Changes in soil phosphorus fractions in a calcareous paddy soil under intensive rice cropping

We conducted a 4-year field experiment on a calcareous paddy soil in Zhejiang province of China to measure the changes in chemically extracted soil P fractions in an irrigated double-cropping rice system. Treatments included four fertilizer combinations (unfertilized control, NK, NP, and NPK) as main-plots and two rice cultivar types (inbred vs. hybrid rice) as sub-plots. Total plant P uptake and grain yield of rice declined in all treatments over time. Severe P-deficiency and significant rice yield losses began in treatments without P application after the second rice crop. Compared to inbred rice, hybrid rice increased grain yield (+18%), N uptake (+11%) and K uptake (+27%) but there was no significant difference in total plant P uptake. Recovery efficiencies of fertilizer-P averaged 31–32% in both cultivars. In treatments without P application, the P mass balance was negative (−6 to −8 kg P ha⁻¹ crop⁻¹) and phosphorus was drawn down in all inorganic P fractions, including resin, alkali- (NaHCO₃-Pi and NaOH-Pi) and acid-soluble P fractions (dilute HCl-P, concentrated HCl-P, residual-P). Only small amounts were removed from organic P fractions, 1–3 mg P kg⁻¹ year⁻¹ from NaHCO₃-Po and none from NaOH-Po. In treatments with fertilizer-P addition, the P mass balance was positive (+8 to 10 kg P ha⁻¹ crop⁻¹), soil P declined at a slower rate in inorganic P fractions and it increased (+51%) in the residual-P fraction. Hybrid rice generally caused greater depletion of inorganic soil P fractions than inbred rice, but there was no difference among cultivars in their effect on NaHCO₃-Po and NaOH-Po. Positive correlations (r = 0.63–0.81, P < 0.001) were observed between all inorganic P fractions (except residual-P) and total P uptake by rice. Our results suggest that rice plants draw P from a continuum of chemically extracted fractions that are assumed to have widely differing plant P availability. Regular P additions are required to maintain the effective soil P supply and differences between inbred and hybrid rice should be taken into account in P management strategies.     

不同施肥模式对潮土有机碳组分及团聚体稳定性的影响

作为土壤质量的重要指标,土壤有机碳及其组分在土壤许多物理、化学和生物特性中发挥着重要作用。在田间条件下,通过对7种肥料结构组合处理下的土壤进行采样和分析,系统地研究和比较了不同养分模式对华北平原潮土土壤有机碳组分和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响。结果表明。与单施化肥处理（NPK）比较,NPK＋S和NPK＋M处理显著增加土壤耕作层（0～20cm）的总有机碳（TOC）和总氮（TN）含量。PK和CK处理的土壤TOC和TN较试验前土壤皆有明显下降。有机无机肥配施,明显增加土壤易氧化有机碳（EOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、轻组有机碳（LFOC）和水溶性有机碳（WSOC）。特别是与NPK处理相比较,NPK＋M处理的土壤EOC、POC、LFOC和WSOC含量分别增加23．8％、39．9％、42．5％和32．1％。土壤耕作层中微生物生物量碳（MBC）和可矿化碳（MNC）以有机无机肥配施为最高,NPK处理次之,PK处理和CK最小。有机无机肥配施处理还明显增加了土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）含量,并降低了土壤粘粒分散率（CDR）。相关分析表明,土壤〉250μm水稳性团聚体（WSA）含量与所测定的有机碳组分含量皆呈明显正相关,特别是POC、LFOC和MBC与WSA达到极显著相关．相关系数分别为0.89、0.81和0,78;CDR与TOC、POC和LFOC皆呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0．70、-0．78和-0．73。     

有机物料还田对双季稻田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

有机物料还田是提升农田土壤有机碳、培肥土壤的重要措施。为探讨不同有机物料的还田效果,采用室外培养方法,研究了在等碳输入条件下,施用水稻秸秆、紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭对洞庭湖双季稻区潮土有机碳和活性有机碳组分含量的影响。结果表明: 经过180 d的培养试验,与不施用有机物料相比,施用有机物料提高了土壤活性有机碳含量。生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭处理分别使土壤有机碳含量显著提升了26.1%、9.7%和30.7%,水稻秸秆和紫云英对土壤有机碳含量的提升效应在试验期间并不显著。水稻秸秆和紫云英还田更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳的积累,猪粪更有利于土壤可溶性有机碳的积累,生物有机肥更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和易氧化有机碳的积累,水稻秸秆生物炭则更有利于土壤微生物生物量碳和轻组有机碳的积累。与水稻秸秆还田相比,紫云英、生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭还田使土壤碳库管理指数分别提高了31.8%、111.6%、62.2%和50.7%。从土壤固碳和土壤碳库管理指数来看,生物有机肥、猪粪和水稻秸秆生物炭的还田效果优于水稻秸秆和紫云英还田。     

