灭幼脲Ⅲ号、苏云金杆菌防治广州小斑螟药效试验

广州小斑螟Oligochroa cantonella(Caradja)是红树林的主要害虫,主要为害白骨壤Avicennia marina,在深圳市福田红树林保护区每年发生2～3代,其幼虫附着于叶片背面,取食下表皮和叶肉,留下薄薄的上表皮,给防治带来困难.     

粟穗螟发生为害与气候因素的关系研究

<正> 粟穗螟 Mampava bipuntella Ragonot是四川省高粱穗部主要害虫之一,以取食高粱籽粒而直接造成为害,常年损失5—20％,严重影响了高粱的产量和质量。为了有效地测报及控制粟穗螟的发生为害,作者于1985～1989年对粟穗螟发生规律及综防技术进行了系统研究,现就粟穗螟发生为害与气候因素的关系研究结果报道如下。     

影响大蜡螟幼虫体色的环境因素初探

大蜡螟幼虫体色各式各样 ,通过对比实验分析了温度、湿度、密度、光照和食物等环境因素对大蜡螟幼虫体色的影响。实验结果表明 :不同温度、湿度、密度、光照条件下大蜡螟幼虫的体色均未变化。在研究食物对大蜡螟幼虫体色的影响实验中食蜂巢的白黄色幼虫身体内部发黑 ,这可能是黑色的蜂巢透射出的颜色。实验为进一步研究大蜡螟幼虫体色的遗传机制打下了基础。     

粟穗螟滞育的形成和解除与环境条件的关系

粟穗螟Manpava bipunctella Ragonot在川南地区为二化性兼性滞育的昆虫。光周期是诱发滞育的主导因素,在中位温度下,滞育与否主要取决于幼虫发育期间的每日光照时数。在2s℃恒温下,临界光周期为14小时38分。幼虫对光照刺激反应的敏感期为低龄期。 温度和食料效应只发生在每天14小时以上的长光照下,低温有抵销长光照抑制滞育的作用,高温影响不显著;取食玉米的幼虫滞育率比高粱的高,并随寄主生育阶段的发展而增高。该虫滞育解除必需每天14-15小时的长光照;不利于滞育发育和解除,适宜温度为10一25℃。本文最后讨论了该虫滞育形成和解除的特点对发生规律的作用及在测报上的意义。     

茴香薄翅野螟发生与防治

茴香薄翅野螟EvergestisextimalisScopoli又名茴香螟、油菜螟,属鳞翅目、螟蛾科。它是最近几年来在我省密山地区为害十字花科蔬菜、油菜、茴香等植物越来越重的害虫之一,以幼虫钻蛀植株的角果食籽粒。随着春油菜种植面积的扩大,该虫的发生日趋严重,一般食荚率10％～20％,严重者在90％以上。我们于1989～1992年对该虫生物学特性及其防治方法进行了研究,现将结果介绍如下。豆生活史及习性室内饲养及田间调查表明,首香螟在密山地区1年发生2代,以老熟幼虫在土中结茧越冬。第2年5月下旬越冬幼虫开始化蛹,6月初始见成虫,6月上旬成虫羽…     

桑螟发生规律及防治策略

通过室内饲养和大田调查 ,证实湖州地区桑螟DiaphaniapyloalisWalker年发生以 5代为主 ,少数年份有 4代 ;桑螟成灾主要集中在第 4,5代。大田桑螟消长同气候、养蚕形式、天敌、防治水平有密切关系 ,不同年份之间发生时间、数量差异很大。桑螟防治方法 :以调整养蚕布局为主 ,辅以化学防治。在大批桑螟 3龄前用药是药剂防治的关键。药剂有 :40 %桑宝乳油 1 1 4mg kg,养蚕安全间隔期 6～ 8d。     

