一株多菌灵降解细菌的分离、鉴定及系统发育分析

从被多菌灵污染的湖南红壤土中分离到一株能以多菌灵为唯一碳源和能源生长的菌株1_1,该菌在含酵母膏多菌灵(500mg/L)的无机盐培养基中与无酵母膏的多菌灵(500mg/L)无机盐培养基中,24d对多菌灵的降解率分别为95.56％和19.6％。根据表型特征、G+C含量及16S rDNA序列分析将菌株1-1鉴定为β-Proteobacteria中的Ralstonia sp.（罗尔斯通氏菌）。     

一株茶碱降解菌的分离和鉴定

从制药废水生物处理系统的活性污泥中经富集分离到一株能以茶碱作为唯一碳、氮源生长的茶碱降解菌Tcn3,该菌株可以利用茶碱的最高浓度为3 000 mg/L。当茶碱浓度为1000 mg/L时被彻底降解的时间仅需48 h。Tcn3菌株降解茶碱的最适pH为80。K＋是该菌株降解茶碱的必需元素。采用16S rDNA序列分析法及传统的生理生化特征鉴定法对该菌株进行鉴定,结果表明,Tcn3的16S rDNA的核苷酸序列与善变副球菌(Paracoccus versutus) ATCC 25364的同源性为997%,在细菌系统发育分类学上属于变形菌α亚类,Rhodobacter组：副球菌属,善变副球菌。     

烟碱降解细菌的分离、鉴定及其降解性能的初步研究

从福建三明地区的土壤中分离得到一株能够高效降解烟碱的菌株 ,编号为DN2。该菌经常规的形态、生理生化分析以及 16SrDNA序列同源性分析 ,鉴定为Ochrobactrumintermedium ,属于α_变形杆细菌纲。该菌在 30℃～4 0℃和pH 6 . 0～ 9. 0范围内具有较高的降解活性 ,其最适值分别为 30℃和 6 5 ,烟碱的耐受浓度在无机盐培养基中可达到 4 0 0 0mg L。该菌能够以烟碱为唯一碳源生长 ,对于 5 0 0mg L烟碱的降解速率为 15mg L·h ,36h烟碱降解率为97. 6 5 %。该菌在烟草工业和环境保护上可能具有应用前景。     

一株氨化细菌的分离、鉴定及氨氮降解能力的初步分析

养殖水体中高浓度的氨态氮及硝态氮是导致鱼虾发病的直接或间接因素1, 特别是近几年来,不断发生养殖生物氨氮中毒的事件, 给水产养殖业带来了严重的经济损失2, 因此对养殖水体中氨氮浓度的控制以及如何解决养殖水体中的氨氮污染问题, 已成为净化养殖水质的研究热点。       

一株DMP降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解特性

从山东省潍坊市污染河流底泥中筛选到1株能够以酞酸酯(Phthalic acid esters, PAEs)为唯一碳源和能源生长的微生物, 命名为JDC-3, 根据形态学观察、生理生化指标测定和分子生物学鉴定结果, 将该菌株初步鉴定为戴尔福特菌属(Delftia sp.), 以一对简并引物, 首次在该属中扩增出编码邻苯二甲酸双加氧酶的基因片段。同时以邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(Dimethyl phthalate, DMP)为目标测试物, 利用高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定了JDC-3的降解性能, 得出该菌对DMP降解的最佳条件为: pH 7.0~8.0、温度30°C~35°C; 在不同DMP初始浓度下研究了该菌的降解动力学, 结果表明当浓度低于300 mg/L时的降解动力学方程为ln C = - 0.06837 t + A, 半衰期为12.48 h, 当初始浓度不断增加, DMP对JDC-3的抑制能力增强, JDC-3对DMP的降解速率不断下降, 半衰期增大。     

