论中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区乌头属植物地理分布特点

本文对乌头属Aconitum L．植物分布区内各地区的分布作了分析,统计了各地区不 同等级分类群的频度,认为中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区是乌头属植物地理分布最大的频度中心、 多样性中心和特有种的分布中心。 文中还讨论了乌头属内的演化关系,以及本属与邻近属的 系统发育关系,发现在中国-喜马拉雅植物亚区既有许多原始类群,又有大量的进化类群,提出 了本亚区不但是本属植物原始类群的保存中心,而且是活跃的分化中心。产生上述结果的原因可能与喜马拉雅山脉的抬升以及本亚区复杂的自然条件有着密切的关系。     

中国轮藻植物区系研究

中国轮藻植物有13种分布区类型,其中以中国特有分布占绝对优势,其它分布类型所占比例较低,说明中国轮藻植物与其它地区轮藻植物联系较少。丽藻属有10种分布区类型,缺少温带特性的分布区类型,如北温带分布、旧世界温带分布,其它分布区类型显示丽藻属主要分布在热带和亚热带地区,而轮藻属有13种分布区类型,温带特性的分布区类型所占比例较高,如旧世界温带分布,其它分布区类型显示轮藻属主要分布在温带地区。     

山茶属植物的进化与分布

山茶属Ｃａｍｅｌｌｉａ植物在其进化过程中,以雄芯不定数、在某些类群中存在心皮离生至合生的中间过渡,认为是山茶科中较原始的一属,分布于亚洲东部和东南部,中国长江以南广袤的亚热带地区是该属的现代分布中心,中南半岛和我国云南、广西南部的热带地区种类虽少,却集中了本属原始或较原始的类群和种类。本属演化上的近缘属或姐妹群－核果茶属Ｐｙｒｅｎａｒｉａ（包括石笔木属Ｔｕｔｃｈｅｒｉａ）分布区大致与本属相似,其原     

四种栎属青冈亚属植物叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育研究

栎属青冈亚属植物的系统发育地位长期存在着争议，部分种的种间关系不明确。为揭示宁冈青冈(Quercus ningangensis)、曼青冈(Q.oxyodon)、毛曼青冈(Q.gambleana)、竹叶青冈(Q.neglecta)的叶绿体基因组特征及系统发育关系，该研究选择以上4种栎属青冈亚属植物的成熟叶片进行二代测序，对其叶绿体基因组结构和特征进行分析，并结合相关类群进行系统发育研究。结果表明：(1)宁冈青冈、曼青冈、毛曼青冈、竹叶青冈的叶绿体基因组序列长度分别为160 906、160 883、160 832、160 784 bp,均编码133个基因，包括88个蛋白质编码基因、37个tRNA基因、8个rRNA基因。(2)4种栎属青冈亚属植物偏好以A/T结尾的密码子，质体基因组变异区域主要存在于非编码序列。(3)通过IR边界分析得出，4种栎属青冈亚属植物存在ycf1假基因且在IRb/SSC区域发生扩张。(4)系统发育分析显示，在壳斗科中，水青冈属(Fagus)和轮叶三棱栎属(Trigonobalanus)较早分化出来，栎亚属(subg.Quercus)未形成一个单系群，叶绿体基因组建树结...     

中国热带、亚热带栎属植物花粉形态多样性及其古气候意义

本研究利用扫描电子显微镜对栎属(Quercus L.)植物中18个种[10种属于栎亚属(Quercus),8种来源于青冈亚属(Cyclobalanopsis)]的花粉进行了详细的外壁纹饰研究。这些栎属植物广泛分布于中国热带和亚热带地区。结果显示,落叶类型栎亚属花粉外壁具有瘤状或分散的瘤状纹饰,常绿类型栎亚属花粉具有棒状或聚合棒状纹饰,青冈亚属花粉具有皱波状、刺状或聚合棒状纹饰。花粉外壁纹饰特征可为栎属花粉化石的属内种级分类提供有效的鉴定依据。大量的现代栎属花粉研究显示,具有棒状纹饰的花粉多源自于分布在高海拔地区的常绿类型栎亚属植物,而具有皱波状和刺状纹饰的花粉多来源于相对低海拔地区分布的青冈亚属植物。在古环境重建中,栎属化石花粉的形态多样性不仅可以帮助我们可靠地区分关键地层中的常绿和落叶栎属植物,也可能成为指示不同海拔高度的潜在的古气候指标。     

