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1.
Group living can select for increased immunity, given the heightened risk of parasite transmission. Yet, it also may select for increased male reproductive investment, given the elevated risk of female multiple mating. Trade‐offs between immunity and reproduction are well documented. Phenotypically, population density mediates both reproductive investment and immune function in the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. However, the evolutionary response of populations to these traits is unknown. We created two replicated populations of P. interpunctella, reared and mated for 14 generations under high or low population densities. These population densities cause plastic responses in immunity and reproduction: at higher numbers, both sexes invest more in one index of immunity [phenoloxidase (PO) activity] and males invest more in sperm. Interestingly, our data revealed divergence in PO and reproduction in a different direction to previously reported phenotypic responses. Males evolving at low population densities transferred more sperm, and both males and females displayed higher PO than individuals at high population densities. These positively correlated responses to selection suggest no apparent evolutionary trade‐off between immunity and reproduction. We speculate that the reduced PO activity and sperm investment when evolving under high population density may be due to the reduced population fitness predicted under increased sexual conflict and/or to trade‐offs between pre‐ and post‐copulatory traits. 相似文献
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Indrikis Krams Janina Daukste Inese Kivleniece Tatjana Krama Markus J. Rantala 《Insect Science》2013,20(6):771-777
Immune defenses of insects show either broad reactions or specificity and durability of induced protection against attacking parasites and pathogens. In this study, we tested whether encapsulation response against nylon monofilament increases between two attempts of activation of immune system in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor, and whether previous exposure to nylon monofilament may also increase protection against an entomopathogenic fungus. We found that survival of beetles subjected to immune activation by nylon implant and subsequent fungal exposure a week later was significantly higher than survival of beetles which had been subjected to fungal infection only. This result suggests that previous immune activation by the nylon implant may be considered as broad spectrum “immune priming” which helps to fight not only the same intruder but also other parasites. 相似文献
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Indrikis Krams Janina Daukste Inese Kivleniece Tatjana Krama Markus J. Rantala 《Entomologia Sinica》2013,(6):771-777
Immune defenses of insects show either broad reactions or specificity and durability of induced protection against attacking parasites and pathogens. In this study, we tested whether encapsulation response against nylon monofilament increases between two attempts of activation of immune system in mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor, and whether previous exposure to nylon monofilament may also increase protection against an entomopathogenic fungus. We found that survival of beetles subjected to immune activation by nylon implant and subsequent fungal exposure a week later was significantly higher than survival of beetles which had been subjected to fimgal infection only. This result suggests that previous immune activation by the nylon implant may be considered as broad spectrum ＂immune priming＂ which helps to fight not only the same intruder but also other parasites. 相似文献
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Abstract Measurement of insect immune effector system function aimed at identifying costs has largely been stimulated by the ideas of Hamilton & Zuk (1982) , who proposed that choosy females may derive some genetic benefit from selecting parasite-resistant males. Field studies of such systems assume that most variation in measured immune traits is affected strongly by genes and pay little attention subsequently to the role of nutritional status in determining the magnitude of assayed immune effector systems. In this paper the effects of nutrient deprivation on immune function are measured in the mealworm beetle ( Tenebrio molitor L.) reared in otherwise ideal conditions. The results suggest that immune effector system function is down-regulated during short-term nutritional deprivation, but is rapidly up-regulated to pre-deprivation levels after animals are allowed access to food. This rapid modulation of immune function in the context of nutritional status has important implications for measuring immune function in the field, as well as the interpretation of those measures. 相似文献
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基于转录组数据高通量发掘黄粉甲微卫星引物（英文） 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor作为理想的模式研究生物, 虽然已围绕该昆虫在多个研究领域开展了诸多研究, 但是有关其分子和遗传方面的研究仍知之甚少。为此, 本研究基于前期构建的黄粉甲转录组数据库, 成功发掘获得1 249个微卫星序列。其中, 单碱基或三碱基序重复列最多, 分别占44.44%和41.15%; A/T型重复序列出现频率最高, 占42.70%。除单核苷酸重复序列外, 重复单元的重复次数以5次最多, 占30.90%。基于鉴定获得的微卫星序列, 共设计获得1 004对微卫星引物, 而且每对引物还设计了5对替代引物。研究获得的微卫星引物将有助于今后开展黄粉甲功能和比较基因组学方面的研究。 相似文献
