黄淮海湿地生态系统服务与生物多样性保护格局的耦合性

研究生物多样性格局与生态系统服务格局之间的空间耦合效应,探讨以生物多样性保育为核心目标的自然保护体系同时能多大程度满足对生态系统服务功能的维护和支撑,已成为自然保护领域新的热点关注问题。目前研究多限于陆域生态系统,其方法难以适用于湿地生态系统。以黄淮海湿地——这一高强度人类活动的区域为研究区,基于湿地生态系统的横向连接度、纵向连接度(2D)以及结合地下水的垂向连接度(3D),对黄淮海地区湿地具有的生态系统服务功能进行了空间评估和分析,识别出具有重要意义的生态系统服务功能区域,结合现有保护区分布情况进行空间分析,评价现有保护区对生态系统服务功能的支持程度,即生物多样性保护与生态系统服务功能重点区域的空间耦合性。研究结果表明:目前湿地保护区并未有效覆盖湿地生态系统关键区域,湿地生态系统服务关键格局也存在大量明显的保护空缺。同时,随着2D到3D延伸,保护区对生态系统服务功能的支持程度也稍有提高,这与系统保护规划中选择不同保护目标后保护规划格局发生变化的情况类似,而生态系统服务功能的"热点地区"(重要区域)与保护生物学中所指的物种保护的热点地区类似,这表明生态系统服务功能的规划和保护也可以借鉴保护生物学中系统保护规划的理论和方法,为后续研究提供参照。     

黄淮海地区跨流域湿地生态系统保护网络体系优化

运用系统保护规划方法,以集水区为保护规划单元,综合考虑三维(3D)连接性(横向、纵向、垂向)和跨流域调水工程,通过不可替代性分析和保护空缺识别,对黄淮海地区跨流域湿地生态系统保护网络体系优化进行研究,并通过与已有保护体系对比,评估了优化体系的效用.结果表明： 依据不可替代性大小和连接性原则,湿地保护空缺可分为优先保护空缺和一般保护空缺;黄淮海地区湿地生态系统保护体系经过优化后,湿地保护状况整体上有较大改观,其中所有湿地类型受保护比重由初始的20%左右增长到46.8%,且各湿地类型保护状况都有不同程度的改善,优化体系中的受保护比重大多在40%以上.无论是从近期还是长远来看,湖泊湿地保护都应给予较多关注.生态系统服务价值和生物多样性相整合、保护和恢复相结合是未来湿地生态系统保护规划研究中应关注的方面.     

黄淮海地区湿地系统生物多样性保护格局构建

以黄淮海地区为研究对象,首先分析了区域现有湿地保护状况,再基于湿地类型、保护状况和目标保护物种分布,综合考虑GDP、人口密度等社会经济因素,以湿地生物多样性保护为目标,运用系统保护规划的理论和方法,以Marxan作为空间优化模型,进行多目标的湿地系统保护预案设计,构建区域湿地不同保护水平的保护空缺和不可替代性格局,确定合理的湿地系统保护格局。研究结果表明:现有的湿地保护体系仅覆盖了区域17%左右的湿地,尚有许多重要生境游离于现有保护区系统外。为完善黄淮海地区湿地保护体系,需要对黄海海区域内28个保护区进行功能区划调整或者保护等级提升,并在山东(5个县)和河北(4个县),河南、江苏和安徽(各3个县),北京和天津(各1个县)等20个县市内建立新的保护区,与现有湿地保护系统有机整合,最终形成一个黄淮海地区湿地生物保护网络合理格局。结果表明:同其他相关研究方法对比,系统保护规划方法在区域大尺度生物多样性保护方面更具有意义;同时也表明该方法在中国的应用前景广阔。     

基于系统保护规划的黄河流域湿地优先保护格局

黄河流域湿地为我国生物多样性维持提供了重要生境.本研究基于黄河流域气候分区、地貌单元及湿地遥感数据,构建黄河流域生态地理综合湿地分类系统.在系统保护规划理论框架下,将湿地气候-地貌分类单元作为生态系统层次保护对象,结合黄河流域鸟类分布范围作为物种层次的保护对象,设定30%湿地优化目标,将公路、铁路、城镇、农村居民点、水坝等作为度量因子创建黄河流域保护代价图层,并利用系统保护规划工具--Marxan软件构建黄河流域湿地保护优化格局,识别湿地保护空缺.结果表明: 黄河流域大部分沼泽湿地集中在黄河上游区域,目前源区保护区覆盖面积大,在内蒙古、甘肃及四川部分区域一些稀有湿地类型游离在保护体系外;黄河中游湿地类型以河道和河滩湿地类型为主,保护覆盖率极低,保护空缺严重,经优化保护网络体系后,保护成效可分别得到29.1%、37.6%的提升.黄河下游湿地主要集中在黄河三角洲区域,目前保护体系完整,保护空缺面积极小.总体上,黄河流域中游河流湿地的保护空缺比例最高,亟需重视.本研究基于湿地保护格局优化结果分区分析黄河流域湿地保护模式,为黄河流域湿地的保护规划管理提供了科学性建议,从宏观层面上为黄河流域水生态保护奠定了基石.     