中国北部湾白骨壤红树林的虫害与研究对策

危害北部湾白骨壤的主要害虫是广州小斑螟 (Oligochroacantonella)幼虫、双纹白草螟 (Pseudcatharylladuplicella)幼虫和广翅蜡蝉 (Euricaniasp.)成虫。广州小斑螟喜食害白骨壤叶片 ,造成大量叶片的枯干和枝条的死亡 ,最高可导致林木 73 %的叶面积危害。室内培养发现广大腿小蜂 (Brachymeriasp .)、啮小蜂 (Tetrastichussp .)可寄生广州小斑螟的蛹 ,终止其羽化过程。虫害具有突发性、专一性、快速扩展的特点。海水淹没可明显抑制虫害。讨论了虫害的发源、爆发的原因、生态效应和防治途径 ,并指出深入研究的方向     

温度对小斑熊虫Milnesium tardigradum Doyère(缓步动物门,小斑熊虫科)食量和食物消化率的影响

为研究温度对小斑熊虫Milnesium tardigradum食量和食物消化率的影响,以轮虫为食物,将20只小斑熊虫分成两组,每组10只,分别在20℃和5℃下驯化饲养10天,并在各自驯化温度下进行实验观察。对实验结果的方差分析和t-检验表明,小斑熊虫的食量随温度的升高而显著增加,20℃下饲养的个体取食轮虫的个数比5℃下的多0.84个/天;小斑熊虫的食物消化率随温度的升高而显著增加,20℃下的小斑熊虫消化率比5℃下的快24 h。     

镉与萘复合胁迫对红树植物白骨壤幼苗萌芽及生长的影响

为探讨白骨壤(Avicennia marina)幼苗对重金属镉(Cd)和多环芳烃萘(Nap)复合胁迫的响应,采用砂基栽培,对其幼苗的萌芽和生长进行了研究。结果表明,Cd、Nap复合胁迫对白骨壤萌芽的抑制效应较单一胁迫明显,胁迫前期幼苗成活率提高,胁迫后期则降低。胁迫栽培45 d,10 mg L~(–1)的Nap在叶形态、茎高及各器官生物量上能够减轻Cd胁迫的影响,但增强对根长的抑制作用,10 mg L~(–1) Nap-25 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的叶面积、叶长、叶宽、茎高及全株生物量分别比25 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的提高9.6%、7.9%、7.4%、5.1%和20.2%,但根长则比150 mg L~(–1) Cd处理的下降11.1%。至胁迫栽培90 d,各处理间幼苗器官及全株生物量无显著影响,复合胁迫对叶形态、茎高和根长等的抑制作用要强于单一Cd胁迫。因此,随着复合胁迫时间的延长,Cd和Nap对白骨壤幼苗的生长由拮抗效应转变为协同效应。     

RPB2 sequences reveal a close phylogenetic relationship between tetraploid Hordelymus and diploid Hordeum species in Triticeae (Poaceae)

The origin of Hordelymus genome has been debated for years, and no consensus conclusion was reached. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the RPB2 (RNA polymerase subunit II) gene from Hordelymus europaeus (L.) Harz, and its potential diploid ancestor species those were suggested in previous studies. The focus of this study was to examine the phylogenetic relationship of Hordelymus genomes with its potential donor Hordeum, Psathyrostachys, and Taeniatherum species. Two distinguishable copies of sequences were obtained from H. europaeus. The obvious difference between the two copies of sequences is a 24 bp indel (insertion/deletion). Phylogenetic analysis showed a strong affinity between Hordeum genome and Hordelymus with 85% bootstrap support. These results suggested that one genome in tetraploid H. europaeus closely related to the genome in Hordeum species. Another genome in H. europaeus is sister to the genomes in Triticeae species examined here, which corresponds well with the recently published EF-G data. No obvious relationship was found between Hordelymus and either Ta genome donor, Taeniatherum caput-medusae or Ns genome donor, Psathyrostachys juncea. Our data does not support the presence of Ta and Ns genome in H. europaeus, and further confirms that H. europaeus is allopolyploid.     

