DNA instructed displacement of histones H2A and H2B at an inducible promoter

Regulation of gene expression requires dynamic changes in chromatin, but the nature of these changes is not well understood. Here, we show that progesterone treatment of cultured cells leads to recruitment of progesterone receptor (PR) and SWI/SNF-related complexes to Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus (MMTV) promoter, accompanied by displacement of histones H2A and H2B from the nucleosome containing the receptor binding sites, but not from adjacent nucleosomes. PR recruits SWI/SNF to MMTV nucleosomes in vitro and facilitates synergistic binding of receptors and nuclear factor 1 to the promoter. In nucleosomes assembled on MMTV or mouse rDNA promoter sequences, SWI/SNF catalyzes ATP-dependent sliding of the histone octamer followed only on the MMTV promoter by displacement of histones H2A and H2B. In MMTV nucleosome arrays, SWI/SNF displaces H2A and H2B from nucleosome B and not from the adjacent nucleosome. Thus, the outcome of nucleosome remodeling by SWI/SNF depends on DNA sequence.     

The Swi2/Snf2 bromodomain is required for the displacement of SAGA and the octamer transfer of SAGA-acetylated nucleosomes

The SWI/SNF and SAGA chromatin-modifying complexes contain bromodomains that help anchor these complexes to acetylated promoter nucleosomes. To study the importance of bromodomains in these complexes, we have compared the chromatin-remodeling and octamer-transfer activity of the SWI/SNF complex to a mutant complex that lacks the Swi2/Snf2 bromodomain. Here we show that the SWI/SNF complex can remodel or transfer SAGA-acetylated nucleosomes more efficiently than the Swi2/Snf2 bromodomain-deleted complex. These results demonstrate that the Swi2/Snf2 bromodomain is important for the remodeling as well as for the octamer-transfer activity of the complex on H3-acetylated nucleosomes. Moreover, we show that, although the wild-type SWI/SNF complex displaces SAGA that is bound to acetylated nucleosomes, the bromodomain mutant SWI/SNF complex is less efficient in SAGA displacement. Thus, the Swi2/Snf2 bromodomain is required for the full functional activity of SWI/SNF on acetylated nucleosomes and is important for the displacement of SAGA from acetylated promoter nucleosomes.     

The interactions of yeast SWI/SNF and RSC with the nucleosome before and after chromatin remodeling

Interactions of the yeast chromatin-remodeling complexes SWI/SNF and RSC with nucleosomes were probed using site-specific DNA photoaffinity labeling. 5 S rDNA was engineered with photoreactive nucleotides incorporated at different sites in DNA to scan for the subunits of SWI/SNF in close proximity to DNA when SWI/SNF is bound to the 5 S nucleosome or to the free 5 S rDNA. The Swi2/Snf2 and Snf6 subunits of SWI/SNF were efficiently cross-linked at several positions in the nucleosome, whereas only Snf6 was efficiently cross-linked when SWI/SNF was bound to free DNA. DNA photoaffinity labeling of RSC showed that the Rsc4 subunit is in close proximity to nucleosomal DNA and not when RSC is bound to free DNA. After remodeling, the Swi2/Snf2 and Rsc4 subunits are no longer detected near the nucleosomal DNA and are evidently displaced from the surface of the nucleosome, indicating significant changes in SWI/SNF and RSC contacts with DNA after remodeling.     

Replication-independent assembly of nucleosome arrays in a novel yeast chromatin reconstitution system involves antisilencing factor Asf1p and chromodomain protein Chd1p

Chromatin assembly in a crude DEAE (CD) fraction from budding yeast is ATP dependent and generates arrays of physiologically spaced nucleosomes which significantly protect constituent DNA from restriction endonuclease digestion. The CD fractions from mutants harboring deletions of the genes encoding histone-binding factors (NAP1, ASF1, and a subunit of CAF-I) and SNF2-like DEAD/H ATPases (SNF2, ISW1, ISW2, CHD1, SWR1, YFR038w, and SPT20) were screened for activity in this replication-independent system. ASF1 deletion substantially inhibits assembly, a finding consistent with published evidence that Asf1p is a chromatin assembly factor. Surprisingly, a strong assembly defect is also associated with deletion of CHD1, suggesting that like other SNF2-related groups of nucleic acid-stimulated ATPases, the chromodomain (CHD) group may contain a member involved in chromatin reconstitution. In contrast to the effects of disrupting ASF1 and CHD1, deletion of SNF2 is associated with increased resistance of chromatin to digestion by micrococcal nuclease. We discuss the possible implications of these findings for current understanding of the diversity of mechanisms by which chromatin reconstitution and remodeling can be achieved in vivo.