磁共振胰胆管成像联合血清CA125、CA19-9、CEA对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值

摘要 目的：研究磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）联合血清糖类抗原125（CA125）、糖类抗原19-9（CA19-9）、癌胚抗原（CEA）对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。方法：将医院从2018年1月～2020年2月期间收治的90例良恶性梗阻性黄疸患者纳入研究。将其按照良恶性的差异分为良性梗阻性黄疸51例以及恶性梗阻性黄疸39例。分别对所有患者进行MRCP检测,并分析良恶性梗阻性黄疸MRCP影像学表现特征的差异。此外,采集所有患者清晨空腹静脉血,检测血清CA125、CA19-9、CEA水平并进行对比。通过受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析明确MRCP联合血清CA125、CA19-9、CEA对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值。结果：恶性梗阻性黄疸部位为十二指肠乳头区人数占比明显高于良性梗阻性黄疸,而胰头上区、胰头区人数占比均明显低于良性梗阻性黄疸;且恶性梗阻性黄疸梗阻重度扩张人数占比明显高于良性梗阻性黄疸,而梗阻轻度扩张人数占比明显低于良性梗阻性黄疸,差异均有统计学意义（均P＜0.05）。恶性梗阻性黄疸患者血清CA125、CEA水平均明显高于良性梗阻性黄疸患者（均P＜0.05）;而两组血清CA19-9水平对比不明显（P＞0.05）。MRCP联合血清CA125、CA19-9、CEA诊断良恶性梗阻性黄疸的曲线下面积、灵敏度、特异度、约登指数均明显高于MRCP和血清CA125、CA19-9、CEA单独诊断。结论：MRCP联合血清CA125、CA19-9、CEA对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的诊断价值较高,值得临床推广应用。     

Usefulness of bile cytology in the diagnostic management of patients with biliary tract obstruction

Eighteen patients with evidence of biliary tract obstruction had a total of 29 satisfactory bile samples submitted for diagnostic cytology during a two-year period. These 29 specimens were reviewed in order to determine if bile cytology is useful in the diagnostic management of patients with obstructive biliary tract disease. Twenty-one of the bile specimens were from patients with malignant biliary stricture, and eight were from patients with benign biliary obstruction. Bile cytology was positive for carcinoma in eight samples from patients with malignant stricture and was inconclusive for malignancy in two. There were no false positives. The diagnostic specificity of bile cytology was 100%, the diagnostic sensitivity was 48%, and the diagnostic accuracy was 62%. When carefully collected and promptly processed, bile proved an excellent specimen for cytologic evaluation and was a valuable adjunct to other diagnostic procedures for the detection of carcinoma causing biliary tract obstruction.     

梗阻性黄疸MRCP 的循证和临床研究

目的：通过meta、ROC分析以及按病变部位、性质进行的亚组分析分析对目前诊断梗阻性黄疸的非侵入性影像诊断方法（US,Cr和MRCP）进行对比研究。方法：1、采用medline检索。纳入标准为：（a）US、CT和MRCP诊断梗阻性黄疸性疾病的文献（b）病理检查、术中所见或临床、实验室检查结果作为诊断金标准。（c）能够直接或间接获得每个影像方法的真、假阳性数,真、假阴性数。提取数据、文献质量评估通过kappa分析进行一致性检验。统计分析采用漏斗图、SROC分析方法以及协变量分析。2、疑胆胰系疾患接受MRCP检查患者105例,其中同时做US检查者65例。另有同期Cr资料59例,其中同时做US检查者31例。盲法与金标准对比,计算出各诊断方法的真阳性率和假阳性率,ROC分析其诊断效能。同时按病变部位、性质分别计算MR-CP、US及Cr的敏感度、特异度和似然比等指标进行比较分析。结果：1、漏斗图US相关文献分布形状略不规则,CT、MRCP相关文献分布形状类似漏斗形。SROC曲线图MRCP线最靠近左上角,诊断效能高于US和CT、MRCP的Q^＊值（0．9256）高于US（0.8765）和CT（0.8606）。三者间经检验无显著性差别,MRCP和cT问检验Z=0、33,双侧P〉0、25。协变量分析未见对诊断效能有显著性影响因素。2、ROC分析显示,MRCP的曲线最靠近左上角,US次之,Cr在最下面,三者的曲线下面积（Az）分别为0．985,0．981．0、901,均大于0、9,MRCP与Cr间离均差（Z）为0．75,双侧P〉0、25。MRCP、US和Cr诊断胆胰系恶性占位、结石的敏感度分别为100％、83％、82％;92％、71％、76％。经检验,MRCP与US和CT间有显著性差异,P〈0．05。结论：经meta、ROC分析,认为MRCP在诊断梗阻性黄疸疾病中具有优势,诊断效能高于US和Cr。     