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Females that mate with more than one male may derive both materialand genetic benefits, and differentiating between the two benefitsis often difficult. We tested for both material and geneticeffects associated with multiple mating in the highly promiscuousyellow mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Females that matedfour times to the same male laid more eggs and produced morelarvae than females that mated only once. Whether copulationsoccurred on the same day or over several days, the result wasan immediate increase in the production of eggs by females.Some females were kept on a restricted diet to test whethernutrients in the spermatophore disproportionately benefittedfood-deprived females. Although females on poor diets producedfewer and smaller offspring, diet did not significantly affect
the proportional benefit of mating treatment on female fecundity.By controlling for male mating history, we were able to separatethe effects of mating with different males from the effectsof receiving multiple spermatophores from the same male. Femalesthat mated with four different males achieved substantial gainsin numbers of eggs produced (32% increase) beyond those offemales that mated an identical number of times with the same
male. We found no evidence that males allocate fewer sperm toprevious mates. Egg hatchability was unaffected by mating behavior,suggesting that genetic incompatibility at that stage is notresponsible for the low reproductive success of females matedwith a single male. These results suggest that females maydelay or reduce oviposition or may be incapable of achieving
maximal fecundity until they have gained the material and/orgenetic benefits of mating with multiple males. 相似文献
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The site specificity of the apicomplexans Gregarina cuneata and Gregarina sleini , in larval Tenebrio molitor was investigated. Gregarina cuneata was found to inhabit the anteriormost region of the larval midgut, while G. steini was restricted to the posterior portion of the intestine. The site specificity of the pair was conserved in single and concurrent infections. Interspecific interactions do not seem to be presently responsible for the resource partitioning by the 2 gregarine species. Key words. Gregarina, site specificity, Tenebrio molitor. 相似文献
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采用5因素2次正交旋转组合设计,以黄粉虫幼虫饲养过程中饲养温度(X1)、相对湿度(X2)、虫粪筛除频率(X3)、饲养密度(X4)以及饲料含水量(X5)5因素为参试因素,考查它们对黄粉虫高龄幼虫的生长及存活的影响,建立并进行了简化得到了以黄粉虫幼虫增重率及死亡率为目标函数的回归模型：Y增＝127．5079 18．6559x5 2．7894x3x4-2．3854x3x5-3．0594x1^2 1．824lx3^2-3．8559x5^2;y死＝1．7459 0．4l08x1 0．0975x2 0．9025x4 0．3442x5 0．0834x1^2 0．3060x4^2-0．2623x5^2。分析结果表明：影响黄粉虫幼虫生长后期增重及死亡的主要因素分别为饲料含水量和饲养密度;饲料含水量和温度对黄粉虫增重有着重要的影响,饲养密度、温度、饲料含水量对黄粉虫的死亡有着重要的影响,其影响均达1％或5％显著水平;推荐的饲养条件为：温度24—27℃、相对湿度64％一70％、筛粪频率2—4d／次、饲养密度0．42-0．49g／cm^2、饲料含水量l3．48％-l7．48％。 相似文献
10.
Sun Hee Park Shunfu Piao Hyun‐Mi Kwon Eun‐Hye Kim Bok Luel Lee Nam‐Chul Ha 《Acta Crystallographica. Section F, Structural Biology Communications》2010,66(2):198-200
The Toll signalling pathway, which is crucial for innate immunity, is transduced in insect haemolymph via a proteolytic cascade consisting of three serine proteases. The proteolytic cascade is downregulated by a specific serine protease inhibitor (serpin). Recently, the serpin SPN48 was found to show an unusual specific reactivity towards the terminal serine protease, Spätzle‐processing enzyme, in the beetle Tenebrio molitor. In this study, the mature form of SPN48 was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified SPN48 protein was crystallized using 14% polyethylene glycol 8000 and 0.1 M 2‐(N‐morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid pH 6.0 as the precipitant. The crystals diffracted X‐rays to 2.1 Å resolution and were suitable for structure determination. The crystals belonged to space group P21. The crystal structure will provide information regarding how SPN48 achieves its unusual specificity for its target protease. 相似文献
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Theory predicts that sexual reproduction can increase population viability relative to asexual reproduction by allowing sexual selection in males to remove deleterious mutations from the population without large demographic costs. This requires that selection acts more strongly in males than females and that mutations affecting male reproductive success have pleiotropic effects on population productivity, but empirical support for these assumptions is mixed. We used the seed beetle Callosobruchus maculatus to implement a three‐generation breeding design where we induced mutations via ionizing radiation (IR) in the F0 generation and measured mutational effects (relative to nonirradiated controls) on an estimate of population productivity in the F1 and effects on sex‐specific competitive lifetime reproductive success (LRS) in the F2. Regardless of whether mutations were induced via F0 males or females, they had strong negative effects on male LRS, but a nonsignificant influence on female LRS, suggesting that selection is more efficient in removing deleterious alleles in males. Moreover, mutations had seemingly shared effects on population productivity and competitive LRS in both sexes. Thus, our results lend support to the hypothesis that strong sexual selection on males can act to remove the mutation load on population viability, thereby offering a benefit to sexual reproduction. 相似文献
12.