Changes in carbon storage in temperate humic loamy soils after forest clearing and continuous corn cropping in France

Soil samples from forest and agricultural sites in three areas of southwest France were collected to determine the effect of forest conversion to continuous intensive corn cropping with no organic matter management on soil organic carbon (C) content. Soils were humic loamy soils and site characteristics that may affect soil C were as uniform as possible (slope, elevation, texture, soil type, vegetation). Three areas were selected, with adjacent sites of various ages of cultivation (3 to 35 yr), and paired control forest sites. The ploughed horizon (0-Dt cm) and the Dt-50 cm layer were collected at each agricultural site. In forest sites, each 10 cm layer was collected systematically down to 1 meter depth. Carbon concentrations were converted to total content to a given depth as the product of concentration, depth of sample and bulk density, and expressed in units of kg m^-2. For each site and each sampled layer, the mineral mass of soil was calculated, in order to base comparisons on the same soil mass rather than the same depth. The pattern of C accumulation in forest soils showed an exponential decrease with depth. Results suggested that soil organic carbon declined rapidly during the first years of cultivation, and at a slower rate thereafter. This pattern of decrease can be fitted by a bi-exponential model assuming that initial soil organic carbon can be separated into two parts, a very labile pool reduced during the first rapid decline and more refractory fractions oxidizing at a slower rate. Sampling to shallow depths (0-Dt cm) resulted in over-estimation of the rate of carbon release in proportion to the initial amount of C, and in under-estimation of the total loss of C with age. The results for the 0–50 cm horizon indicated that losses of total carbon average about 50% in these soils, ranging in initial carbon content from 19 to 32.5 kg m^-2. Carbon release to the atmosphere averaged 0.8 kg m^-2 yr^-1 to 50 cm depth during the first 10 years of cultivation. The results demonstrate that temperate soils may also be an important source of atmospheric carbon, when they are initially high in carbon content and then cultivated intensively with no organic matter management.     

Site disturbance effects on a clay soil under radiata pine

Timber harvesting of forested lands can cause impacts which reduce the long-term productivity of the soil. This study examined long-term effects of timber harvesting on soil morphology, soil solutions and clay mineral stability. A disturbance study established in 1981 an Ultisol located in the North Island of New Zealand was examined in 1990. Disturbance treatments were installed following cable logging of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don); treatments consisted of no disturbance (UN), O horizon removed (OR), and O and A horizons removed with compaction of the Bt1/A horizon (OARHC). The morphology of the A and Bt1/A horizons of the OR treatment showed little difference from the UN treatment. Soil solutions were collected using centrifugation and soil mineralogy determined. Soil solutions of the O horizon had nutrient concentrations that were approximately 10 times greater than that of the mineral horizons, indicating that nutrient availability would be reduced by reduced by removal of this horizon during harvesting. Soil solutions of the Bt1/A horizon showed substantially lower nutrient concentrations in the OARHC treatment compared to the UN and OR treatment, at 9-years after treatment. Stability diagrams of soil solutions for clay minerals of the soil showed that smectite was unstable and weatherable with the highest disturbance treatment, but was stable in the no and low disturbance treatment. No disturbance effects were evident in the stability of iron minerals. Results suggest that this soil is capable of returning to pre-disturbance conditions well-within a rotation period when disturbance is limited, but that recovery with the highest disturbance treatment could take substantially longer. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.     