Percutaneous transhepatic intrabiliary intervention in patients with cholestasis

Percutaneous transhepatic paracentesis of the biliary ducts with ultrafine needles may be included into the list of recent great advances of roentgenology. It drastically enhances the efficiency of radiation diagnosis of obstructive diffuse jaundice. The diagnostic value of this technique was even higher than that of computed tomography and, the more, ultrasound diagnosis. The potentialities of simultaneous biliary duct catheterization have expanded the range of the procedure and made it possible to combine diagnosis with the therapeutical manipulation decompression of a suprastenotic part of the dilated biliary tree.     

CA 19-9 assay in patients with extrahepatic cholestatic jaundice

Serum concentrations of the CA 19-9 tumour marker were determined in 35 patients with histologically proven bilio-pancreatic malignancies associated with obstructive jaundice and in 35 patients with benign extrahepatic jaundice due to choledocholithiasis. At a cut-off level of 37 U/ml the sensitivity of this assay was 82.8%, but the specificity was very low (45.7%). Thus CA 19-9 can not be employed to differentiate between malignant and benign extrahepatic jaundice. Serial samples of CA 19-9 were achieved in 7 patients with benign and in 6 patients with malignant biliary obstruction, before and after the disappearance of jaundice. Serum concentrations of this tumour-antigen returned to normal concurrently with the bilirubin values only in patients with benign obstruction, remaining unchanged in all cases of malignancies. The data suggest that patients with extrahepatic jaundice should be evaluated by other examinations or by collecting serial samples for this assay.     

梗阻性黄疸患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术后胆道感染的病原菌分布、耐药性及影响因素分析

目的:探讨梗阻性黄疸患者经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)术后胆道感染病原菌分布、耐药性以及导致术后胆道感染的影响因素。方法:选择2016年3月至2019年10月我院收治的310例行ERCP治疗的梗阻性黄疸患者,根据ERCP术后是否发生胆道感染将其分为感染组(50例)和未感染组(260例)。检测胆道感染患者病原菌种类及其耐药性,多元Logistic回归分析影响梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后胆道感染的影响因素。结果:ERCP术后胆道感染发生率为16.13%,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌是主要致病菌,检出率分别为40.79%、13.16%、9.21%、6.58%。大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌对头孢类、氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率高,粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌对利福平、喹诺酮类抗生素耐药率高,大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、粪肠球菌、屎肠球菌均对利奈唑胺、亚胺培南敏感。多元Logistic回归分析结果显示,恶性病变、ERCP2次及以上、胆胰管汇流异常、术后胆管引流不畅是梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后胆道感染的危险因素(P0.05),术后预防性使用抗生素是保护因素(P0.05)。结论:梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP术后存在一定胆道感染风险,革兰氏阴性菌是主要致病菌,临床应注重对高危因素预防,有必要术后选择敏感抗生素预防性治疗。     

磁共振胰胆管成像联合增强扫描在壶腹周围病变中的价值

目的探讨磁共振胰胆管成像（MRCP）在壶腹周围病变中的应用价值。方法采用重T2加权MR水成像技术对63例患者行MRCP检查,图像经三维最大信号强度投影（3DMIP）后处理。结果63例患者中,3例为正常,60例发现不同程度病变,其中肿瘤患者36例（9例肝门区原发性胆管细胞癌、2例肝门转移癌、5例原发性肝癌、4例肝外胆管癌、5例壶腹癌、8例胰头癌、3例十二指肠癌）,灵敏度为93．2％;结石患者16例（6例胆总管结石、6例胆囊结石、4例肝总管结石）,灵敏度为89．5％;炎症患者8例（3例胆管炎、3例胰腺炎、2例十二指肠憩室合并感染）,灵敏度为83．2％。均与病理或临床诊断无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。结论MRCP可准确显示胆管梗阻部位,明确病变性质,对非梗阻性胆胰疾病,MRCP可显示病变与周围脏器的毗邻关系,但不能脱离MRI平扫和增强,是后者的一种有效补充。     

Grey-scale ultrasonography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography in biliary tract disease.