一株高效苯酚降解菌的选育及降酚性能研究

从一绝缘材料厂的污水中分离得到一株可高效降解苯酚的菌株JY01, 该菌株的形态和理化特征与Bacillus基本相同, 其16S rDNA序列与Bacillus simplex (AM9216370)的相似性为99.01%。在接种量为2%的条件下, 该菌在pH为6.0~9.0和温度为18°C~36°C的范围内保持对苯酚良好的降解能力; 30 h内, 当苯酚浓度为1100 mg/L和1300 mg/L时, 其降解率分别为99.16%和74.76%。这将为进一步采用生物法处理含酚废水提供了可靠的控制条件。     

一株芘降解菌的分离鉴定及其降解效果

以芘为唯一碳源,采用平板升华法,从徐州市卧牛山焦化厂周围污染土壤中分离得到一株芘降解菌SE12.经形态观察、生理生化试验和16S rDNA鉴定,该菌株属于分枝杆菌属(Mycobacterium sp.)菌株,与快速生长型非致病性南非分枝杆菌(M.austroa fricanum ATCC33464)的同源性达到98%.SE12降解芘的最适pH和温度为pH9和30℃.当土壤芘初始含量为100和200mg.kg-1,SE12接种量为107CFU.g-1时,30℃培养28d后土壤芘降解率分别达到97%和99%.利用双加氧酶基因的同源序列引物nidAF/nidAR和nidBF/nidBR进行扩增,得出了该菌株编码双加氧酶大亚基和小亚基的基因片段,它们与已知降解芘的分枝杆菌的双加氧酶基因具有高度同源性.     

一株具广谱抗真菌活性细菌菌株的分离鉴定及拮抗物的理化特性

从玉米小斑病叶片上分离到一株细菌(CGMCC No. 1982)。拮抗谱测定结果表明, 该菌株对常见致病真菌均具有不同程度的拮抗作用, 表现广谱抗真菌活性。对该菌株的菌落、菌体形态观察, 生理生化特性分析及16S rDNA序列测定结果表明, 该菌株为一株枯草芽孢杆菌。以玉米小斑病菌做为指示真菌, 对拮抗物的理化特性进行了研究, 结果表明, 在硫酸铵饱和度为60%时获得的拮抗物沉淀具较好的抗真菌活性, 并且该拮抗物对热、酸和碱较稳定; 对蛋白酶、氯仿敏感; 对紫外线部分敏感。该菌株表现出较好的微生物杀菌剂开     

一株乙醇降解菌株的分离和鉴定

从湖北农田土壤中筛选得到一株ALDH活性较高的菌株,该菌株在含0．64％乙醇的培养基中生长较佳,且耐受0．9％的乙醛。经菌种形态学和生理生化特征,以及16S rRNA基因序列分析,鉴定该菌株为不动杆（Acinetobacter sp．）。该菌株在乙醇和乙醛解毒研究中有重要价值。     

一种新型生防细菌菌株13-1鉴定及其生物学特性

13-1 是从魔芋根际土壤中筛选得到的一株革兰氏阴性生防细菌, 抑菌试验结果表明它对7种植物病原细菌和8种病原真菌具有拮抗作用。形态和常规生理生化特征鉴定, 发现该菌株与溶杆菌属Lysobacter 特征很相近。Biolog 鉴定和16S rDNA基因序列分析表明, 菌株13-1与已报道的抗生素溶杆菌Lysobacter antibioticus DSM 2044(=ATCC29479)同源性高达99%。二者在所建系统发育树中处于同一分枝, 将13-1菌株鉴定为抗生素溶杆菌(L. antibioticus)。     

盐碱土壤PAHs 降解菌的筛选鉴定及其降解特性

采用富集培养的方法,从天津大港油田PAHs污染盐碱化土壤中分离出一株能以菲、芘为唯一碳源和能源的优势菌TJB5。经形态观察和16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株为成团泛菌(Pantoea agglomerans)。采用液体培养的方法,研究了pH、盐度、菲芘的初始浓度对TJB5菌株降解菲芘效果的影响,确定了最佳降解条件。结果表明,该菌对菲、芘的降解具有较广泛的pH、盐度范围和良好的降解效果。在菲、芘浓度分别为50 mg/L、pH 6.8-9.5、盐度2%-3%、温度30°C条件下,接种15 d后菲降解率在93.3%以上,芘降解率在20%以上。     

