青藏高原大田青稞叶片的净化合速率日变化

青稞是喜凉耐寒型作物 ,在我国青藏高原广为栽培 ,适宜高海拔清凉的气候环境[1 ] 。尽管青稞在西藏有悠久的种植历史 ,但由于地理条件的限制 ,对其光合作用特性的研究国内迄今尚无报道。本研究以西藏雅鲁藏布江河谷自然条件下生长的大田青稞为材料 ,就其净光合速率日变化进行了研究分析。1　材料和方法1 .1　材料及种植条件　　青稞 ( H.vulgare L.var.nudum)于 4月下旬播种在西藏日喀则市江当农业试验开发区内 ( 2 9°N,89°E) ,海拔 3 860 m,年平均气温 6.3℃ ,土质为江滩沙壤土。按当地常规方式 ,大田播种前土壤充分灌溉 ;待土壤田间持…     

Identification and expression analysis of miRNAs in germination and seedling growth of Tibetan hulless barley

Germination and seedling growth are crucial for plant development and agricultural production. While, the regulatory mechanisms during these processes in Tibetan hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum) are not well understood. Given the regulatory roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in crop plants and the irreplaceability of barley in the highland area of China, we herein presented a genome-wide survey of miRNAs to reveal a potential regulatory network in the early developmental stages of two Tibetan hulless barleys, from which a total of 156 miRNAs was identified including 35 known and 121 novel ones. Six of the identified novel miRNAs were further experimentally validated. According to the evolutionary analysis, miR156, miR166, miR168, and miR171 were conserved across Tibetan hulless barleys and eight other seed plants. Expression profiles of ten known miRNAs showed that they were involved in phytohormone signaling, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, as well as juvenile-adult transition during barley development. Moreover, a total of 1280 genes targeted by 101 miRNAs were predicted from both barley libraries. Three genes (PLN03212, MATE eukaryotic, and GRAS) were validated via the RNA ligase-mediated 5′-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RLM-5' RACE) to be the targets of hvu-miR159a, hvu-miR166a, and hvu-miR171-3p, respectively. Based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of putative targets, the most abundant pathways were related to “metabolism”.These results revealed that miRNA-target pairs participating in the regulation of multigene expression and the embryonic development of Tibetan hulless barleys were controlled by complex mechanisms involving the concordant expression of different miRNAs and feedback loops among miRNAs as well as their targets. The study provides insight into the regulatory network of barley miRNAs for better understanding of miRNA functions during germination and seedling growth.     

RAPD markers in diversity detection and variety identification of Tibetan hulless barley

RAPD markers were generated from 6 groups of Tibetan hulless barley (23 varieties): Lasagoumang, QB, Zangqing, Guoluo, Dongqing, and Hymalayia. Of the 48 fragments generated by 5 selected primers (among 68 primers), 44 appeared to be polymorphic (92%). Cluster analysis was performed (RAPDistance 1.04). The 23 varieties were divided into 2 groups, and the molecular foundation of genetic diversity was explored. In addition, to identify the varieties, one DNA fingerprint was constructed based on 17 bands amplified with S32 and 2 bands with S18. A specific RAPD fragment can be used to select for high and low β-glucan content varieties. Supported by the important program of Ministry of Science and Technology of P.R. China, “The Construction of Key Animal & Plant Resource System of Southwest China”.     

Species richness and species composition of fungal communities associated with cellulose decomposition at different altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau

Aims The aims of this study were to compare the fungal communities developing on cotton strips at three different altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau and to assess the environmental variables influencing them.Methods Cotton strips that had been buried in soil for a year were sampled at three sites at different altitudes (4500, 4950 and 5200 m) located on a southeast-facing slope on the Nyainqentanglha Mountains near Damxung. The fungi on the cotton strips were isolated using a modified washing method. The decomposition abilities and colony growth properties of the major species cultured in pure-culture conditions were investigated and compared. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to evaluate the relationships between fungal community composition and environmental variables (altitude, soil depth, soil water content [SWC], plant root mass and gravel content).Important findings A total of 24 species were isolated from the cotton strips, and 12 species occurred frequently and were regarded as major species. The number of fungal species was lower at the 4950-m altitude site than at the other two sites, indicating that not only altitude but also other factors affected the number of species present. All of the major species were able to decompose the cotton strips. In the CCA ordination, automatic forward selection revealed that altitude, SWC and plant root mass significantly affected fungal species composition. Our results suggest that species number and the composition of cellulolytic fungal communities are highly correlated with environmental variables as well as altitude in the alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.     