Fifty-one patients with suspected obstructive jaundice and 14 without jaundice in whom disease of the biliary tract was suspected but infusion cholangiography had been unhelpful were examined by grey-scale ultrasonography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and the findings analysed retrospectively. Grey-scale ultrasonography distinguished between obstructive and hepatocellular jaundice in 35 out of 46 patients (76%) and indicated the site of the obstruction in 27 (58%) and the cause of the obstruction in 13 (28%). Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography distinguished between obstructive and hepatocellular jaundice in 42 of the patients (91%) and indicated the site of the obstruction in 42 (91%) and the cause in 29 (63%). In the 14 patients without jaundice percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography showed bile-duct stones in one an ampullary stenosis in three. It is concluded that grey-scale ultrasonography and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography are complementary examinations and that ultrasonography should always be undertaken first as it is a non-invasive procedure that may provide the surgeon with all the diagnostic information he requires. Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography should be performed when grey-scale ultrasonography has shown dilated bile ducts but failed to provide adequate diagnostic information. Cholangiography is also required when preoperative percutaneous drainage of the bile duct is contemplated. In those patients in whom grey-scale ultrasonography shows non-dilated ducts endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography is probably the contract examination of choice.     

Brushing cytology in biliary tract obstruction

During a period of eight years (1980 to 1987), cytologic samples were obtained by brushing and reverse screw devices from 54 patients undergoing transhepatic cholangiography for evaluation of obstructive jaundice. Eight patients were excluded from this study, seven for inadequate follow-up and one because of unsatisfactory cytologic material. Of the remaining cases, 32 were cytologically diagnosed as adenocarcinomas; all but one patient proved to have malignant disease by histologic examination and/or through clinical follow-up. These included 21 pancreatic carcinomas, 6 bile duct carcinomas, 1 ampullary carcinoma, 1 gallbladder carcinoma and 2 metastatic carcinomas. In one case, the diagnosis of malignancy was found to be in error upon review of the cytologic smears. Of 14 patients with negative cytologic diagnoses, 7 were found to have malignant neoplasms and 7 had benign diseases. These findings indicate that, while a positive cytologic diagnosis is a reliable indicator of a malignant biliary obstruction, a negative result does not exclude malignancy.     

内镜下逆行胰胆管造影置放胆道支架治疗恶性梗阻性 黄疸98 例疗效分析

目的:探讨内镜下逆行胰胆管造影置放胆道支架对恶性胆道梗阻的疗效及并发症的防治。方法:选择2008年2月至2011年9月我院收治的无法手术切除或不愿手术的恶性胆道梗阻患者98例,通过放置内置支架引流观察其操作成功率、支架通畅期和退黄效果、并发症发生情况及其防治效果和患者生存期等。结果:98例患者中有88例成功通过置入胆道内置引流管,成功率为89.8%,并发症发生率为11.22%,所有成功患者术后1周黄疸明显减退,支架平均通畅期137天,患者平均生存期为163天。结论:行胆道内置支架引流创伤小,并发症少,通畅性能好,可持久有效地控制黄疸,有效缓解病情,改善全身情况,明显延长恶性胆道梗阻患者的生存期。     

Computed tomography in the diagnosis of mechanic jaundice complicated with diseases of the distal common bile duct]

Computerized tomography (CT) is a noninvasive indirect method of instrumental investigation for imaging the liver, bile ducts and the adjacent organs. CT enables one to confirm objectively the mechanical nature of jaundice, to assess a degree and level of involvement of the biliary tract, to assess the nature and spreading of disease. CT sensitivity for the diagnosis of pancreatic head cancer was 78.8%, specificity-91.3%, that for choledocholithiasis--84.6%, specificity--96.7%. CT in jaundice made it possible to establish diagnosis at various levels of accuracy: from differentiation of mechanical and parenchymatous jaundices to preliminary assessment of malignant tumor resectability facilitating a choice of surgical tactics.     

Differential ultrasonic diagnosis of jaundice

Multiprojection ultrasound investigation was performed in 87 patients with jaundice. Echography was shown to be an effective method of differential diagnosis of parenchymatous and obstructive jaundice. The accuracy of ultrasound introscopy in the detection of parenchymatous jaundice was 84.3%, that in the detection of mechanical jaundice was 100% (the general accuracy being 85.7%). The authors proposed an algorithm for the use of ultrasound tomography, x-ray and clinico-instrumental methods in differential diagnosis of jaundice of different etiology.     