微囊藻毒素降解菌的筛选、鉴定及其降解活性研究

采用从巢湖水华蓝藻细胞中提取、提纯的藻毒素（Microcystins,MCs）为微生物生长的唯一碳源和氮源,通过平板分离纯化,从巢湖底泥中分离出5株能够降解藻毒素的菌株,并对其中降解活性较高的一株进行分子鉴定。应用PCR技术克隆到16S rDNA片段,核苷酸序列分析结果表明,该菌的16S rDNA的全序列与吉氏库特菌kurthia gib-soniistrain HC050630C-1的相似性达99%。微囊藻毒素降解实验结果表明,用15mg/L乙醇作为外加碳源时可显著提高菌株M9降解MCs的能力,在48h内对初始浓度分别为17.1mg/L的MC-RR和11.3mg/L的MC-LR的降解率分别达到70.0%和81.6%。而葡萄糖对菌株M9的生长有明显抑制作用。     

Isolation and characterization of alachlor-degrading actinomycetes from soil

Alachlor (2-cloro-N-(methoxymethyl)-N-(2,6-diethylphenyl)-acetamide) is an extremely toxic and highly mobile herbicide that is widely used for pre-emergence control of grasses and weeds in many commercial crops in Brazil. In order to select soil actinomycetes able to degrade this herbicide, fifty-three actinomycete strains were isolated from soil treated with alachlor using selective conditions and subjected to in vitro degradation assays. Sixteen isolates were shown to be tolerant to high concentrations of the herbicide (up to 720 mg L^-1), and six of these were able to grow and degrade 50 alachlor (72 mg L^-1) in mineral salts medium. Morphological and phylogenetic analysis enabled the assignment of the alachlor-degrading strains to the genus Streptomyces. Strain LS151 was related to the type strains of Streptomyces capoamus/Streptomyces galbus, whereas strains LS143 and LS153 were related to Streptomyces bikiniensis. The remaining strains, LS166, LS177 and LS182, were similar in morphological features and recovered in a single cluster based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, but shown to be distinct on the basis of genomic fingerprint data (rep-PCR). Though a definitive taxonomic assignment of alachlor-degrading strains was not possible, these data indicate that ability to degrade this pesticide was detected in different Streptomyces taxa.     

Fungal degradation of chlorpyrifos by Verticillium sp. DSP in pure cultures and its use in bioremediation of contaminated soil and pakchoi

Pesticides residues in soils and on vegetables are a public safety concern. Pretreatment with microorganisms degrading pesticides has the potential to alleviate the conditions. For this purpose, the degradation characteristics of chlorpyrifos by an isolated fungal strain Verticillium sp. DSP in pure cultures, soil, and on pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.) were investigated. Degradation rate of chlorpyrifos in the mineral salts medium was proportional to the concentrations of chlorpyrifos ranging from 1 to 100 mg l⁻¹. The rate of degradation for chlorpyrifos (1 mg l⁻¹) in the mineral salts medium was 1.12 and 1.04 times faster at pH 7.0 than those at pHs 5.0 and 9.0, and the degradation at 35 °C was 1.15 and 1.12 times faster, respectively, than those at 15 and 20 °C. The addition of the fungal strain DSP into the contaminated soils was found to significantly increase the degradation of chlorpyrifos. Degradation rates of chlorpyrifos in inoculated soils were 3.61, 1.50 and 1.10 times faster in comparison with the sterilized soil, previously chlorpyrifos-untreated soil, and previously chlorpyrifos-treated soil under laboratory conditions. In contrast to the controls, the half-lives of chlorpyrifos were significantly shortened by 10.9% and 17.6% on treated pakchoi, 12.0% and 37.1% in inoculated soils, respectively, in the greenhouse and open field. The results indicate that the fungal strain DSP can be used successfully for the removal or detoxification of chlorpyrifos residues in/on contaminated soil and vegetable.     