Salicylic acid decreases the levels of dehydrin-like proteins in Tibetan hulless barley leaves under water stress

The effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the accumulation of dehydrins in leaves of Tibetan hulless barley seedlings under water stress were investigated. The results indicated that SA decreased the levels of the four dehydrin-like proteins induced by water stress. The concentrations of these dehydrin-like proteins increased under water stress. However, their levels in SA-pretreated seedlings were always lower than in those receiving only water stress. Our results also indicated that the levels of dehydrin-like proteins decreased as the SA concentration increased. In SA-pretreated seedlings, electrolyte leakage, MDA and H2O2 content were rather higher than in seedlings receiving only water stress. By these results, we suggest that lower levels of dehydrin-like proteins in seedlings with SA treatment may be due to the greater accumulation of H2O2 induced by SA, which causes more oxidative injury under water stress.     

青藏高原主要植被类型生物生产量的比较研究

以１８种群落类型的实测为数据和１０１３块森林测树样地的估算数据为基础,首次系统地分析和比较了青藏高原主要植被类型生物生产量的构成规律及分布格局。亚高山暗针叶 生物量一般在３００ｔ／ｈｍ＾２以上,最高可达约１６００ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,叶生物量８～３９ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,根茎比０．１～０．２,生产量８～１３ｔ／ｈｍ＾２．ａ;高山灌丛类型生物量２０～４０ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,叶生物量３～６ｔ／ｈｍ＾２,根茎比０．４～０．８     

青藏高原不同海拔梯度2种莎草科牧草模拟体外消化率研究

利用大板山北坡 32 0 0 m～ 380 0 m的海拔梯度 ,分别在 32 0 0 m、340 0 m、360 0 m和380 0 m处选取矮嵩草 ( Kobresia humilis)、黑褐苔草 ( Carex alrofusca) 2种青藏高原重要莎草科牧草 ,并用二级离体培养法模拟测定其体外消化率 ,1 999和 2 0 0 0年的测定结果发现 ,随着海拔升高牧草体外消化率呈增加的趋势 ,海拔高度从 32 0 0 m升高到 380 0 m,矮嵩草叶、矮嵩草茎、黑褐苔草叶、黑褐苔草茎的体外消化率分别增加了 8.30和 4.48、8.45和 5 .0 3、1 0 .94和 9.5 8、7.85和 8.0 9个百分点。显著性分析结果表明 ,牧草体外消化率与牧草所生长的海拔     

Patterns of plant diversity at high altitudes on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Aims To describe the biodiversity patterns of plants along an altitudinal gradient on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau and to clarify the bias in plant specimen records at high altitude.Methods We conducted a large-scale investigation of vegetation at a wide range of altitudes, focusing on a high-altitudinal range (3?200–5?200 m) at different locations on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We then compared the altitudinal distribution of plant species obtained from our field investigation with that in plant specimen records from published sources and an online database.Important findings Our data provide evidence that altitude plays a large role in regulating species composition on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. We could not, however, detect a clear relationship between altitude and species richness, although a weak monotonically increasing trend of richness was detected with increasing altitude. According to specimen records, most species have been sampled at a wide range of altitudes, and the average range of 145 species is>2?000 m. Despite this wide range, more than half of the species we observed were at higher altitudes than the specimen records indicate. High-altitude areas have probably been so poorly sampled that only a small fraction of the resident species has been recorded. This study clearly shows the regional bias of specimen records in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

Molecular characterization and comparative analysis of two waxy alleles in barley

Two alleles of the barley waxy locus were characterized from non-waxy cultivar Bowman and waxy cultivar CDC Candle, respectively. Their nucleotide and protein sequences were compared with other known waxy genes. The comparison results indicated that there were 100 polymorphic sites, among which 69 were in the non-coding region and 31 were in the coding region. Out of 100 polymorphic sites, 45 were trans-version, 35 were transition and 20 were indels. A 397 bp deletion and a 193 bp insertion in the promoter region and a 15 bp insertion in the coding region were found in CDC Candle, but not in Bowman. A deletion (11 bp) was detected in Bowman, which exhibited no effects on normal waxy expression. In summary, the 397 bp deletion was supposed to account for the reduction of GBSS I, resulting in the low amylose in CDC Candle; whereas other polymorphic sites might be not correlated with amylose synthesis.     

Cloning and expression of a new Tibetan hulless barley (Hordeum vulgare) beta-1,3-glucanase gene

A new full-length -1,3-glucanase cDNA was obtained by RT-PCR and RACE techniques from Tibet hulless barley and its complete gene sequence obtained by DNA Walking. Sequence alignment with the BLAST program showed that cDNA has high similarity with barley -1,3-glucanase II. The gene was functionally expressed in E. coli and the recombinant protein catalysed the hydrolysis of -1,3-glucan with an action pattern characteristic of a -1,3-glucan endohydrolase (EC 3.2.1.39). Southern blot analysis indicated that the gene is a member of a small gene family. RT-PCR and northern blot analysis indicated it is constitutively expressed in barley shoots.     