Pruritus and Jaundice

The records of 147 patients who had pruritus and jaundice (11% of a series of 1262 patients with jaundice) were reviewed in an effort to delineate more clearly the etiology of jaundice associated with pruritus.Fifty-two had obstructive jaundice caused by neoplasm, 51 had obstructive jaundice not caused by neoplasm, 42 had pruritus associated with hepatogenous jaundice, and two had jaundice and pruritus associated with a lymphoma.Pruritus occurred in 17% of all patients with non-neoplastic obstructive jaundice and in 45% of patients with neoplastic obstructive jaundice. Hepatogenous jaundice was the cause of pruritus in almost one-third of the patients in this series-occurring in 20% of patients with infectious hepatitis and in 7% of patients with cirrhosis.This large series confirms the clinical impression that pruritus occurs most often in association with extrahepatic biliary obstruction, and as well re-emphasizes the common association of pruritus with hepatogenous jaundice.     

Balance—FFE序列在胆管磁共振检查中的应用

目的：探讨磁共振平衡式稳态自由进动梯度回波序列（Balance—FFE）在胆管疾病中的应用价值。方法：92例胆管病变患者均进行了冠状面的Balance—FFE序列扫描和磁共振胰胆管造影（MRCP）。将Balance-FFE的图像和3DMRCP像及MRCP原始图像对病变的显示率进行X。检验。结果：胆管系统在Balance—FFE序列中呈明显高信号,并能直接显示胆管结石和胆管狭窄,还能显示胆管外病变和胰腺病变,对周围淋巴结的显示也比较清楚。经x^2检验,Balance—FFE序列和MRCP原始像对胆管系统病变的显示没有统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而3DMRCP像对病变的显示能力不如Balance．FFE序列和MRCP原始像,对胆道病变的显示能力具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：Balance-FFE序列对胆道病变能清晰显示,成像速度快,图像信噪比高,伪影较少,与MRCP结合能提高对胆管系统病变的诊断率,因此Balance-FFE序列应作为胆管疾病磁共振扫描的常规序列,可作为MRCP序列的有效补充。     

腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后MRCP与T管造影的对照研究

摘要 目的：评估磁共振胰胆管造影（Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography, MRCP）是否可以成为腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后T管造影的替代方法。方法：回顾性分析我院普外科自2017年1月至2020年12月收治的胆总管结石患者的临床资料,共收集接受腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术+T管引流术患者263例,将其中拔除T管前行MRCP者54例定为MRCP组,连续选取拔除T管前行T管造影者54例为T管造影组。对两组患者的检查结果、不良反应发生率、住院治疗比例、检查至拔T管时间、抗生素使用率、相关医疗费用等指标进行记录并分析。结果：T管造影组与MRCP组诊断胆总管残余结石的阳性率、假阳性率和准确率无统计学差异（P＞0.05）。T管造影组不良反应发生率、住院治疗比例、检查至拔T管时间、抗生素使用率和相关医疗费用均显著高于MRCP组,两组差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论：MRCP可替代T管造影作为腹腔镜胆总管切开取石术后拔除T管前的诊断方法。     

Transhepatic Cholangiography

Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is a method of visualizing the biliary tree by the injection of radio-opaque medium through the abdominal wall and liver into an intrahepatic bile duct. The procedure is indicated in the immediate preoperative evaluation of patients with obstructive jaundice of unknown etiology and is usually diagnostic in these cases. It may also be of value in avoiding operation in poor-risk patients with obstructive jaundice. Biliary leak resulting in chemical peritonitis is a complication in about 5% of these procedures. Intraperitoneal hemorrhage is a complication in less than 1%. Death results from the procedure in less than 0.5% of cases. Transhepatic cholangiography during surgical operation is of value in demonstrating obstructive lesions of the bile ducts. However, preoperative percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography is preferred, since it makes possible adequate preparation for technically difficult repairs and resections.     