基于水鸟保护的长江流域湿地优先保护格局模拟

基于系统保护规划的理论和方法,以长江流域湿地为研究区,构建了基于气候、地貌分异的湿地生态地理综合分类单元,并将其作为宏观尺度湿地生态系统保护目标,同时考虑以湿地鸟类为代表的物种保目标,依托Marxan系统保护规划工具,确定了长江流域湿地保护具有不可替代性的优先保护格局。该格局能以最小的社会经济和土地资源代价最大程度的保护湿地生物多样性,对比现有湿地保护格局,最终确定了游离于现有保护体系外的湿地保护空缺。研究结果表明:长江流域源区和长江三角洲地区的湿地保护体系完善,无需新建保护区;金沙江流域湿地保护空缺主要分布在现有保护区周围,可以适当扩充保护区外围或调整边界;嘉陵江流域和长江上游干流流域的保护空缺严重,大面积集中在重庆西北部,乌江流域的贵州省习水县北部湖泊湿地存在保护空缺,这些区域建议适当新建保护区或者保护小区;长江中下游湿地保护空缺主要分布在湖北、湖南、江西与安徽境内的沿江湖泊湿地,建议建立湿地公园及合理进行河流岸坡修复。研究结果可为长江流域湿地保护体系调整、保护规划制定提供参考依据,从宏观层面上为长江流域湿地统筹保护及合理开发利用提供科学依据。     

基于“目标-成本-效益”协同优化的山水林田湖草沙一体化生态保护与修复格局

当前以“山水林田湖草沙一体化保护与修复”为代表的国土空间生态修复工程已在全国范围内陆续开展,但相关规划的理论和方法支撑仍较为薄弱,如何确定合理的保护修复目标,并对生态保护与修复格局进行整合优化,是实现山水林田湖草沙一体化保护与修复规划需要解决的关键问题。基于系统保护规划理论和方法,初步构建了基于“目标-成本-效益”协同优化的一体化保护修复规划构架,以大兴安岭中段嫩江-哈拉哈河源头区为例,依托空间优化模型(Marxan)对一体化保护修复格局进行了优化模拟,结果表明：(1)绰尔河流域的生态系统保护优先级最高,其次是哈拉哈河流域和洮儿河流域,最后是霍林河流域。当预算不足时,优先保护绰尔河流域可以最大限度的提升研究区内的生态系统服务功能;(2)当优化目标低于50%,优化格局中以林地保护和草地保护为主,需要修复格局规模较小,当优化目标比例超过50%,需要采取生态修复的面积明显增加。随着优化目标比例的提升,优化格局所需面积越来越大,优化后区域中各类生态系统服务功能均有所提高;(3)依据目标-成本-效益曲线,60%的保护修复水平(即1980—2020年退化损失的生态系统服务的60%)为最高效的保护修...     

基于系统保护规划的三江平原湿地保护网络体系优化

综合三江平原湿地不同层次、不同维度的生物多样性特征,在系统保护规划方法(Systematic Conservation Planning,SCP)框架下,以集水区为规划单元,计算研究区域不可替代性指数,确定高保护价值网络体系,通过保护空缺分析对现有保护网络进行优化,并评估优化体系的有效性。结果表明:三江平原湿地高保护价值区域的分布呈现沿河流分布的特点;现有保护区中湖泊和目标物种的保护状态比较好;保护网络体系优化后,沼泽湿地在保护网络中的比重由22.88%重增加到50%以上;河流湿地由16.20%增加到33.92%;地下水资源在现有保护网络中的比重非常低,仅为2.01%,优化后保护网络中保护比重增加到12.05%,因此在今后的保护区规划中,应该重视对地下水资源的保护和管理。另外本研究结合生态脆弱性对高保护价值的空缺设计3个情景方案,并根据生态威胁的种类和强度提出各优先保护方案的保护建议,为保护管理决策提供依据。     