北方农牧交错带温性盐碱化草地土壤碳组分对模拟增温的响应机制

中国北方农牧交错带温性盐碱化草地土壤有机碳库对全球气候变暖的响应趋势存在较大不确定性。作为温性盐碱性草地的典型分布区,山西右玉农牧交错带是探索相关研究的理想生境。基于山西农业大学野外观测研究站开顶式气室模拟增温实验平台,通过采集生长旺季土壤样品,探索温性盐碱化草地不同土层有机碳、氮组分对模拟增温的响应与适应机制。结果表明：(1)不同增温处理对土壤有机碳(C)、总氮(N)、颗粒性有机碳(POM-C)和氮(POM-N)、矿物结合态有机碳(MAOM-C)和氮(MAOM-N)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)和氮(DON),以及微生物量碳(MBC)和氮(MBN)等组分无显著影响,但显著降低了MAOM-C/MBC的比值;(2)除土壤可溶性有机碳和微生物量碳外,土壤碳、氮各组分均随土层深度加深而呈现递减趋势,土壤碳、氮各组分之间的比值,除MAOM-N/N和MBC/C外,均随土层深度的增加而呈现显著上升趋势;(3)增温对POM-N/MBN和MAOM-N/MBN的影响与土层深度存在明显的交互效应;(4)不同土层氮组分比值对增温的响应与禾草丰度、杂类草丰度、凋落物量、土壤pH值及土壤含水量等因素有关。其中,凋落物...     

Seasonal variation in organic and inorganic phosphorus fractions of temperate-climate sandy soils

Soils from an arable plot, a grassland plot and pasture plot were sampled over an 18-month period. Inorganic (P_i) and organic (P_o) soil phosphorus fractions were extracted sequentially with resin, NaHCO₃, and NaOH. Soil solution was sampled on the arable plot and pasture plot during 12 months with teflon suction cups, and the contents of P_i and P_o were determined.The patterns of the variation for all soil fractions were similar for the three plots. All soil P_i fractions were at minimum in the cool moist winter period. The soil P_o fractions varied less systematically than P_i fractions. The sum of P_o fractions had a winter maximum and a spring minimum. For all soil P fractions temporal variation was highly significant (p<0.0001). The magnitude of change in P_i and P_o soil fractions was 4–40 times greater than what would be expected from the magnitude of new N mineralization.The content of P in the inorganic soil P fractions was negatively correlated with soil moisture. The variation in organic soil P could not be explained by any single factor, but it is suggested that the variation is caused by changes in solubility rather than by biological transformations. Thus, physicochemical processes masked the impact of biological transformations on the temporal variation of soil phosphorus fractions.Both soil solution P_i and P_o varied significantly with time on field scale. In contrast to soil P_i fractions, solution P_i was initially low in the early autumn, increased by a factor 4 during the following 6 weeks, and thereafter decreased to a low level by the end of the sampling period. Soil solution P_o had several fluctuations during the sampling period.     

南亚热带森林土壤有机碳组分对模拟酸雨的早期响应

应用人工模拟酸雨控制实验,探讨鼎湖山国家级自然保护区三种南亚热带主要植被类型(季风常绿阔叶林、针阔叶混交林和马尾松林)的土壤有机碳组分,包括土壤总有机碳(TOC)、土壤易氧化有机碳(ROC)、土壤不易氧化有机碳(NROC),在不同模拟酸雨处理梯度:对照CK(pH4.5的天然湖水)、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0处理下的响应特征。结果表明:上层土壤(0~20cm)易氧化有机碳、不易氧化有机碳和总有机碳含量与森林类型密切相关,大小顺序均表现为混交林阔叶林马尾松林。经25个月模拟酸雨处理,鼎湖山森林土壤酸化有加剧的趋势;CK、pH4.0、pH3.5、pH3.0四个处理下土壤上层剖面易氧化有机碳含量分别为阔叶林(7.14、8.29、8.74、9.84g·kg-1)、混交林(8.58、8.53、10.28、10.36g·kg-1)和马尾松林(3.90、4.49、4.74、5.48g·kg-1),三个林型土壤易氧化有机碳含量呈现随模拟酸雨强度增加而升高的趋势;森林土壤总有机碳和不易氧化有机碳含量变化缓慢,在各酸梯度处理下差异不显著(P0.05)。研究结果显示,长期的酸雨作用使土壤酸化不断加剧,易氧化有机碳对酸雨的响应更敏感,但其在酸雨下积累的趋势不利于土壤总有机碳的存埋,但关于酸雨对土壤总有机碳的影响仍然需要长期的实验监测。     

