“动物的发育”讲座（四）—两栖类胚胎的器官发生

“动物的发育”讲座（四）──两栖类胚胎的器官发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）原肠作用结束后胚体开始伸长，在背部有一前宽后狭马蹄形的神经板。以后神经板两侧突起成为神经褶，它们向背中线靠拢合并成为神经管。与此同时胚孔缩小，侧唇合并成一纵沟，...     

动物胚胎发育讲座（一）：动物胚胎早期发育概况

动物胚胎发育讲座（一）──动物胚胎早期发育概况张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）１生殖细胞与受精生殖细胞的发生在后生动物大致相似,都要经过增殖期、生长期和成熟期。增殖期乃是精（卵）原细胞经过多次有丝分裂使数量不断增加;生长期是部分精（卵）原细...     

动物胚胎发育讲座（二）：文昌鱼的胚胎发生

动物胚胎发育讲座（二）──文昌鱼的胚胎发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）从无脊椎动物进化到脊椎动物的过程中,文昌鱼具有重要的位置,其成体结构和胚胎发生与无脊椎动物（如棘皮动物）有许多相似之处：如表皮为单层上皮,其外有角质层,结缔组织不发达...     

动物胚胎发育讲座（六）—硬骨鱼的胚胎发生

动物胚胎发育讲座（六）──硬骨鱼的胚胎发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）现存鱼类分为：圆口纲、软骨鱼纲和硬骨鱼纲。本讲主要讨论硬骨鱼纲胚胎发生一些特点。１生殖细胞和受精１．１硬骨鱼精子没有顶体,但圆口纲的七鳃鳗、板鳃类中的鲨鱼、肺鱼类的肺...     

动物胚胎发育讲座（八）—哺乳类的胚胎发生

动物胚胎发育讲座（八）──哺乳类的胚胎发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）哺乳类可分为３个亚纲：原兽、后兽和真兽。这里主要介绍真兽亚纲胚胎发生。此纲包括现代大多数哺乳动物，其胚胎时期都有胎盘，所以又可称为有胎盘亚纲。原兽类亦称无胎盘类，为卵...     

动物胚胎发育讲座（七）—鸟胚的早期发生

动物胚胎发育讲座（七）──鸟胚的早期发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）爬行类以上的动物其胚胎发生期间要形成一种特殊的临时器官，它称为胎膜，包括羊膜、卵黄囊膜、绒毛膜和尿囊。所以根据有无羊膜，可将脊椎动物分为无羊膜类（圆口、鱼和两栖）和有羊...     

“动物的发育”讲座（三）─—两栖类胚胎的早期发生

“动物的发育”讲座（三）─—两栖类胚胎的早期发生张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）１生殖细胞和受们无尾类为雌雄异体,有交配现象,但为体外受精。有尾类如东方煤爆为体内受精,精子贮存于输卵管内,为多次产卵。１．１精子分为头、颈和尾３部分。赡蛛有典...     

植物的生殖讲座（七）：——被子植物胚胎发生及发育

简述了被子植物胚胎发生及发育的基本过程及近年来的某些研究进展,介绍了合子形成,原胚,胚的分化成熟阶段的基本特征,胚柄的分化发育,胚柄细胞的特点及胚柄的功能等,还介绍了胚胎发生中的生理生化变化及近年来取得较快进展的贮藏蛋白的合成,在植物发育中的变化及基因表达等。     

两栖类胚胎表皮细胞的传导能力

两栖类胚胎表皮细胞在胚胎发育的一定时期具有传导能力。叙述了胚胎表皮细胞传导的性质、胚胎表皮细胞间兴奋传导的结构基础以及胚胎早期兴奋传导的通路，并提出了有待进一步探索的问题。     

两栖类早期发育中—内胚层形成和神经板发育之垂直的平面的诱导作用

中－内胚层诱导和神经诱导都需要平面的垂直的诱导相互作用；中胚层诱导开初是一平面诱导过程，继之一个垂直诱导，以实最终的区域分化，而神经诱导则必须有最初垂直相互作用，以实现激发和转化过程，这些垂直的诱导作用，继之以在外胚层内传播的同源诱导作用，决定神经板的形状和大小，以及其区域分化。对于神经板的背面集中和伸长，激发作用和后来的转化作用似乎都是必需的。     