Pigment and quinone content of two photosynthetic barley mutants

The pigment and quinone content of wild-type barley ( Hordeum vulgare L., cv. Svalöfs Bonus) and of two photosynthetic mutants was assayed. Wild type plants and the photosystem Hacking mutant viridis zb63 contained chlorophyll a and b. whereas chlorina-f2 contained only chlorophyll a The inability of the mutant chlorina-f2 to convert chlorophyll a into chlorophyll a appears to he the primary effect of the mutation. In both mutants, the carotenoid composition was virtually identical to that of the wild type. As compared to the wild type. chlorina-f2 contained less lutein and neoxanthin. The mutant viridis-zb63 contained less β-carotene but more antheraxanthin and xeaxanthin than the wild type. The quinone content and composition of the wild type and the photosynthetic mutants was similar, and both mutants biosynthesized plastid quinones and chromanols starting from [14C]-labeled tyrosine. The data indicate that carotenoid and quinone biosynthesis are not altered in the two mutants as compared to the wild type.     

青稞C4H基因的克隆及组织表达分析

为揭示大麦中黄酮合成的分子调控机制,利用反转录PCR结合同源克隆和RACE技术首次从青稞(裸大麦)叶片中克隆获得肉桂酸-4-羟化酶基因(HvC4H)的全长cDNA序列(Genbank登录号:KF927086),总长度1951 bp,ORF为1518 bp,编码505个氨基酸,等电点PI=9.01,平均亲水指数(GRAVY)为-0.170,属于亲水性碱性蛋白,高级结构分析表明其具有细胞色素P450家族保守域及C4H特异的功能性活性位点。利用实时荧光定量PCR分析胚乳发育5个时期不同组织(茎、叶及子粒)的表达情况,结果显示HvC4H基因在青稞胚乳发育期的表达情况存在着明显的组织差异性,在茎中的表达量最高。本研究为通过调控C4H基因的表达从而提高大麦黄酮的含量奠定了分子生物学基础,对于改良大麦的品质、抗性、生长发育等性状具有重要意义。     

Local floras of the northwestern Putorana Plateau: A comparative analysis

The study has revealed the diversity of vascular plants in two altitudinal belts in the upper reaches of the Kygam, Morgel’, and Lontoko rivers. Life forms and geography and ecology of the floras were analyzed for each vegetative belt. Species compositions of the three local floras were compared. The results showed that the Lontoko goletz and subgoletz belts are floristically different from the Kygam and Morgel’ goletz and subgoletz belts. According to the percentages of latitudinal elements, the Kygam floras are more similar to either Lontoko or Morgel’ floras than the latter are to each other. According to the percentages of species ecological groups and life forms, the Lontoko goletz and subgoletz belts are floristically similar to the Kygam goletz and subgoletz belts and different from the Morgel’ goletz and subgoletz belts.     

青藏高原不同海拔矮嵩草抗氧化系统的比较

对生长在青藏高原不同海拔自然生境下的多年生典型抗寒植物—矮嵩草(Kobresia humilis)的抗氧化系统进行了比较研究。结果表明,矮嵩草的叶组织中,非酶抗氧化系统物质脯氨酸(Pro)和抗坏血酸(AsA),随着海拔升高具有明显的增加趋势。在抗氧化酶系统中,过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性均随海拔的升高,而明显增强。但叶中的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD),随着海拔的升高,其活性有下降趋势,三者变化趋势并不一致。高海拔矮嵩草的植株与低海拔的植株相比,叶细胞内的膜脂过氧化加剧,丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加。细胞可溶性蛋白也随海拔升高显著增加。根中的抗氧化系统变化与叶中的有所不同。根中AsA含量随海拔而显著升高,且较叶中的增加明显,但Pro含量则有所减少。根中的CAT、和POD活性变化与叶中的变化趋势基本一致,且随海拔高度的增加,根中的CAT活性较叶中的变化更为明显。而根中的SOD活性变化不如叶中明显,MDA含量随海拔增高,其变化趋势比叶中的小。可见,青藏高原典型抗寒植物矮嵩草体内的两类抗氧化系统,在不同海拔条件下可能存在互补协同的调节作用,这可能是矮嵩草适应或抵抗高原极端高寒低温和强UV—B辐射等环境胁迫的重要生理机制之一。     

