汞污染土壤植物修复中转基因技术的应用

汞是一种全球性污染物.随着工业的发展、汞矿开采的加速,土壤汞污染日益严峻,给生态环境和人类生活带来了严重的威胁.因此,汞污染土壤的修复问题受到了广大学者的关注.针对受污染的土壤修复问题,植物修复技术具有成本低和不会给环境带来新的危害等特点.本文对目前国内外汞污染土壤修复植物修复技术的研究进行了综述,介绍了转基因技术在汞污染土壤中的应用,探讨了转基因技术在环境治理和环境修复中潜在的应用价值.     

添加硫代硫酸铵对植物修复汞污染土壤的影响

由于汞污染土壤中汞的生物有效性非常低,限制了植物修复技术的应用。本试验通过室内盆栽模拟试验,研究了硫代硫酸铵添加到土壤后,对土壤中汞的生物有效性、印度芥菜生物量及其吸收土壤中汞的影响。结果表明,当硫代硫酸铵与土壤比例为1∶12.5(W/W)时,土壤中生物有效态汞含量最高,达0.51mg·kg-1,是对照的12.7倍。土壤中加入2g·kg-1硫代硫酸铵时,印度芥菜根、茎和叶片干重分别增加了0.23、0.98和1.22g,且印度芥菜根系、茎和叶片的总汞含量分别达到1.96、0.43和3.35mg·kg-1,是对照组的8、4和2倍。添加硫代硫酸铵后,土壤渗滤液中汞浓度增加,最高达2487ng·L-1。因此,添加硫代硫酸铵能提高汞污染土壤植物修复效率,但也能在一定条件下导致汞向地下流失。     

石油污染土壤植物-微生物修复研究进展

依据国内外近10年来有关石油污染土壤生物修复研究的成果,综合阐述了石油污染土壤的植物修复、微生物修复及植物-微生物联合修复方法研究,重点讨论植物-微生物联合作用,主要包括植物根际微生物、根分泌物以及菌根对石油污染物降解的影响,提出了污染土壤原位修复中需要重视的问题.     

污染土壤植物修复效率影响因素研究进展

为提高植物修复技术对污染土壤的修复效率,根据当今植物修复技术在污染土壤修复中的应用现状及发展趋势,对近年来国内外植物修复技术的各种影响因素进行分析。首先从污染物的理化性质及其交互作用、土壤与气象因子、植物种类及其根际效应以及栽培措施等方面,系统论述影响土壤中重金属污染物及有机污染物植物修复效率的主要因素,阐述植物添加剂对植物修复效率的影响。最后指出植物修复今后研究的重点:营造促进植物生长发育的环境,针对影响植物修复效率的各个因素对植物修复技术进行改良及强化,并合理应用植物添加剂,提高植物修复效率。     

重金属污染土壤植物修复的研究进展和应用前景

土壤污染是当今面临的一个严峻的问题。其中重金属污染尤为严重。因此重金属污染土壤的修复日益受到各国政府和学者的重视。植物修复技术作为一种绿色安全的技术以其潜在的高效、经济及生态协调性成为当前国际学术界研究的热点领域。就植物修复技术的概念、方法原理、植物修复技术的研究历史和现状以及优点、应用前景作了系统阐述,并介绍了国内外开展的一些应用性实例。指出了植物修复技术当前还存在的问题。对今后发展的方向。作出了几点展望。     

重金属污染土壤植物修复中的微生物功能研究进展

综述了国内外在重金属污染土壤植物-微生物联合修复领域的研究报道,总结了近5年的研究实例。植物-微生物联合修复体系具有生物固定与生物去除土壤重金属的两种功能,根际微生物可以菌根、内生菌等方式与根系形成联合体,通过增强植物抗性和优化根际环境,促进根系发展,增强植物吸收和向上转运重金属的能力。建立植物-微生物联合修复体系,可充分发挥植物与微生物作用功能的优势,提高污染土壤的修复效率。增强植物修复体系中微生物功能的重点是深入研究根际微生物、根系和介质载体三者之间复合功能,结合污染土壤类型与植物群落配置的特点筛选扩繁高效菌种与菌群。     

土壤Hg污染及修复技术研究

早在 2 0世纪 6 0年代初期 ,日本查明了“水俣病”[1] 是由甲基Ｈｇ污染造成的 ,引起世界范围内人们对Ｈｇ污染危害的重视 ,使其研究日益增多。Ｈｇ通过不同途径进入土壤环境 ,土壤中的Ｈｇ经过复杂的物理、化学反应 ,大部分以各种形态滞留在土壤中 ,同时Ｈｇ在作物可食部分积累并进入食物链循环 ,对人体健康构成威胁。我国被Ｈｇ污染的耕地面积有 3.2× 10 4 ｈａ ,每年产生污染环境的Ｈｇ达 1.9× 10 8ｋｇ[2 ] 。土壤一旦遭受Ｈｇ污染 ,对人类健康构成潜在的危害 ,因此土壤Ｈｇ污染的治理及生物修复技术研究应运而生。重金属污染治理的传…     