Painless Jaundice Caused by Clonorchis sinensis Infection: A Case Report

A man with only yellowing of the skin and eye sclera was diagnosed with clonorchiasis, which rarely manifested jaundice as the initial symptom. However, because of a lack of evidence for a diagnostic gold standard, the time until definitive diagnosis was more than a week. The diagnostic process relied on inquiring about the patient’s history, including the place of residence, dietary habits, and symptoms, as well as on serological findings, an imaging examination, and pathological findings. MRCP and CT results showed mild dilatation of intrahepatic ducts and increased periductal echogenicity. The eggs were ultimately found in stool by water sedimentation method after the negative report through direct smear. DNA sequencing of PCR production of the eggs demonstrated 98-100% homology with ITS2 of Clonorchis sinensis. After anti-parasite medical treatment, the patient’s symptoms were gradually relieved. Throughout the diagnostic procedure, besides routine examinations, the sedimentation method or concentration method could be used as a sensitive way for both light and heavy C. sinensis infection in the definite diagnosis.     

Intraductal Radiofrequency Ablation Followed by Locoregional Tumor Treatments for Treating Occluded Biliary Stents in Non-Resectable Malignant Biliary Obstruction: A Single-Institution Experience

Objectives

To determine the safety and feasibility of intraductal radiofrequency ablation (RFA) followed by locoregional tumor treatments in patients with non-resectable malignant biliary obstruction and stent re-occlusion.

Methods

Fourteen patients with malignant biliary obstruction and blocked metal stents were studied retrospectively. All had intraductal RFA followed by locoregional tumor treatments and were monitored clinically and radiologically. The practicality, safety, postoperative complications, jaundice remission, stent patency and survival time were analyzed.

Results

Combination treatment was successful for all patients. There were no severe complications during RFA or local treatments. All patients had stent patency restored, with a decline in serum bilirubin. Three patients had recurrent jaundice by 195, 237 and 357 days; two patients underwent repeat intraductal RFA; and one required an internal-external biliary drain. The average stent patency time was 234 days (range 187-544 days). With a median follow-up of 384 days (range 187-544 days), six patients were alive, while eight had died. There was no mortality at 30 days. The 3, 6, 12 and 18 month survival rates were 100%, 100%, 64.3% and 42.9%, respectively.

Conclusion

Intraductal RFA followed by locoregional tumor treatments for occluded metal stents is safe and practically feasible and potential increase stent patency and survival times.     

Biliary tract brush cytology

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively review brush smears obtained during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) primarily from the biliary tree. STUDY DESIGN: A total of 175 specimens from 147 patients were included in the study. The smears, prepared directly from the endoscopic brush, were stained by the Papanicolaou technique and analyzed for standard cytologic features. RESULTS: The smears were categorized into benign/reactive, significant atypia and suspicious/positive. The consistent features seen in suspicious or positive smears were tightly cohesive, small, three-dimensional cell clusters that formed cell balls. The cells in the clusters displayed features of malignant cells. CONCLUSION: ERCP-guided brushing is a safe diagnostic procedure for the evaluation of biliary tree lesions. Small, three-dimensional epithelial clusters with marked atypia signify malignancy and warrant the diagnosis of a malignant neoplasm even when only one or two such clusters are seen in the smears. Single cells, cytoplasmic vacuoles and prominent nucleoli are not essential for a diagnosis of malignancy.     

超声造影和超声弹性成像在甲状腺良恶性结节鉴别诊断中的临床价值

目的:探讨超声造影与超声弹性成像鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2011年1月-2013年6月我院经病理证实的128例甲状腺占位性病变患者(160个结节)的超声影像学资料,其中恶性结节68个,良性占位92个,评估实时超声造影与超声弹性成像诊断甲状腺良性与恶性结节的敏感性、特异性、准确率、阳性预测值及阴性预测值。结果:甲状腺良性结节超声造影检查以快进慢出、高增强为主;恶性结节以慢进快出、低增强为主。超声造影诊断甲状腺良、恶性结节的灵敏度、特异度与阳性预测值、阴性预测值及其诊断符合率分别为91.18%、92.39%、91.18%、93.41%、91.88%;超声弹性成像分别为89.71%、90.22%、87.14%、92.22%、90.00%,联合检查分别为94.12%、95.65%、94.12%、95.65%、95.00%,均高于常规超声的57.35%、72.83%、60.94%、69.79%、65.63%,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05);联合检查灵敏度、符合率明显高于超声造影与超声弹性成像单一检查,比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:超声造影与超声弹性成像在鉴别诊断甲状腺良恶性结节中均具有较高的应用价值,两种方法联合检查灵敏度及准确性更高。