一种在两栖类胚胎的免疫组织化学研究中有多种用途的方法

本文介绍了我们最近发展的一项用于两栖糊不胎的免疫组织化学研究的技术。两栖类胚胎经过适当的化学固定以后,用振动切片机可以得到５０－１００μ的切片,我们用这样的切片进行免疫萤光和免疫酶标染色,均得到满意的结果,可以进行光镜（共聚焦显微镜,普通显微镜）及透射电镜的观察。由于在整个过程中避免了使用有机溶剂及包埋剂,所以最大限度地保存了抗原性。与传统的各种免疫组化技术比较,切片的各部分组织均能迅速与抗体反应     

自分泌生长因子对早期胚胎体外发育的影响（简报）

Two-cell-stage embryos were flushed from the oviducts on Day 2. Zygotes were collected from oviducts on Day 1 (Fertilization In Situ, ISF) or derived from fertilization in vitro (IVF). 2-cell embryos had a high rate of blastocyst development to each embryo concentration from 1 embryo/microliter to 1 embryo/1000 microliters. The zygotes produced by either ISF or IVF were adversely affected by reducing the embryo concentration over this range (P < 0.001), with approximately 82.5% of ISF zygotes developing to blastocysts at highest concentration but only 22.3% at the lowest. For IVF zygotes the corresponding results were 46.3% and 5.2%. The number of cells in each blastocyst from 2-cell embryos was significantly higher than that from ISF and IVF group. The media supplementing Platelet-activating factor (PAF) caused a significant increase in the rate of blastocyst development of IVF zygotes at embryo concentration of 1 embryo/10 microliters (10 ng/ml) and 1 embryo/100 microliters (100 ng/ml). Insulin-like growth factor (IGF) (10 ng/ml) also stimulated development of IVF zygotes when they were cultured at the concentration of 1 embryo/10 microliters. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) was no effect over range of 1-1000 ng/ml to embryo development. The results show that factors necessary for normal embryo development are diluted to suboptimal levels during culture at low embryo concentration. The PAF, IGF-I partially compensate the effects of low embryo concentration during culture and play important roles as autocrine embryotrophic factors.     

人体胚胎发育概况与新进展（二）：人胚早期发育

第1—8周是人胚早期发育阶段,又称胚期。在这个时期,受精卵经过分裂,增殖和分化,形成桑椹胚、胚泡,进而分化形成内、中、外三胚层,胚胎变成圆柱形及主要器官系统的雏形。另外,此期的胚胎发育对环境的影响十分敏感,在某些有害因素(如病毒、药物等)的作用下较易发生先天性畸形。第1周卵裂、胚泡形成与植入受精卵从输卵管向子宫方向的运行中,不断进行分裂、增殖的过程称为卵裂,卵裂产生的细胞称卵裂球。第一次卵裂是在受精后的30小时左右发生,以后每10几小时卵裂一次,第3天时形成一个由12—16个卵裂球构成的实心胚,称桑椹胚。桑椹胚继续细胞分裂并由     

动物胚胎发育讲座（五）─—两栖类胚胎的器官发生（续）

动物胚胎发育讲座（五）─—两栖类胚胎的器官发生（续）张天荫（山东大学生物学系济南２５０１００）４感官的发生４．ｌ眼的发生３个脑泡形成后,前脑泡两侧就问外突出２个视囊,后者与前脑泡连接处产生一缢束,此为视柄。视囊外层发生内陷,成为一双层杯状物,这就是视...     