三江平原湿地土壤磷形态转化动态

采用Hedley连续浸提法对三江平原湿地小叶章草甸土壤磷形态的季节动态进行研究,分析生长季土壤磷形态之间的相互转化及其可能的驱动机制。结果表明:小叶章草甸土壤有机磷(TPo)总量高于无机磷(TPi),NaOH溶液浸提的无机磷(NaOH-Pi)和有机磷形态(NaOH-Po)分别占总无机磷(TPi)和总有机磷(TPo)比重最大。各无机磷形态均有明显的季节变化,Resin-P和Conc.HCl-Pi季节变异性大,生长结束后含量较初期降低,其他形态无机磷含量有不同程度的升高。有机磷组分中NaOH-Po的季节波动最明显,生长季末期较初期含量降低,其他有机磷形态和Residual-P生长季初、末期含量变化不大,波动也相对较小。TP、TPo季节变化整体趋势相似,二者含量变化达到极显著相关。各无机磷形态变化主要受植物生长节律影响;水分、热量等环境条件也是磷的形态转化的重要驱动因子,并可能间接通过影响土壤动物、微生物等的活性推动土壤磷的循环。小叶章草甸土壤有机磷矿化释放的无机磷通常都首先被土壤金属氧化物固定,再经过无机磷之间的转化过程为生物利用,因此三江平原湿地土壤磷大量释放的可能性很小。     

川西卧龙岷江冷杉林土壤有机碳组分与氮素关系随海拔梯度的变化特征

土壤碳氮沿海拔梯度变化及其耦合关系是山地生态系统碳氮循环研究的重要内容。为分析不同土层土壤有机碳,土壤全氮及有机碳活性组分在海拔梯度上的分布规律及相互之间的耦合关系,选取亚高山物种岷江冷杉(Abies faxoniana)原始林为研究对象,以卧龙邓生野牛沟岷江冷杉原始林2920—3700 m的样地调查数据为基础,分析不同土层土壤碳氮及活性组分沿海拔的变化规律,总结土壤有机碳稳定性沿海拔主要规律,从土壤有机碳活性组分和碳氮关系的角度揭示其对土壤有机碳沿海拔变化的影响。结果表明:1)腐殖质层土壤有机碳(SOC)随海拔升高逐渐增加,与温度显著负相关,轻组有机碳(LFOC)及颗粒态有机碳(POC)随海拔上升均表现先增加后降低的趋势,土壤全氮(TN)随海拔变化不显著,但林线处LOFC、POC和TN均显著增加;0—10 cm土壤有机碳及全氮则表现为双峰特征,峰值分别在3089 m和3260 m处,与年均温度无显著关系。2)LFOC及POC在腐殖质层和0—10 cm土层中所占比例较大,是表征土壤有机碳含量沿海拔变化规律的主要活性组分,腐殖质层LFOC/SOC和POC/SOC随海拔上升逐渐增高,0—10 cm层则逐渐降低,暗示腐殖质层有机碳稳定性沿海拔逐渐降低,0—10 cm有机碳稳定性逐渐升高。3)SOC与TN显著正相关,SOC是影响TN的主要因子,但腐殖质层TN与有机碳活性组分无显著相关关系。4)土壤C/N和微生物量C/N在3177 m大于25:1,是引起土壤有机碳含量显著降低的主要因素。     

不同施肥模式下稻田土壤微生物生物量磷对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应

通过15年的红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了不同施肥模式下土壤微生物生物量磷(MB-P)对土壤有机碳和磷素变化的响应.结果表明红壤稻田有机碳源的长期投入和土壤有机碳的逐年升高使土壤微生物生物量碳(MB-C)维持在较高水平(＞800 mg·kg-1),是稻田土壤MB-P(＞16.0 mg·kg-1)提高的主要原因.长期不施磷肥条件下,土壤全磷含量与试验前相比显著降低(P＜0.05),而土壤有机磷含量平均提高了29.3%;土壤亏损的磷形态主要是无机磷(Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P),其中Al-P含量处于最低水平(平均0.5 mg·kg-1).另外,长期不施磷肥土壤的MB-P远高于Olsen法提取态磷(Olsen-P)(＜7.0 mg·kg-1),而稻田土壤MB-P与Al-P呈显著相关(P＜0.05),表明土壤微生物对稻田土壤Al-P、Fe-P、Ca-P和O-P的利用是促进其向有效磷方向转化的关键途径.磷肥配合有机养分循环利用不仅提高了土壤磷库的积累,而且通过土壤微生物的活化有效地提高了土壤磷的有效性.     