植物修复——治理土壤重金属污染的新途径

介绍了重金属污染土壤的植物修复的概念、原理与研究动态以及重金属超积累植物的特性 ,及其在治理污染土壤中的潜力 ,为土壤重金属污染的整治及其生态的修复提出新途径。     

污染土壤淋洗修复技术研究进展

土壤淋洗修复技术是一种行之有效的污染土壤治理技术,适合于快速修复受高浓度重金属和有机物污染土壤与沉积物。本文综述了土壤淋洗修复技术的特点、技术流程、土壤淋洗剂的研究与应用进展,指出异位土壤淋洗修复技术因修复效果稳定,易于实现系统控制和废弃物减量化等优点而具有更广阔的应用前景,天然螯合剂和生物表面活性剂等环境友好型淋洗剂正逐渐取代人工螯合剂和化学表面活性剂成为土壤淋洗剂研究的主流方向,而现代超分子化学的引入和发展有可能对复合污染土壤的高效淋洗修复研究产生新的影响。     

重金属污染土壤植物修复基本原理及强化措施探讨

阐述了植物修复的基本概念及主要作用方式 ,并从土壤中重金属存在形态 ,植物对重金属吸收、排泄和积累以及植物生物学特性与植物修复的关系等方面讨论了重金属污染土壤植物修复的基本原理及局限性和限制性因素 ,从超富集植物性能强化和技术强化两方面探讨了植物修复的强化措施 ,并指出与现代化农业技术相结合是植物修复重金属污染土壤大规模商业应用的一条捷径     

Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with cadmium, copper and polychlorinated biphenyls

A pot experiment and afield trial were conducted to study the remediation of an aged field soil contaminated with cadmium, copper and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (7.67 +/- 0.51 mg kg(-1) Cd, 369 +/- 1 mg kg(-1) Cu in pot experiment; 8.46 +/- 0.31 mg kg(-1) Cd, 468 +/- 7 mg kg(-1) Cu, 323 +/- 12 microg kg(-1) PCBs for field experiment) under different cropping patterns. In the pot experiment Sedum plumbizincicola showed pronounced Cd phytoextraction. After two periods (14 months) of cropping the Cd removal rates in these two treatments were 52.2 +/- 12.0 and 56.1 +/- 9.1%, respectively. Total soil PCBs in unplanted control pots decreased from 323 +/- 11 to 49.3 +/- 6.6 microg kg(-1), but with no significant difference between treatments. The field microcosm experiment intercropping of three plant species reduced the yield of S. plumbizincicola, with a consequent decrease in soil Cd removal. S. plumbizincicola intercropped with E. splendens had the highest shoot Cd uptake (18.5 +/- 1.8 mg pot(-1)) after 6 months planting followed by intercropping with M. sativa (15.9 +/- 1.9 mg pot(-1)). Liming with S. plumbizincicola intercropped with M. sativa significantly promoted soil PCB degradation by 25.2%. Thus, adjustment of soil pH to 5.56 combined with intercropping with S. plumbizincicola and M. sativagave high removal rates of Cd, Cu, and PCBs.     

Phytoremediation of polycyclic hydrocarbon contaminated soil: part II. Impact on ecotoxicity

Several biological assays were used to evaluate the toxic effects of contaminants in soil after phytoremediation. During the treatment process, significant decreases in overall toxicity were observed. Specifically, earthworm survivability and lettuce germination increased over the study period. Microbial respiration improved, but only in planted treatments. Toxicity and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon concentrations showed some correlation, but the relationships generally were not significant. Soil moisture was less of a predictor for biological responses. The presence of plants did not provide a clear advantage for improving toxicity compared to unplanted treatments.     

Bioremediation techniques applied to aqueous media contaminated with mercury

In recent years, the environmental and human health impacts of mercury contamination have driven the search for alternative, eco-efficient techniques different from the traditional physicochemical methods for treating this metal. One of these alternative processes is bioremediation. A comprehensive analysis of the different variables that can affect this process is presented. It focuses on determining the effectiveness of different techniques of bioremediation, with a specific consideration of three variables: the removal percentage, time needed for bioremediation and initial concentration of mercury to be treated in an aqueous medium.     

Phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil with polymer-coated EDTA

EDTA-assisted phytoextraction of lead (Pb) has been developed, but concerns have arisen due to the possibility of leaching of both Pb and EDTA to ground water caused by uncontrolled release. We developed five types of controlled-release EDTA (polymer-coated EDTA) by coating the EDTA with a polyolefin polymer. A test of the release rate showed that the duration for the release of 75% of total EDTA ranged from 3 to 210 days. A pot experiment was conducted to compare the effect of these polymer-coated EDTA and non-coated EDTA on the concentrations of Pb and EDTA in soil solution, and Pb accumulation in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. cv. EARLY SUMAC) in a Pb-contaminated soil. One of the polymer-coated EDTAs, C-EDTA-4, with a release period of 80 days proved to be the best in decreasing Pb and EDTA concentrations in soil solution, and increasing Pb accumulation in sorghum shoots compared to the direct application of EDTA. Our results suggest that polymer-coated EDTA has a potential for phytoextraction of Pb with a reduced environmental risk.     