家兔早期胚胎细胞发育能力的研究

The developmental potential of rabbit embryonic cells was studied through making chimera by separate introduction of inner cell mass from 96-h-old p. c., 120-h-old p. c., and 144-h-old p. c. of grey rabbits into 96-h-old p. c. blastocysts of New Zealand white rabbits. A total of five overt chimeras were obtained including two fertile males, two fertile females and one sterile male, from the ICM cells of 96-h-old and 120-h-old embryos but none was obtained from 144-h-old cells. Histological examination of the gonad showed that the sterile chimera derived from 120-h-old ICM cells with an ovotestis on both sides. Follicles and seminiferous tubules developed in the cortex and medulla of the gonad, respectively. Neither of them developed into functional germ cells. Analysis of karyotypes of peripheral blood showed that both XX and XY coexisted in lymphocytes. These results indicated that the sterile male chimera was a XX/XY sex chimera derived from ICM cells of donor and recipients with different sex, so as to the chimera with XX and XY genotypic cells. From the results mentioned above we may conclude that the ICM cells at 120-h-old p. c. are still pluripotential, they can not only participate in development into somatic components but also develop into germ cells. The potential of 144-h-old p. c. ICM cells seems to be rather restricted.     

模拟微重力环境对昆明小鼠早期胚胎体外发育的影响（简报）

In order to investigate the development of Kunming mouse preimplantation embryos cultured in vitro under simulated microgravtiy, one-cell and 4-cell embryos of Kunming mouse (Fertilization In Situ) were cultured in CZB or KSOM media under simulated microgravity or normal gravity environment respectively. The results showed that under normal gravity, the percentage of passing 2-cell development block embryos was not different in CZB with in KSOM, but the percentage of blastocysts was lower in CZB than that in KSOM significantly. The percentages of passing 2-cell development block embryos and blastocysts in CZB or KSOM were lower under simulated microgravity than those under normal gravity. It is suggested that the frequency of early embryonic lethality is possibly increased by simulated microgravity.     

翼手目动物特殊的生殖策略：胚胎延迟植入和延迟发育

介绍了胚胎延迟植入和延迟发育现象在翼手目动物中的分布、产生的原因和意义及延迟植入和延迟发育的机制,并对将来的研究方向进行了展望。     

Hedgehog基因家族与动物发育及发育异常

Hedgehog蛋白是在果蝇中首先发现的分泌蛋白,在脊椎动物中一些Hedgehog类似物已经被鉴定出来,形成一个Hedgehog蛋白家族。Hedgehog家族与动物发育的许多过程有关,包括与果蝇幼虫体节极性的形成及成虫附肢等器官的形成有关。在脊椎动物胚胎诱导、模式形成和许多不同组织的形态发生中起作用。另外,hedgehog通路的异常活化可以导致发育异常及基底细胞痣综合征和前脑无裂畸变等一些严重的疾病的发生。     

小鼠电融合四倍体胚胎早期发育的研究

多倍体发育现象在低等动物,尤其是在无脊椎动物中比较普遍,在哺乳动物中多倍体往往发育到胚胎早期就死亡,因而在自然界中不能存活。探讨哺乳类四倍体不能存活的原因是当今生物学研究的热点问题之一。目前,电融合技术是大量获得四倍体胚胎的主要手段。本以8－12周龄昆明小白鼠为实验对象,取其2－细胞胚胎于Whitten氏液中进行电融合,再移入CZB液中培养。电刺激的条件分别为：1．0kv/cm,40μs,和0．8kv/cm,80μs。对融合胚发育的状态、细胞数目及染色体组成等进行观察的结果表明,融合胚培养24小时后发育到4－细胞期,并发生致密化（Tab.1)。融合胚的囊胚形成时间与体内发育的同期胚胎及体外培养的同期二倍体胚胎基本一致（Tab,2;Fig.1)。融合囊胚的细胞数平均为13．0±4．95,显（P＜0．01）少于体外发育囊胚（37．0±5．92）和体内发育囊胚（41．6±2．4）的细胞数（Tab.3)。融合胚各个分裂相的染色体数目分布情况见Fig.2,其四倍体（4n＝80）率为42．86％,非整倍体率达57．14％。而对照组的体内发育囊胚的非整倍体率仅为11．54％;（Tab.4),与Kaufman的结果（12．4％）很接近,说明本实验中的染色体制备技术和分析方法是可行的。融合囊胚的细胞数目减少和高发的非整倍体率可能是四倍体胚胎发育能力差的原因。