴的表现得更为紧密。据其形态与功能的关系,我们认为:与猕猴相较,短尾猴更适应于地栖生活。这似乎与短尾猴具更大的体重有关。     

恒河猴主要组织相容性复合体（MHC）的多态性研究概述

恒河猴是应用最广泛的非人灵长类实验动物,其MHC基因是一个庞大的与免疫功能密切相关的基因群（也称为Mamu基因）,在进化过程形成了Mamu基因不同的存在状态,使得不同个体的Mamu基因在数量和功能上有所差异,同时有些个体还产生了特异性的MHC基因,它的多态性和免疫反应的复杂性相对应。因此,恒河猴MHC多态性的研究,有助于生物科学的发展及指导以恒河猴为动物模型的各种实验。本文主要阐述了恒河猴Mamu基因的结构和功能,以及部分MHC等位基因与疾病的关系,并简要描述了中国恒河猴特异性的MHC基因。     

Improved Procedure for Identification of Group D Enterococci with Two New Media

The aerosol survival in air was determined for Pasteurella tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) as a function of relative humidity (RH). Three different preparations of bacteria were used: (i) liquid suspension of P. tularensis LVS in spent culture medium; (ii) powders of P. tularensis LVS freeze-dried in spent culture fluid; (iii) P. tularensis LVS freeze-dried in spent culture fluid and then reconstituted with distilled water and disseminated as a liquid suspension. Preparation (i) gave greatest survival at high RH and lowest survival at intermediate RH. Preparation (ii), in contrast, gave greatest survival at low RH and minimum survival at 81% RH. Preparation (iii) was the same as preparation (i), i.e., the process of freeze-drying and reconstituting with distilled water before aerosol formation had little or no effect upon aerosol survival as a function of RH. Hence, control of aerosol survival appears to be through the water content of P. tularensis LVS at the moment of aerosol generation rather than the water content of the bacteria in the aerosol phase.     

Gastric secretion with feeding and restraint in conscious rhesus monkeys.

Four chair-housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) were surgically prepared with vagally-innervated fundic gastric pouches. As in man, basal acid secretion was evident in all subjects. In response to a test meal, acid output rose twofold over basal values and remained elevated up to 6 h. Compared to control values, food-stimulated acid output was reduced significantly during periods of restraint.     

Agglutinin Response of Rabbits to Combined Pasteurella tularensis-Brucella abortus Vaccination

A schedule was developed for the simultaneous production of a Pasteurella tularensis-Brucella abortus antiserum in rabbits. Three doses of 10(8) viable P. tularensis LVS organisms were given intravenously at weekly intervals. One day prior to the final dose of P. tularensis, the rabbits received 10(9) viable cells of B. abortus strain 19 intravenously. The use of live vaccines, administered in this sequence, resulted in high agglutinin titers within 3 weeks. The maximal agglutinin titer to either organism was observed 1 week after the final injection.     

热带－亚热带森林中猕猴的食性

采用跟踪观察法对热带－亚热带森林中的猕猴种群的食性及其与植被类型的关系进行了调查,结果表明,猕猴主要选择季雨林或次生季雨林为其觅食场所,栖息地植物的地理分布和种类直接影响其食性,猕猴对植物各部位的采食频度随植物生长期而变化．     

Naturally occurring melioidosis in a colonized rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)

An aged wild-caught male rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta), maintained in a research facility for 10 years, developed bilateral pelvic limb paralysis without other signs of disease. Unresponsive to therapy, the monkey was killed and necropsied. Chronic inflammation with osteolysis of thoracic vertebrae 10-13 was observed. Pseudomonas pseudomallei was cultured and identified from cerebrospinal fluid obtained at the site of the thoracic lesion. This Gram-negative bacterium can cause infection in animals and man and may remain latent for years before the appearance of clinical signs.