Soil organic carbon dynamics jointly controlled by climate,carbon inputs,soil properties and soil carbon fractions

Soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics are regulated by the complex interplay of climatic, edaphic and biotic conditions. However, the interrelation of SOC and these drivers and their potential connection networks are rarely assessed quantitatively. Using observations of SOC dynamics with detailed soil properties from 90 field trials at 28 sites under different agroecosystems across the Australian cropping regions, we investigated the direct and indirect effects of climate, soil properties, carbon (C) inputs and soil C pools (a total of 17 variables) on SOC change rate (r_C, Mg C ha^?1 yr^?1). Among these variables, we found that the most influential variables on r_C were the average C input amount and annual precipitation, and the total SOC stock at the beginning of the trials. Overall, C inputs (including C input amount and pasture frequency in the crop rotation system) accounted for 27% of the relative influence on r_C, followed by climate 25% (including precipitation and temperature), soil C pools 24% (including pool size and composition) and soil properties (such as cation exchange capacity, clay content, bulk density) 24%. Path analysis identified a network of intercorrelations of climate, soil properties, C inputs and soil C pools in determining r_C. The direct correlation of r_C with climate was significantly weakened if removing the effects of soil properties and C pools, and vice versa. These results reveal the relative importance of climate, soil properties, C inputs and C pools and their complex interconnections in regulating SOC dynamics. Ignorance of the impact of changes in soil properties, C pool composition and C input (quantity and quality) on SOC dynamics is likely one of the main sources of uncertainty in SOC predictions from the process‐based SOC models.     

生态恢复对石漠化地区土壤有机碳累积特征及其机制的影响

为从土壤碳组分对团聚体及其结合有机碳的影响的角度去解析生态恢复下土壤有机碳积累特征及其机制,以典型干热河谷石漠化地区生态恢复措施（次生林,15-20a;花椒林,15-20a）和对照耕地（>50 a）为研究对象,测定0-10 cm和10-20 cm土层土壤有机碳（SOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、易氧化有机碳（EOC）、矿物结合有机碳（MOC）、非活性有机碳（NLOC）、团聚体、团聚体有机碳含量,研究了生态恢复对SOC及组分、团聚体以及团聚体有机碳的影响。结果表明：①与耕地相比,生态恢复显著增加0-20 cm土层SOC及组分的含量与储量（MOC除外）,含量与储量的增幅范围为10.4%-151.7%和6.3%-134.5%,其中POC、EOC含量和储量增幅最大,且POC、EOC与SOC相关性较强;②生态恢复显著提高>2 mm团聚体数量、MWD和MGD,其中以次生林0-10 cm土层的增幅最大（379.3%、172.0%、265.2%）;③生态恢复显著增加各粒径团聚体有机碳含量,团聚体有机碳含量增幅随团聚体粒径增大而减小,然而生态恢复后>2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率显著上升,<2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率显著减小,土壤团聚体对有机碳的贡献率转为以>2 mm团聚体贡献为主,且>2 mm团聚体数量的显著增加是>2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率高的主要原因;④土壤SOC、POC、EOC、NLOC与>2 mm团聚体数量、MWD、MGD、>2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率显著正相关（P<0.05）,其中POC、EOC与这些指标的相关性较强（P<0.01）。此外,从土壤有机碳及组分、团聚体数量及稳定性、>2 mm团聚体有机碳贡献率的增幅来看,自然恢复措施（次生林）较人工种植恢复措施（花椒林）增幅较大。     

不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体磷素分布特征

探究不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体各形态磷素的分布特征有利于提升杉木人工林土壤磷素有效性。本研究选取位于广西融水县的幼龄(9 a)、中龄(17 a)、成熟(26 a)杉木人工林和邻近撂荒地(CK),利用干筛法将采集到的表层(0～20 cm)原状土壤分为4个粒级团聚体(>2、1～2、0.25～1和<0.25 mm),测定各粒级团聚体中不同形态磷组分。结果表明: 1)不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体组成差异显著,CK和各林龄杉木人工林中>2 mm粒级团聚体含量显著较高,随林龄的增长先增后减,在17 a时最高;土壤平均重量直径(MWD)和几何平均直径(GMD)的变化趋势与>2 mm粒级团聚体一致。2)CK和各林龄杉木人工林中各粒级土壤团聚体全磷、无机磷和有机磷含量差异均不显著,而土壤有效磷含量在>2 mm粒级团聚体中显著较高,达1.23～7.33 mg·kg^-1;不同林龄杉木人工林土壤团聚体及全土全磷、有效磷和无机磷含量均显著高于CK,并随杉木林龄的增长先增后减,全土总磷和有效磷含量在9 a时最高,分别为322.40和7.33 mg·kg^-1,全土无机磷含量在17 a时最高,为114.05 mg·kg^-1;全土有机磷含量随杉木林龄的增长先增再减再增,在9 a时最高,为210.00 mg·kg^-1。3)不同粒级土壤团聚体磷储量与土壤团聚体组成比例显著相关。CK和各林龄杉木人工林中>2 mm粒级团聚体各形态磷储量较高。除有机磷外,各形态土壤磷储量均随杉木林龄的增长先增后减。综上,林龄17 a之前,杉木人工林的种植有利于提升土壤团聚体稳定性,促进土壤磷素水平的提升;林龄17 a后,>2 mm粒级团聚体的破碎导致土壤团聚体稳定性和土壤磷素供应水平逐渐下降。因此,在杉木人工林培育栽种17 a以后应重视土壤中>2 mm粒级团聚体的保护,以保障土壤质量,维持土壤供磷水平。     