重金属污染的植物修复及相关分子机制

随着近代工业的发展,土壤重金属污染问题日益严重。重金属即使在极低浓度下仍然可以对人畜造成健康上的威胁,因此迫切需要有效的修复方法对土壤进行修复。生物修复,特别是植物修复目前已经成为重金属污染修复的重要手段之一,了解相关植物的重金属解毒和积累分子机制是提高修复效率、解决重金属污染问题的基础。文中以土壤修复方式为起点,结合植物吸收积累重金属以及解毒的相关分子机制研究,探讨了植物修复的发展现状以及趋势。     

重金属超富集植物及植物修复技术研究进展

植物修复技术（Phytoremediation)是近年来发展起来的一种主要用于清除土壤重金属污染的绿色生态技术,重金属超富集植物（hyperaccumulator)及植物修复技术是当前学术界研究的热点领域,目前虽已有Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Ni、Pb、Zn等超富集植物发现的报道,但尚无一例报道来自于中国,中国具有广袤的国土面积、丰富的植物类型和多种（处）古老的矿山开采与冶炼场所,在中国开展超富集植物的寻找,研究与开发工作,将会有重要突破,并具有重要的理论与实践意义,本文拟就国内外在这一领域的研究进展作一简要综述。     

蚯蚓-秸秆及其交互作用对黑麦草修复Cu污染土壤的影响

以高沙土为供试土壤,加入Cu^2＋以模拟成：0,100,200,400mg／kgCu^2＋的Cu污染土壤,设置接种蚯蚓（E）、表施秸秆（M）,同时加入蚯蚓和秸秆（ME）及不加蚯蚓和秸秆的对照（CK）4个处理,并种植黑麦草。研究蚯蚓、秸秆相互作用对黑麦草吸收、富集铜的影响。结果表明：加入秸秆显著提高了蚯蚓的生物量,一定程度上缓解了重金属对蚯蚓的毒害,同时蚯蚓显著提高了秸秆的分解率,较无蚯蚓对照提高了58．11％～77．32％。接种蚯蚓（E,ME）还提高了土壤有效态重金属（DTPA-Cu）含量,秸秆处理（M）则降低了土壤有效态重金属含量。研究还发现,E处理促进了黑麦草地上部生长,而M和ME处理均显著提高了黑麦草地下部的生物量。E和ME处理同时提高了植物地上部和地下部的Cu浓度及Cu吸收量,M处理则只对植物的地下部Cu浓度和Cu吸收量有显著促进作用。总体来看,E处理、M处理及ME处理分别使黑麦草地上部Cu富集系数提高了31．22％～121．07％．2．12％～61．28％和25．56％～132．64％。     

有机污染环境植物修复技术

利用物理、化学方法修复有机污染环境,费用昂贵,而且还可能使当地的生态资源难以再利用,对于大面积污染土壤也难以实施。植物修复,利用植物吸收、降解以及根际圈降解的作用方式将有机污染物从环境中彻底去除,具有处理费用相对低廉、对环境扰动少和使资源可持续利用的特点,目前已成为环境科学领域的一大热点和前沿。本文对环境中主要有机污染物的发生机理、近年来植物修复有机污染的研究进展做一综述,并对有机污染植物修复的强化措施进行了展望。     

Phytoremediation of soil contaminated with PCBs using different plants and their associated microbial communities

In this work, we evaluate the abilities of the plants Brassica juncea, Avena sativa, Brachiaria decumbens, and Medicago sativa to uptake polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and induce degradation of soil microorganisms from contaminated soil. Removal of PCBs 44, 66, 118, 153, 170, and 180 was evaluated in both rhizospheric and nonrhizospheric soils. Microbial and bphA1 gene quantifications were performed by real-time PCR. The PCB concentrations in plant tissues and soil were determined, and a fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assay was used to measure microbial activity in soil. The removal percentages for all PCB congeners in planted soil versus unplanted control soil were statistically significant and varied between 45% and 63%. PCBs 118, 153, 138, and 170 were detected in Brachiaria decumbens roots at different concentrations. In planted soil, an increase in the concentration of bacteria was observed compared to the initial concentration and the concentration in unplanted control soil; however, no significant differences were identified between plants. The number of copies of the bphA1 gene was higher in rhizospheric versus non- rhizospheric soil for all plants at the end of the experiment. However, alfalfa and oat rhizospheric soil showed significant differences in the copy number of the bphA1 gene. In general, the concentration of fluorescein in the rhizospheric soil was greater than that in the nonrhizospheric soil. Although the plants had a positive effect on PCB removal, this effect varied depending on the type of PCB, the plant, and the soil.