四川贡嘎山地区杜鹃属的地理分布及区系组成

贡嘎山地区位于青藏高原的东南缘,横断山系的东北段,现有杜鹃属植物73种4变种2亚种。在贡嘎山地区东坡的不同垂直高度上分布有43种(包括变、亚种)杜鹃,西坡则分布有63种(包括变、亚种)。贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物的区系组成属于泛北极植物区,大致分为:1、中国-日本森林植物亚区,只有1种杜鹃。2、中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区,有78种(包括4变种, 2亚种),其中(1)1种分布于西藏、云南,并经云南入缅甸分布;(2)44种为四川特产;(3)5种为贡嘎山地区特有种。另外,贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物区系还有其特点:1、贡嘎山地区是杜鹃属植物分布中心之一;2、贡嘎山地区是杜鹃属植物分化中心之一;3、贡嘎山地区杜鹃属植物有垂直替代现象。     

中国油杉属植物的生态地理分布与系统演化

油杉属是东亚特有属,全世界油杉属共有12种2变种,中国有10种2变种,中国是油杉属的特有中心和分布中心。在地史时期,油杉属植物曾广泛分布于北半球的欧洲、北美和东亚。油杉属的现代分布有残余的特征,种类大多产于中国西南部和中部,种类数量由西向东逐渐递减。根据生态习性与分布区气候特征,中国主要油杉属植物的生态地理分布可分为:内陆型(东部温凉型、东部温暖型、西南季风型)、沿海型和岛屿型。湘黔桂地区是油杉属的现代分布中心和分化、发展中心。从染色体资料来看,其演化趋势为:江南油杉→矩鳞油杉→黄枝油杉→台湾油杉。结合地理分布,油杉属植物可能起源于中国西南,而后向东发展。从分布区南北向看,核型不对称性为:台湾油杉>青岩油杉>铁坚油杉,南部类型比北部类型要进化。     

中国粗叶本属（茜草科）的植物地理研究

本文研究了中国产粗叶本属植物３０种４亚种和７变种的地理分布,划分出三个分布区类型,十二个变型和四个亚变型。根据种多度和分布特征,中国粗叶本属植物在分布上表现出与中国的热带雨林、季雨林区,南亚热带常绿阔叶林带和中亚热带常绿阔叶林带相匹配的分布规律,并受几条植物地理界线的作用。通过对地理替代类群和一些特殊分布式样的分析,显示了所谓的“田中线”和一条北起四川峨眉向南经贵州西南部至广西西部的界线对粗叶木种的分布,特别是对中国－喜马拉雅和中国－日本替代分布具有明显的作用。这导致笔者认为“田中线”作为中国－日本分布的西界而另一第线作为中国－喜马拉雅分布的东界。进一步的分析还揭示由云南南部沿缅甸、泰国向南延伸的横断山余脉既充做一条植物南－北迁移的通道又是一条中南半岛西部（印－缅）与东部（印度支那－华南）的植物地理界线。     

中国苔草属二柱苔草亚属的系统总览及植物地理学的研究

本文对我国苔草属二柱苔草亚属Subgen．Vignea作了系统排列,并提出以下几点的看法： 1．二柱苔草亚属是苔草属中比较自然的一个类群,我国有48种、7亚种和1变种,隶属于16个组。根据Takhtajan的世界植物区划,将它们分成4种成分,即：(1)环北方植物地区成分,占总数的20．4％;(2)东亚植物地区成分,占总数的55.5％。实际上,只有4个分类群出现于中国-喜马拉雅森林植物亚区,而其余的都均分布于中国-日本森林植物亚区,并且在这一亚区内有8个特有成分,占特有成分总数的61.5％;显然,中国二柱苔草亚属在中国-日本森林植物亚区内的分化较其他地区更为强烈;(3)伊朗—吐兰植物地区成分,占总数的16.7％;(4)印度支那植物地区成分和印度植物地区成分,占总数的7.4％。 2．高节苔草C．thomsonii和云雾苔草C．nubigena类群是Subgen．Vignea中较为原始的种类,它们为印度支那植物地区和印度植物地区成分。这样非但Subgen．Indocarex原始类群分布于东南亚和马来西亚,而Subgea．Vignea的原始类群也分布于东南亚,这也是对Nelmes提出Carex起源于印度-马来西亚地区的一个佐证。     