基于28S, COI和Cytb基因序列的薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂分子遗传关系研究

薜荔和爱玉子均属于桑科榕属植物,二者为同一物种的原变种与变种的关系,早期研究认为这两种榕树与同一种传粉榕小蜂(Wiebesia pumilae (Hill))建立了稳定的互利共生关系,但近期在形态学、生态学、传粉生物学等方面对二者的研究结果表明,薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂之间可能发生了遗传分化。实验用核糖体28SrDNAD1-D3区、线粒体Cytb及COI基因部分序列,对采自福建3个不同样地的薜荔传粉小蜂和3个不同品系的栽培爱玉子的传粉小蜂进行分析,结果表明:(1)薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂的核糖体28S序列的碱基组成中A,T,G,C 4种含量较平均,C+G的平均含量(56%)稍高于A+T的含量(44%)。线粒体Cytb序列中A+T的含量(76.1%)明显高于C+G的含量(23.9%),COI序列中A+T的含量(71.9%)也明显高于G+C的含量(28.1%),这是膜翅目昆虫线粒体基因的普遍特征。在薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的线粒体Cytb及COI基因中,密码子第三位点A+T的含量最高。(2)比较薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的3种分子标记的变异范围显示,28S进化速度较Cytb及COI序列慢,比较保守,更适合科、亚科等较高分类单元的研究。薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的亲缘关系较近,采用Cytb与COI序列进行分析更为精确。(3)用Cytb及COI序列对薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的遗传距离进行分析显示,薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.0054,爱玉子传粉小蜂个体间的Cytb遗传距离为0.0164;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体之间的Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.1385;COI序列的薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间遗传距离为0.0048,爱玉子传粉小蜂各样本间平均遗传距离为0.0102;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体间COI序列平均遗传距离为0.1896,两群体间的遗传距离(差异大于10%以上)明显大于群体内各样本之间的遗传距离,表明薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间已经发生了很大的遗传分化,其变异水平达到了种间分化水平,即薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂为两个不同的种。     

Genotyping of Acanthamoeba isolates from clinical and environmental specimens in Iran

In this study, 15 Acanthamoeba isolates from AK patients and 10 environmental samples (water, soil and animal-origin samples) were classified at the genotype level based on the sequence analysis of the Diagnostic Fragment 3 (DF3) of Acanthamoeba small subunit rRNA gene. The obtained results revealed that most of these Acanthamoeba strains belonged to genotype T4 both in clinical and environmental samples. The presence T11 genotype in clinical samples was also revealed after the genotyping analysis and to our knowledge this is the first report of T11 genotype in Iran. Moreover, the isolation of T4 genotype from cow faeces in this study highlights a possible transmission of Acanthamoeba through animal faeces in Iran.Overall, the widespread distribution of pathogenic Acanthamoeba T4 across the environmental sources and the increasing number of contact lens wearers in Iran, demands more awareness within the public and health professionals as this pathogen is emerging as a risk for human health in Iran and worldwide.     

Ecophysiological responses of the mangrove Avicennia marina to trace metal contamination