秸秆和地膜覆盖对渭北旱作玉米农田土壤氮组分与产量的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖措施对旱作春玉米田土壤氮组分和作物产量的影响。试验包括无覆盖对照,秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖3个处理,观测指标包括土壤全氮(STN)、颗粒有机氮(PON)、潜在可矿化氮(PNM)、微生物量氮(MBN)、硝态氮(NO_3~--N)、铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量及作物产量。结果表明:试验进行5到7年后,与对照相比,秸秆覆盖处理0—10 cm土层STN、PON、PNM、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了13.11%、64.29%、17.51%、16.94%和55.37%,10—20 cm土层STN、PON、MBN和NO_3~--N含量3年平均分别提高了5.93%、33.33%、15.78%和27.57%(P0.05)。而地膜覆盖处理0—10 cm和10—20 cm土层NO_3~--N的含量较对照分别提高了189.14%和135.75%(P0.05),其他氮组分与对照处理差异不显著。秸秆和地膜覆盖处理玉米产量较对照处理3年平均分别提高了6.90%和36.74%(P0.05)。玉米产量与0—20 cm土层NO_3~--N含量和NO_3~--N/STN值呈显著正相关关系。总的来看,秸秆覆盖能显著增加旱地土壤全氮和活性有机氮含量,促进氮素固定,但需注意作物生长后期补充氮肥以满足作物生长需要。而地膜覆盖能显著提高土壤氮素有效性和作物产量,但不利于土壤有机氮的固定,且表层土壤存在潜在氮淋失风险。     

滇南地区桃树种植模式对土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响

经果林种植可改变土壤质量、改善生态环境,同时具有较高的经济效益。合理的种植模式可通过物种间的互补性提高资源利用效率,改善土壤碳库质量并提高综合效益。为探讨桃树种植模式对土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响,以云南省开远市不同桃树种植模式(桃树单种-SP和桃树南瓜套种-PP)为研究对象,以毗邻的天然林地(CK)为对照,分析不同种植模式下活性碳库,即高锰酸钾氧化有机碳(POXC)、颗粒有机碳(POC),惰性有机碳库即矿物结合态有机碳(MAOC)在0—40 cm土层的分布情况,明确土壤有机碳组分与土壤理化性质的关系;计算碳库活度指数(CPAI)、碳库指数(CPI)以及碳库管理指数(CPMI),明确不同桃树种植模式的碳库变化情况。结果表明：桃树种植模式和对照的土壤有机碳组分的含量均随着土层深度的增加而减少,平均土壤有机碳(SOC)含量为：14.68 g/kg(CK)>9.57 g/kg(PP)>8.58 g/kg(SP)。平均活性有机碳组分所占比例与POC/MAOC均表现为：SP>CK>PP,PP的活性有机碳比例较低,具有较高的有机碳稳定性。两种桃树种植模式的CPMI在1...     

长期施肥条件下潮土不同组分有机质的动态研究

采用相对密度分组法对潮土有机质进行分组分析,研究长期施肥条件下不同施肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质的动态变化.结果表明,在现有的施肥条件下,不施肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质含量基本保持不变,而NPK(化肥)和有机肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质含量均随施肥年限呈增加趋势,但前者年际间波动较大,增加幅度也远不如后者.回归分析发现,NPK处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质均与施肥年限呈线性相关,而有机肥处理的土壤有机质、轻组有机质和重组有机质则随施肥年限呈对数函数变化规律.     