中国黄耆属植物旱生类群的区系特点和生态地理分布

根据种的现代地理分布、分布区类型、地理宗的替代关系和生态２特点对中国黄耆属植物的旱生类群进行了研究。结果表明,国产该类群植物９３种,可划分为８个分布区类型和１４个亚型。依其生态理分布规律,又可将这些类群划分为４个生态系列或称为生态区,即帕米尔－昆仑－羌唐生态区,天山－阿尔泰生态区、伊犁－塔城谷地生态区和蒙新荒漠东部生态区。分析认为：黄耆属植物旱生类群的区系发生在中亚西部,中国类群的发生具有显著的中     

Reticulate evolution and sea‐level fluctuations together drove species diversification of slipper orchids (Paphiopedilum) in South‐East Asia

South‐East Asia covers four of the world's biodiversity hotspots, showing high species diversity and endemism. Owing to the successive expansion and contraction of distribution and the fragmentation by geographical barriers, the tropical flora greatly diversified in this region during the Tertiary, but the evolutionary tempo and mode of species diversity remain poorly investigated. Paphiopedilum, the largest genus of slipper orchids comprising nearly 100 species, is mainly distributed in South‐East Asia, providing an ideal system for exploring how plant species diversity was shaped in this region. Here, we investigated the evolutionary history of this genus with eight cpDNA regions and four low‐copy nuclear genes. Discordance between gene trees and network analysis indicates that reticulate evolution occurred in the genus. Ancestral area reconstruction suggests that vicariance and long‐distance dispersal together led to its current distribution. Diversification rate variation was detected and strongly correlated with the species diversity in subg. Paphiopedilum (~80 species). The shift of speciation rate in subg. Paphiopedilum was coincident with sea‐level fluctuations in the late Cenozoic, which could have provided ecological opportunities for speciation and created bridges or barriers for gene flow. Moreover, some other factors (e.g. sympatric distribution, incomplete reproductive barriers and clonal propagation) might also be advantageous for the formation and reproduction of hybrid species. In conclusion, our study suggests that the interplay of reticulate evolution and sea‐level fluctuations has promoted the diversification of the genus Paphiopedilum and sheds light into the evolution of Orchidaceae and the historical processes of plant species diversification in South‐East Asia.     

西藏壳斗科的地理分布

在野外考察、分类清理和修订的基础上讨论了西藏壳斗科的地理分布。自然分布的西藏壳斗科植物,共３属３３种,集中分布于藏东南的河谷地带和喜马拉雅山脉的聂拉木县,印度栲、刺栲、喜马拉雅石栎和西藏石栎是这些地区海拔２００米以下群落建群种;通麦栎、俅江栎和薄片青冈是西藏海拔１８００－２５００米地段森林植物被的建群种;硬叶高山栎类则是海拔２５００米以上硬叶常绿阔叶林及高山灌丛植被的建群种。种的区系成分分析表明：     

Peculiarities of island endemism in Lasiocampidae (Lepidoptera)

The distinctive features of island endemism in Lasiocampidae are extensive adaptive radiation and vicariance. These phenomena are especially typical of archipelagoes, where different taxa occur on closely located islands. The diverse ecological conditions of the islands determine the presence of a great number of subordinate taxa. Owing to the reduced flight activity, the species of Lasiocampidae are characterized by a high level of endemism on isolated islands. Islands of continental origin (Sumatra, Borneo) have a lower level of endemism, with centers on the mountain ranges. The endemism level is much higher in islands of biogenic origin (the Philippines). The Pacific islands have a higher index of specific endemism. At the same time, the islands of mixed and oceanic origin have low species diversity by a large fraction of endemic taxa. The boundaries of species distribution are determined not only by the landscape or climatic factors but also by biological ones.     