Growth responses of Avicennia marina seedlings to contamination by different concentrations of two essential (Cu, Zn) and two non-essential (Pb, Hg) trace metals were studied under glasshouse conditions. We tested the hypothesis that soil retention and root ultrafiltration would exclude most of the trace metals, and that those that are absorbed and translocated to the shoots would interfere with plant performance and be excreted via leaf salt glands. One-month-old seedlings were subjected to Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg at concentrations of 0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 μg g⁻¹ sediment for 12 months in a randomized complete block design (n = 6). Photosynthesis was measured at the end of 12 months of trace metal exposure with a portable gas exchange system and chlorophyll fluorescence with a pulse-modulated fluorometer. After morphometric measurements, plants were harvested and analyzed for Cu, Zn, Pb and Hg by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Total dry biomass decreased with increasing trace metal concentration for all metals. In the 160 μg g⁻¹ Cu, Zn, Hg and Pb treatments, total biomass was significantly lower than the control value by 43%, 37%, 42% and 40%, respectively. Decreases in plant height and number of leaves followed trends similar to those for total biomass and ranged from 37% to 60%, compared to the controls. Decreases in chlorophyll content in the trace metal treatments ranged from 50% to 58% compared to the control. Carbon dioxide exchange, quantum yield of photosystem II (PSII), electron transport rate (ETR) through PSII and photosynthetic efficiency of PSII (F_v/F_m) were highest in the control treatment and decreased with increasing trace metal concentrations. Decreases in CO₂ exchange in the 160 μg g⁻¹ treatments for all trace metals ranged from 50% to 60%. Concentrations of all trace metals in plant organs increased with increasing metal concentrations and were higher in roots than in shoots, with concentrations of Cu and Zn being considerably higher than those of Hg and Pb. Qualitative elemental analyses and X-ray mapping of crystalline deposits over the glands at the leaf surfaces indicated that Cu and Zn were excreted from the salt glands, while Hg and Pb were absent, at least being below the limits of detection. These results demonstrate that growth processes are sensitive to trace metals and therefore can be considered as a cost of metal tolerance, but salt glands of this mangrove species do contribute eliminating at least part of physiologically essential trace metals if taken up in excess.     

Differential effects of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on growth of dwarf Avicennia marina mangroves

The effects of N and P enrichment were investigated on growth and physiological responses of dwarf Avicennia marina mangroves in a hypersaline (58 ± 8 psu) field site in Richards Bay, South Africa. It was hypothesized that at high salinities mangroves allocate more resources to roots than shoots, and that nutrient enrichment with N and P will shift resource allocation to shoots and enhance growth and productivity. In unvegetated areas of the dwarf zone, 1-year-old A. marina seedlings were planted in pots and enriched bimonthly with N, P, N + P, or remained unfertilized (control-C), and growth and morphology of plants were monitored for 2 years. Enrichment with N and N + P shifted resource allocation to shoots from 38% to 55%, and increased dry biomass accumulation by over 500%, compared to the control treatment. In the N and N + P treatments, plant height, number of leaves, leaf chlorophyll content and photosynthesis increased by over 50%, 330%, 30% and 30%, respectively, compared to the C and P treatments. Enrichment with N and N + P increased N concentrations in roots by over 60% (from 1.0 ± 0.1% to 1.6 ± 0.2% of dry mass) and in shoots by over 100% (from 1.3 ± 0.1% to 2.7 ± 02% of dry mass). Plants enriched with P alone were similar to those of the control. This study has demonstrated that dwarf A. marina in Richards Bay is N limited, and that N enrichment shifts resource allocation from roots to shoots and increases growth and productivity.     

枸杞岛铜藻垂直分布格局及成因分析

以枸杞岛铜藻垂直分布特征为基础,并通过现场实验分析了环境因子(沉积物、暴波强度(wave exposure)、光照强度)对铜藻幼苗阶段垂直分布及生长的影响。结果表明:铜藻的主要繁殖群体集中分布在潮间带低潮区121—240 cm的水深范围内,水深大于480 cm没有发现成藻植株;光照对铜藻的生长起重要作用,低光照强度可能不会导致铜藻的大量死亡,但明显抑制了铜藻的生长,248μmol m-2s-1的光照强度为铜藻快速生长提供了有利条件,而并没有导致铜藻幼苗大量死亡;低暴波强度虽降低了铜藻被移除的风险,但为沉积物和附生生物在铜藻附着基上的积累创造了条件,进而影响了铜藻早期定居阶段的存活;随着水深的增加,沉积物在附着基上的沉积水平显著增多(P0.01),沉积物长时间的覆盖导致了铜藻幼苗大量死亡。因此说,沉积物可能是影响铜藻垂直分布格局的主要因子。     

Salinity tolerance of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. from Gujarat coasts of India