青藏高原微生物多样性研究

正青藏高原被誉为世界屋脊,其内部除平原外还有许多山峰、冰川、高山湖泊和高山沼泽,是生态环境最为奇特、生物资源最为丰富的自然资源宝库之一。同时,青藏高原的微生物群落结构及其多样性与其他区域存在巨大差异,因而具有极高的科学研究价值,并逐渐被人们所关注。研究发现气候变化对青藏高原高寒草地生态系统草丛-地境界面微生物会产生重要的影响[1]。冰川雪藻的研究主要在南部的Yala冰川开展,     

青藏高原草地主要单子叶植物的叶表面特征

采用光学显微镜对青藏高原草地主要单子叶植物的叶表面特征进行观测,并运用one-way ANOVA、Pearson相关及线性回归分析,研究了气孔数量指标的物种间差异性以及气孔数量特征与海拔、生长季均温及生长季降水之间的关系。结果表明:(1)青藏高原草地主要单子叶植物长期受高原气候环境的筛选,形成了一些特有的叶表面共性特征,(a)叶表面细胞有长细胞与短细胞两种类型。长细胞呈规则长方形,排列紧密,纵向相接成行;短细胞呈长方形、方形、近圆形或马鞍形,随机散生、单生或孪生,短细胞形态与分布方式因植物种类而异。(b)气孔多分布于叶片下表面,属于单面分布型气孔。气孔选择性地分布在下表面,可在不影响CO_2同化率的情况下,一定程度上起到限制水分蒸发,避免造成生理干旱的作用。(c)不同物种气孔器形态、保卫细胞及副卫细胞形态表现出较为明显的多态性。保卫细胞近方形、半月形或哑铃形;副卫细胞呈低圆顶形、圆顶形或高圆顶形;气孔器为椭圆形、宽椭圆形或近圆形。(d)气孔器类型均是平列型(paracytic type),由两个副卫细胞与保卫细胞共同构成;副卫细胞与保卫细胞平行,并完全包围保卫细胞。气孔器等间距或不等间距呈直线排列形成"气孔带"。(2)青藏高原草地单子叶植物叶表面的气孔密度(SD)较大,平均为(194.07±4.74)个/mm~2,气孔长度(SL)较小(34.50±0.28)μm,气孔指数(SI)为(18.13±0.31)%,其中SD的变异系数(CV)最大(53.02%),SI的变异系数次之(37.23%),SL的变异系数最小(17.94%)。不同物种间叶表面的SL、SD与SI差异极显著(P0.01)。(3)青藏高原草地单子叶植物叶表面气孔数量特征与环境生态因子显著相关。海拔与叶表面气孔特征呈显著正相关(P0.01),生长季均温与SL之间呈弱正相关(P0.05),与SD、SI之间呈显著负相关(P0.01),生长季降水与SL之间呈显著负相关(P0.01)。具体表现为随海拔升高SL、SD与SI增加,随生长季均温降低SL减小、SD与SI显著增大,而随着生长季降水减少SL变大、SD与SI显著降低。(4)海拔、生长季均温与生长季降水对SL、SD与SI的回归方程分别为Y=0.005X_1+0.878X_2-0.021X_3+12.278、Y=0.046X_1-11.688X_2+0.466X_3-46.391与Y=0.003X_1-0.363X_2+0.009X_3+7.394,回归方程统计检验显著(P0.01);环境生态因子对SD的决定系数最大(R=0.690),SL次之(R=0.557),而对SI的贡献率(R=0.342)相对最小。     

青藏高原草地植物叶解剖特征

运用常规石蜡制片技术对我国青藏高原66种草地植物优势种的叶解剖特征进行研究,并分析了叶解剖特征与海拔、生长季降水及生长季均温之间的关系.结果表明:青藏高原草地植物叶片具有很多适应高寒环境的结构特征,如表皮层厚且表皮细胞大小差异显著,表皮毛等表皮附属物发达,异细胞丰富,通气组织普遍发达等;叶片各组成部分厚度的变异程度不同,其中海绵组织厚度变异最大,其次为上角质层、下表皮层、下角质层、上表皮层、栅栏组织,叶片厚度的变异最小;青藏高原草地植物叶片各组成部分的厚度存在协同进化,上下角质层厚度呈强烈正相关,海绵组织厚度与叶片厚度相关性最强;青藏高原草地植物叶片各组成部分的厚度与海拔、生长季降水、生长季均温3个重要环境变量呈较弱的相关性,总体表现为随海拔升高叶片各组成部分的厚度减小,而随生长季降水和生长季均温的增加叶片厚度增加.