草地土壤有机质不同组分氮库对长期氮添加的响应

土壤氮库对生态系统的养分循环至关重要。目前多数研究主要关注氮沉降对土壤总氮的影响, 而对土壤不同有机质组分的氮库对氮沉降响应的研究较为缺乏。该研究基于内蒙古典型草地的长期多水平施氮(0、8、32、64 g·m^-2·a^-1)实验平台, 利用土壤密度分级方法, 探究氮添加处理13年后典型草地中两种土壤有机质组分(颗粒态有机质(POM), 矿质结合态有机质(MAOM))氮含量的变化及调控机制。结果显示: 土壤总碳含量、POM和MAOM的碳含量在施氮处理间均没有显著差异。土壤总氮含量则随着施氮水平增加呈显著增加的趋势, 同时施氮处理下POM的氮含量显著上升, 而MAOM的氮含量没有变化。进一步分析发现, 施氮促进植物地上生物量积累, 增加了凋落物量及其氮含量, 从而导致POM的氮含量增加。由于MAOM主要通过黏土矿物等吸附土壤中小分子有机质形成, 其氮含量受土壤中黏粒与粉粒含量影响, 而与氮添加水平无显著相关关系。该研究结果表明长期氮添加促进土壤氮库积累, 但增加的氮主要分布在稳定性较低的POM中, 受干扰后容易从生态系统中流失。为了更准确地评估和预测氮沉降对陆地生态系统的氮循环过程的影响, 应考虑土壤中不同有机质组分的差异响应。     

Changes in soil organic matter and phosphorus fractions under planted fallows and a crop rotation system on a Colombian volcanic-ash soil

Acquisition of soil and fertiliser phosphorus (P) by crops depends on soil and plant properties. Soil processes determining P availability to plants are P solubility/sorption, P transport, root/soil contact and mineralisation/immobilisation. Plants have evolved properties contributing to a more efficient use of plant-available soil P and to mobilise P from less available soil P fractions. Agronomic measures may affect P availability to crops through the modification of soil properties or through direct quantitative and qualitative crop impact on soil P dynamics. Among the agronomic measures, the application of organic matter such as green manure and crop residues to maintain or increase soil organic matter content and to enhance soil biological activity, and the incorporation into the cropping system of P-mobilising plant species are particularly beneficial.Our experimental activities have concentrated on the characterisation of the P mobilising capacity of different leguminous grain and cover crops, and their effect on P availability to less P-efficient cereals grown in mixed culture and in rotation. Fractionation of P in the rhizosphere soil revealed the capacity of some legumes to better use P from sparingly soluble soil P fractions than maize. Field experiments conducted on 2 sites in the Northern Guinea Savannah of Nigeria and accompanying green-house pot experiments revealed a positive rotational effect of P-efficient cover crops on maize growth and grain yield with and without the return of crop residues. This could unequivocally be attributed to a better P supply to maize, especially on strongly P-fixing soil. However, the residual effect was small compared to the application of water-soluble P fertiliser. This clearly indicates the need for a maintenance application of fertiliser P in addition to the agronomic measures for sustainable crop production.     

火烧对马尾松林土壤酶活性和有机碳组分的影响

土壤酶参与土壤有机质矿化过程,林火能通过改变土壤中微生物的群落结构等来改变土壤酶的活性,进而影响土壤有机碳的动态过程。土壤有机碳库是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,火烧会使土壤有机碳组分发生变化,研究火烧后土壤有机碳组分的变化对于土壤有机碳库的管理具有重要意义。以我国中亚热带典型马尾松人工林火烧迹地为研究对象,通过对比研究,探讨了火烧对土壤酶活性和土壤有机碳组分的影响以及两者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,火烧后一年0—10 cm土层土壤p H值明显升高(P0.05),土壤总碳含量显著降低(P0.05),土壤全氮含量平均降低17.5%(P0.05)。0—10 cm土层和10—20 cm土层土壤含水量均显著低于对照(P0.05)。(2)相比对照,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在0—10 cm土层显著降低(P0.05),土壤酚氧化物酶活性和过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。(3)火烧后一年0—10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、土壤颗粒性有机碳、土壤易氧化碳含量比对照分别降低26.4%、30.9%和2.69%,但无显著差异,土壤溶解性有机碳含量则显著降低(P0.05);两个土层土壤不稳定有机碳含量和粘粒有机碳含量变化不显著。