Greenhouse experiments were conducted to assess the effects of soil salinity on emergence, growth, water status, proline content and mineral accumulation of seedlings of Avicennia marina (Forssk.) Vierh. NaCl was added to the soil and salinity was maintained at 0.2, 2.5, 5.1, 7.7, 10.3, 12.6, 15.4, 17.9, 20.5, 23.0, 25.6 and 28.2 psu. A negative relationship between seedling emergence and salt concentration was obtained. Nevertheless, this mangrove is highly salt tolerant during germination. Growth of seedlings was significantly promoted by low salinity and optimum growth was obtained at 15.4 psu. Higher salinities inhibited plant growth. Growth and dry matter accumulation in tissues followed the same optimum curve. Water potential of tissues became significantly more negative with increasing salinity, and proline content significantly increased. Moreover, water potential and proline content of tissues displayed an S-curve with the inflection point below ∼10 psu. The concentration of Na in tissues increased significantly, whereas K, Ca, Mg, N and P content decreased.     

A salt-inducible chloroplastic monodehydroascorbate reductase from halophyte Avicennia marina confers salt stress tolerance on transgenic plants

Plant growth and productivity are adversely affected by various abiotic stress factors. In our previous study, we used Avicennia marina, a halophytic mangrove, as a model plant system for isolating genes functioning in salt stress tolerance. A large scale random EST sequencing from a salt stressed leaf tissue cDNA library of one month old A. marina plants resulted in identification of a clone showing maximum homology to Monodehydroascorbate reductase (Am-MDAR). MDAR plays a key role in regeneration of ascorbate from monodehydroascorbate for ROS scavenging. In this paper, we report the cellular localization and the ability to confer salt stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco of this salt inducible Am-MDAR. A transit peptide at the N-terminal region of Am-MDAR suggested that it encodes a chloroplastic isoform. The chloroplastic localization was confirmed by stable transformation and expression of the Am-MDAR-GFP fusion protein in tobacco. Transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing Am-MDAR survived better under conditions of salt stress compared to untransformed control plants. Assays of enzymes involved in ascorbate–glutathione cycle revealed an enhanced activity of MDAR and ascorbate peroxidase whereas the activity of dehyroascorbate reductase was reduced under salt stressed and unstressed conditions in Am-MDAR transgenic lines. The transgenic lines showed an enhanced redox state of ascorbate and reduced levels of malondialdehyde indicating its enhanced tolerance to oxidative stress. The results of our studies could be used as a starting point for genetic engineering of economically important plants tolerant to salt stress.     

An investigation of the mechanisms for sterol synthesis and dietary sterol bioconversion in the heterotrophic protists Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans

The ability of the marine heterotrophic protists Oxyrrhis marina and Gyrodinium dominans to synthesize sterols de novo and modify dietary sterols was investigated using ¹³C-labeled substrates. De novo sterol synthesis of O. marina was determined by incorporation of ¹³C acetate into the culture medium. For G. dominans which has low tolerance of acetate, a protozoan prey Perkinsus marinus that cannot synthesize sterols, was cultured with ¹³C acetate then fed to G. dominans. Both heterotrophs utilized dietary ¹³C to synthesize fatty acids de novo, but not sterols. The ability of O. marina and G. dominans to alkylate, saturate, and desaturate dietary sterols was tested using P. marinus incorporated with ¹³C-labeled cholesterol as prey. O. marina did not modify the dietary ¹³C-cholesterol, but G. dominans produced 5 labeled sterols (brassicasterol, C28:1, and unknown C28, C29 and C30 sterols) indicating that G. dominans has the ability to desaturate and alkylate dietary cholesterol. The ability of O. marina and G. dominans to dealkylate dietary sterols was tested by feeding them gelatin acacia microspheres (GAMs) containing ¹³C-labeled brassicasterol. Neither heterotroph dealkylated brassicasterol to make cholesterol, but G. dominans alkylated and saturated brassicasterol to make 2 sterols (C29:1 and C30:0). The lack of dealkylation of brassicasterol by both protist species suggests problems with the substrate and/or delivery system since previous studies suggest that dealkylation of brassicasterol occurs when either species is fed algae containing this sterol.