无量山种子植物区系的特有现象

地处滇中南的无量山地区迄今计有种子植物２０７科,１０２６属,２５４０种,其中东亚特有科１０个,中国特有属２７个,无量山特有种子６７个,这一地区不仅植物种类丰富,而且特有现象较为显著,在对科级持有现象进行较细致的研究后,本文认国无量山具有较多的分类系统上隔离的东亚特有科反映了该地作为东亚古老植物区系的一部分,其地质历史与整个东亚是一致的,且与东亚植物区系的发端密切相关,属的特有现象表明,地处中国特有     

Patterns of long-distance dispersal in Tiquilia subg. Tiquilia (Boraginaceae): implications for the origins of amphitropical disjuncts and Galapagos Islands endemics

Plant biogeographers have long argued whether plant disjunctions result from vicariance or dispersal. One of the classic patterns of plant disjunction involves New World amphitropical disjuncts, as exemplified by Tiquilia subg. Tiquilia (Boraginaceae). Subgenus Tiquilia forms a heterogeneous group of ~20 species that is amphitropically distributed in the deserts of North and South America, with four taxa endemic to the Galápagos Islands. The current study reconstructs the biogeographic history of subg. Tiquilia in order to explore the origins of New World amphitropical disjunction and of Galápagos endemism. A strongly supported phylogeny of the subgenus is estimated using sequence data from matK, ndhF, rps16, ITS, and waxy. Biogeographic analyses using combined and individual marker data sets reveal a complex history of long-distance dispersal in subg. Tiquilia. Biogeographic reconstructions imply a North American origin of the subgenus and its three major lineages and require at least four long-distance dispersal events to explain its current distribution. The South American taxa of subg. Tiquilia result from three independent and nonsimultaneous colonization events, while the monophyly and continental origins of the Galápagos endemics are unresolved. This study contributes to a growing body of evidence that intercontinental dispersal has been more common than previously realized.     

An optimality criterion to determine areas of endemism

A formal method was developed to determine areas of endemism. The study region is divided into cells, and the number of species that can be considered as endemic is counted for a given set of cells (= area). Thus, the areas with the maximum number of species considered endemic are preferred. This is the first method for the identification of areas of endemism that implements an optimality criterion directly based on considering the aspects of species distribution that are relevant to endemism. The method is implemented in two computer programs, NDM and VNDM, available from the authors.     

Butterfly biogeography and endemism on tropical Pacific islands

Butterfly distributions on 26 tropical Pacific archipelagos were analysed to examine the effects of geography on diversity and endemism. The total butterfly fauna for each archipelago was divided into continental (found also on continental areas), Pacific (found within more than one archipelago but not outside of the study area), and endemic species (restricted to a single archipelago). Numbers and proportions of each species were related to eight geographic variables by stepwise multiple linear regression analysis. Total area of an archipelago and distance from other land masses were important predictors of the number of species within an archipelago. Proportions of butterfly species in each category were related differently to the geographic variables, with endemism being promoted by the number of large islands within an archipelago. Relative to birds, butterflies have been less successful in colonizing remote archipelagos and have much lower levels of endemism. Even if colonization is successful, butterfly speciation may be constrained by the mechanics of coevolution with available host plants.     

An early Oligocene fossil acorn,associated leaves and pollen of the ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) from Maoming Basin,South China

The ring‐cupped oaks (Quercus subg. Cyclobalanopsis) characterized by united and concentric ring‐cupped acorns, are mainly distributed in broad‐leaved evergreen forests in tropical and subtropical regions of East and Southeast Asia. Their geological history has been traced from the middle Eocene to Pleistocene. Most reports of the subgenus have been on the basis of leaves, whereas the acorns or cupules, more valuable evidence for the inter‐ and intrageneric classifications, have been relatively poorly documented. Here, we describe a new species, Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov., based on a ring‐cupped fossil acorn and pollen on the acorn, as well as Quercus sp. associated leaves, recovered from the early Oligocene Shangcun Formation of Maoming Basin, Guangdong Province, South China. The morphological and anatomical structures of these fossils confirm their attribution to the subg. Cyclobalanopsis. Quercus shangcunensis sp. nov. represents the world's first Oligocene fossil acorn and the earliest fossil acorn in China for the subgenus, indicating that the subg. Cyclobalanopsis arrived in the low latitude area of South China at least by the early Oligocene. Our fossil provides evidence that the subgenus was present in one of its modern distribution centers in the Oligocene, suggesting that the modern distribution patterns of the subg. Cyclobalanopsis most likely originated during or prior to the Oligocene.     