Chen Liu Xiao Tian LV Wen Xue Zhu Hao Yang QU Yong Xin Gao Bao Yuan Guo Hui Li Wang 《Chirality》2013,25(12):917-922
The enantioselective bioaccumulation of diniconazole in Tenebrio molitor Linne larva was investigated with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based on the ChiralcelOD‐3R[cellulose tri‐(3,5‐dimethylphenyl carbamate)] column. In this study we documented the effects of dietary supplementation with wheat bran contaminated by racemic diniconazole at two dose levels of 20 mg kg‐1 and 2 mg kg‐1 (dry weight) in Tenebrio molitor. The results showed that both doses of diniconazole were taken up by Tenebrio molitor rapidly in the first few days, the concentrations of R‐enantiomer and S‐enantiomer at high doses reached the highest level of 0.55 mg kg‐1 and 0.48 mg kg‐1, respectively, on the 1st d, and the concentrations of them obtained a maxima of 0.129 mg kg‐1 and 0.128 mg kg‐1 at low dose, respectively, on the 3rd d, which means that the concentration of diniconazole was proportional to the time of achieving the highest accumulated level. It afterwards attained equilibrium after a sharp decline at both 20 mg kg‐1 and 2 mg kg‐1 of diniconazole. The determination results from the feces of Tenebrio molitor demonstrated that the extraction recovery (ER) values of the high dose group were higher than that of the low dose group and the values were all above 1; therefore, it could be inferred that enantiomerization existed in Tenebrio molitor. Additionally, the biota accumulation factor was used to evaluate the bioaccumulation of diniconazole enantiomers, showing that the bioaccumulation of diniconazole in Tenebrio molitor was enantioselective with preferential accumulation of S‐enantiomer. Chirality 25:917–922, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. 相似文献
13.
Luke Holman Hanna Kokko 《Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society》2014,89(3):568-587
Genomic imprinting refers to a pattern of gene expression in which a specific parent's allele is either under‐expressed or completely silenced. Imprinting is an evolutionary conundrum because it appears to incur the costs of diploidy (e.g. presenting a larger target than haploidy to mutations) while foregoing its benefits (protection from harmful recessive mutations). Here, we critically evaluate previously proposed evolutionary benefits of imprinting and suggest some additional ones. We discuss whether each benefit is capable of explaining both the origin and maintenance of imprinting, and examine how the different benefits interact. We then outline the many costs of imprinting. Simple models show that circulating deleterious recessives can prevent the initial spread of imprinting, even if imprinting would be evolutionarily stable if it could persist long enough to purge these. We also show that imprinting can raise or lower the mutation load, depending on the selective regime and the degree of dominance. We finish by discussing the population‐level consequences of imprinting, which can be both positive and negative. Imprinting offers many insights into evolutionary conflict, the interaction between individual‐ and population‐level fitness effects, and the ‘gene's‐eye view’ of evolution. 相似文献
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Wyman MJ Cutter AD Rowe L 《Evolution; international journal of organic evolution》2012,66(5):1556-1566
Males and females share most of the same genes, so selection in one sex will typically produce a correlated response in the other sex. Yet, the sexes have evolved to differ in a multitude of behavioral, morphological, and physiological traits. How did this sexual dimorphism evolve despite the presence of a common underlying genome? We investigated the potential role of gene duplication in the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Because duplication events provide extra genetic material, the sexes each might use this redundancy to facilitate sex‐specific gene expression, permitting the evolution of dimorphism. We investigated this hypothesis at the genome‐wide level in Drosophila melanogaster, using the presence of sex‐biased expression as a proxy for the sex‐specific specialization of gene function. We expected that if sexually antagonistic selection is a potent force acting upon individual genes, duplication will result in paralog families whose members differ in sex‐biased expression. Gene members of the same duplicate family can have different expression patterns in males versus females. In particular, duplicate pairs containing a male‐biased gene are found more frequently than expected, in agreement with previous studies. Furthermore, when the singleton ortholog is unbiased, duplication appears to allow one of the paralog copies to acquire male‐biased expression. Conversely, female‐biased expression is not common among duplicates; fewer duplicate genes are expressed in the female‐soma and ovaries than in the male‐soma and testes. Expression divergence exists more in older than in younger duplicates pairs, but expression divergence does not correlate with protein sequence divergence. Finally, genomic proximity may have an effect on whether paralogs differ in sex‐biased expression. We conclude that the data are consistent with a role of gene duplication in fostering male‐biased, but not female‐biased, gene expression, thereby aiding the evolution of sexual dimorphism. 相似文献
16.