养虾池好氧反硝化细菌新菌株的分离鉴定及特征

利用间歇曝气选择性富集并对所获菌株的好氧反硝化活性进行检测。筛选到一株亚硝酸盐去除活性较高的好氧反硝化细菌。在溶解氧（D0）为3.80-5．21mg／L的培养条件下。该菌株10h内将亚硝态氮由26．18mg／L降至0;在盐度为0—25之间20h内均可达到同样的去除效果。通过形态学特征、生理生化反应及部分长度16SrDNA序列分析对筛选菌株进行鉴定,初步判定它为嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌Stertotrophomonas maltophilia。亚硝酸盐还原酶基因分析结果表明。该菌株只含亚硝酸盐还原酶nitS基因,其序列与Alcaligenes faecalis A15（后来被重新鉴定为Pseudomonas stutzeri）的nirS基因序列相似。     

Isolation and molecular characterization of thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria from an Italian rice field soil

In rice paddy soils an active cycling of sulfur compounds takes place. To elucidate the diversity of thiosulfate-oxidizing bacteria these organisms were enriched from bulk soil and rice roots by the most probable number method in liquid medium. From the MPN enrichment cultures 21 bacterial strains were isolated on solid mineral medium, and could be further shown to produce sulfate from thiosulfate. These strains were characterized by 16S rDNA analyses. The isolates were affiliated to seven different phylogenetic groups within the alpha- and beta-subclass of Proteobacteria. Two of these phylotypes were already described as S-oxidizers in this environment (Xanthobacter sp. and Bosea sp. related strains), but five groups represented new S-oxidizers in rice field soil. These isolates were closely related to Mesorhizobium loti, to Hydrogenophaga sp., to Delftia sp., to Pandoraea sp. or showed sequence similarity to a strain of Achromobacter sp.     

Isolation and characterization of surfactant degrading bacteria in a marine environment

Abstract Sea water and sediment samples taken near the coasts of Hyeres bay (France) were used for anionic surfactant titrations with surface and bottom waters and the finest part of sediments. The capacity for surfactant degradation by the 'in situ' microflora was evaluated. By using a selective plating technique 26 strains able to utilize anionic surfactant were isolated from the selected bacterial communities. Their ability to degrade anionic surfactant was verified according to the biodegradation standard method. Isolated strains were characterized by morphological and physiological properties using API 20 NE micro-method. All tested strains were Gram negative, strictly aerobic, rod or helical shaped. Their weak utilization of phenolic substrates suggests that they degrade preferentially the alkyl chain of the surfactant molecule. Biodegradation was more efficient with bacterial communities rather than with any isolated strains. Such observations indicate that complete mineralization involves several other so far non-isolated strains which complete the degradation initiated by the isolated strains.     

Biotransformation of chlorpyrifos and bioremediation of contaminated soil

Five aerobic consortia capable of degrading chlorpyrifos as a sole carbon source in aqueous medium showed degradation in the range of 46–72% after 20 days. Pseudomonas fluorescence, Brucella melitensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella species, Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeroginosa, isolated from these consortium, showed 75–87% degradation of chlorpyrifos as compared to 18% in control after 20 days of incubation. Bioremediation of chlorpyrifos-contaminated soil with P. fluorescence, B. melitensis, B. subtilis and P. aeroginosa individually showed 89%, 87%, 85% and 92% degradation, respectively, as compared to 34% in control after 30 days. Population dynamics of the introduced isolates based on antibiotic resistance survival and REP-PCR indicated 60–70% survival based on antibiotic resistance, but only 35–45% of the inoculated population based on REP-PCR. During bioremediation studies, 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCP) was detected as metabolite of chlorpyrifos degradation by P. aeroginosa after 20 days, which was utilized and disappeared after 30 days. Whole-cell studies also showed that P. aeroginosa gave TCP as the product of chlorpyrifos degradation, which was further metabolized to unknown polar metabolites.

Scientific relevance

Potential application in sites for effective in situ bioremediation of chlorpyrifos, a neurotoxic insecticide widely used in India.