Dispersal and speciation of skinks among archipelagos in the tropical Pacific Ocean

Summary We examined the potential effects of geography on the distribution and speciation of skinks on tropical Pacific archipelagos. The entire tropical Pacific skink fauna was divided into continental (found also in continental areas), Pacific (endemic to the study area but found within more than one archipelago) and endemic (found within only one archipelago) species categories. The number and proportion of skinks within each species category were determined for each of the 27 archipelagos in the study area. Nine geographic variables reflecting archipelago size, isolation and elevation were estimated for each archipelago. Principal components analysis was used to reduce the nine variables to three uncorrelated composite variables that were interpreted as representing archipelago size, isolation and elevation. Numbers and proportions of skinks in each category within an archipelago were related to the composite geographic variables using multiple linear regression analysis. Archipelago size and isolation were important predictors of both skink diversity and endemism. Results were then compared to diversity and endemism of birds within the study area. Skinks showed an archipelago-wide level of endemism similar to that of birds. On an archipelago by archipelago basis, however, large differences between birds and skinks were evident. In particular, the New Caledonia skink fauna was much more endemic than that of birds. The bird faunas of Hawaii and the Marquesas were nearly completely endemic, while no endemic skinks occurred in these two archipelagos. These differences presumably reflect the relative dispersal powers of skinks and birds and, consequently, rates of colonization and speciation. Differences may also be due partly to morphological conservatism among isolated skink populations and the occurrence of cryptic species that have not yet been identified as separate species. The discovery of such cryptic species, however, is unlikely to increase the endemic skink fauna of Hawaii and other distant archipelagos to a level commensurate with that of birds. Differences in endemism between skinks and birds may also be due to unknown local ecological interactions.     

Vicariance and endemism in a Neotropical savanna hotspot: distribution patterns of Cerrado squamate reptiles

Aim To test predictions of the vicariance model, to define basic biogeographical units for Cerrado squamates, and to discuss previous biogeographical hypotheses. Location Cerrado; South American savannas south of the Amazon, extending across central Brazil, with marginal areas in Bolivia and Paraguay and isolated relictual enclaves in adjacent regions. Methods We compiled species occurrence records via field sampling and revision of museum specimens and taxonomic literature. All species were mapped according to georeferenced locality records, and classified as (1) endemic or non‐endemic, (2) typical of plateaus or depressions, and (3) typical of open or forested habitats. We tested predictions of the vicariance model using biotic element analysis, searching for non‐random clusters of species ranges. Spatial congruence of biotic elements was compared with putative areas of endemism revealed by sympatric restricted‐range species. Effects of topographical and vegetational mosaics on distribution patterns were studied according to species composition in biotic elements and areas of endemism. Results We recorded 267 Cerrado squamates, of which 103 (39%) are endemics, including 20 amphisbaenians (61% endemism), 32 lizards (42%) and 51 snakes (32%). Distribution patterns corroborated predictions of the vicariance model, revealing groups of species with significantly clustered ranges. An analysis of endemic species recovered seven biotic elements, corroborating results including non‐endemics. Sympatric restricted‐range taxa delimited 10 putative areas of endemism, largely coincident with core areas of biotic elements detected with endemic taxa. Distribution patterns were associated with major topographical and vegetational divisions of the Cerrado. Endemism prevailed in open, elevated plateaus, whereas faunal interchange, mostly associated with forest habitats, was more common in peripheral depressions. Main conclusions Our results indicate that vicariant speciation has strongly shaped Cerrado squamate diversity, in contrast to earlier studies emphasizing faunal interchange and low endemism in the Cerrado vertebrate fauna. Levels of squamate endemism are higher than in any other Cerrado vertebrate group. The high number of recovered endemics revealed previously undetected areas of evolutionary relevance, indicating that biogeographical patterns in the Cerrado were poorly represented in previous analyses. Although still largely undocumented, effects of vicariant speciation may be prevalent in a large fraction of Cerrado and Neotropical biodiversity.