John J. W. Thompson Sophie A. O. Armitage Michael T. Siva-Jothy 《Physiological Entomology》2002,27(2):136-141
Abstract Adult mealworm beetles, Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), show density dependent polyphenism in adult cuticular colour that is correlated with prophylactic immunity ( Barnes & Siva-Jothy, 2000 ). The degree of cuticular colour is important in understanding the biology of a number of insect-related phenomena (e.g. industrial melanism, thermoregulation). In this paper, the extent of variation in cuticular colour in a large outbred population is documented; the rate of darkening under three different rearing protocols including experimental selection for cuticular colour is examined; and the time taken for cuticular colouring to be completed is determined. The results show that cuticular colouring after eclosion is time-constrained in T. molitor , regardless of whether beetles are reared in large outbred cultures, inbred cultures, or cultures subjected to selection for darkness or lightness. Blacker beetles always darkened faster. The potential reasons for the constraint and the potential costs of rapid darkening are discussed. 相似文献
17.
Kristina Noreikiene Gábor Herczeg Abigél Gonda Gergely Balázs Arild Husby Juha Meril? 《Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society》2015,282(1810)
The mosaic model of brain evolution postulates that different brain regions are relatively free to evolve independently from each other. Such independent evolution is possible only if genetic correlations among the different brain regions are less than unity. We estimated heritabilities, evolvabilities and genetic correlations of relative size of the brain, and its different regions in the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found that heritabilities were low (average h2 = 0.24), suggesting a large plastic component to brain architecture. However, evolvabilities of different brain parts were moderate, suggesting the presence of additive genetic variance to sustain a response to selection in the long term. Genetic correlations among different brain regions were low (average rG = 0.40) and significantly less than unity. These results, along with those from analyses of phenotypic and genetic integration, indicate a high degree of independence between different brain regions, suggesting that responses to selection are unlikely to be severely constrained by genetic and phenotypic correlations. Hence, the results give strong support for the mosaic model of brain evolution. However, the genetic correlation between brain and body size was high (rG = 0.89), suggesting a constraint for independent evolution of brain and body size in sticklebacks. 相似文献
18.
Dooseon Hwang Woo Seok Lee Tae‐Won Goo Seung‐Won Park Eun‐Young Yun 《Entomological Research》2019,49(12):509-518
In this study, we made koji using protein‐rich Tenebrio molitor larvae (TML) inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae, and then used the koji to prepare a paste and a sauce. The TML koji showed the highest amino nitrogen, protease activity, and free amino acids content when it was fermented for 72 h after inoculation with 0.8% A. oryzae. The koji was aged in 20% saltwater for 50 days, and then the paste and sauce were separated. To evaluate the effect of TML paste and sauce on ethanol (EtOH)‐damaged hepatocytes, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransaminase (ALT) were measured in EtOH‐treated HepG2 cells after pretreatment with TML paste and sauce extract. As a result, we confirmed that TML paste and sauce extracts lowered the AST and ALT content in the medium, compared to soybean sauce and paste extracts. TML paste and sauce extract significantly reduced the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and interleukin (IL)‐6, a biomarker of inflammation, and significantly increased the activity of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in proportion to the amount of TML added to the paste and sauce. These results suggest that the intake of TML paste and sauce, a new type of fermented food made from insects, may provide effective protection to the liver against hepatocyte injury by EtOH via anti‐inflammatory and antioxidative effects. 相似文献
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《环境昆虫学报》2013,35(1):90-94
为降低塑料泡沫的污染,探索在不影响黄粉虫Tenebrio molitor L.正常生长发育情况下的最大泡沫降解率。组建了黄粉虫在泡沫与麸皮的质量比为(1∶10),(1∶8),(1∶6),(1∶4),(1∶2)五种不同饲料配比下对泡沫的降解情况分析表,结果表明,黄粉虫在泡沫饲料比为 (1∶6)时泡沫的降解率最大,可达 74.21%,且此时的生长发育情况与空白对照组持平,而在泡沫饲料比为 1∶4 时只有 35.86% ,(1∶10),(1∶8),(1∶2)下分别为 45.58% ,49.26% ,37.24% 。泡沫降解率与虫的增重量都随泡沫占的比重的增加呈抛物线趋势,在(1∶6)时达最大,此后下降。分析得出结论,黄粉虫的泡沫饲料比为 1∶6 时既不影响黄粉虫生长且泡沫降解最优。 相似文献