大坝对下游景观格局及生态系统服务的影响

大坝是水资源利用和调控的有效手段,为社会经济发展做出了重要贡献。大坝改变了河流的自然属性,是下游景观格局及生态系统服务变化的重要驱动力。大坝改变了区域水资源的时空配置,在不同尺度和不同层面产生相应的水分效应:(1)大坝引发了整个下游物理、化学和生物的变化,这种变化主要发生在流域水文、河道和物种流动等方面;(2)大坝改变地表水和地下水的动态,从而影响到河岸带、灌溉区、洪泛区及更远的横向区域。下游水源补给能力下降,使地下含水层和沿河湿地无法及时补充,干流与支流、湖泊间的互动关系被阻断,影响区域水资源的输送与交换;(3)水环境的变化影响社会经济发展的方向和程度,使下游土地利用和土地覆被发生相应的改变。生态系统服务在地理过程、生物过程和社会经济发展过程中产生和利用,大坝改变了水分、能量和物质的循环过程,对区域生态系统服务的维持带来深远的影响。河流是区域生态系统服务网络的核心和重要通道,大坝通过河流对下游产生初级和次级影响,强烈地改变了区域生态系统服务网络的稳定和发展。     

湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法

提出了一套侧重水鸟保护的湿地自然保护区保护价值评价方法.该方法建立的指标体系经过专家咨询和会议讨论确定指标,采用层次分析法(AHP)建立了递阶层次结构模型.指标体系共分为目标层1项、系统层5项、准则层11项和指标层26项.将获取资料的湿地自然保护区按国家有关分类标准与原则归为3个类型(海洋与海岸生态系统类型、内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型和野生动物类型),每个类型内的自然保护区再结合自身湿地主体进一步划分为4个小类型(近海与海岸湿地、河流湿地、湖泊湿地、沼泽湿地).实例分析了海洋与海岸生态系统类型中的以近海及海岸湿地为主体的自然保护区,内陆湿地与水域生态系统类型中的以沼泽湿地为主体的自然保护区和野生动物类型中的以河流湿地为主体的自然保护区,并依照保护价值指数进行了等级划分.为湿地自然保护区的保护价值和发展地位,总体规划和改建变更提供了依据.     

黄河首曲湿地植物群落生产力、物种多样性及其与生境的关系

近年来,在气候变化与人为干扰等因素的驱动下,高寒湿地退化导致生物多样性的丧失如何影响生态系统功能尚无共识。以黄河首曲高寒湿地为研究对象,基于野外采样数据和植物群落多样性指数,重点分析植物物种多样性、地上生物量空间分布格局及其与土壤因子关系。结果表明：首曲湿地存在一定程度退化,植物群落组成主要集中在菊科和禾本科,莎草科和豆科植物较少;植物群落物种多样性和地上生物量未表现出显著的经纬度和海拔梯度变化;Patrick丰富度指数(R)和Shannon-Weiner多样性指数(H)与地上生物量呈显著正相关,说明保护区植物多样性的保护有利于生产力维持;土壤含水量影响着高寒湿地植被群落结构,与多样性指数呈显著相关性,是高寒湿地植被恢复和重建的关键性因子。该研究结果对于认识黄河首曲高寒湿地植物生物量和物种多样性及土壤因子的空间分异规律具有一定的参考价值,同时为高寒湿地退化生态系统功能的恢复及生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。     

Wetlands as landscape units: spatial patterns in salinity and water chemistry

Athalassic wetlands play a pivotal role in sediment and nutrient cycling and retention at the catchment level and are important ecosystems for local and regional biodiversity. Yet, the management of wetlands outside of riverine floodplains (non-riverine wetlands) is difficult, as there is limited understanding of these water bodies and of the processes that threaten them, like secondary salinisation. Accordingly, we describe the patterns of variation in wetland salinity and water chemistry across a regional landscape that is threatened by secondary salinisation. Spatial analyses indicated the distribution of the study wetlands was non-random and there was considerable positive spatial auto-correlation in water chemistry among wetlands—indicating a lack of independence. We detected massive variation in water chemistry among wetlands compared to minimal within-wetland variation and conductivity accounted for most of the among-wetland variation confirming its prominence in non-riverine wetland water chemistry. Wetland salinities were classified by their chemical evaporative pathway and we found a number of wetlands that may have become secondary salinised. The results reported here support the notion that the study, conservation and management of non-riverine wetlands should include assessments made at multiple spatial scales from individual waterbodies through to catchments. This is important because wetlands may not be independent units, but components of larger systems. However, we also note that the use of individual wetlands as units of replication may be problematic under some circumstances. We also argue that the identification of secondarily salinised wetlands will often require a multiple lines of evidence approach.     

The contribution of riffles and riverine wetlands to benthic macroinvertebrate biodiversity

Benthic macroinvertebrates collected in biomonitoring programs are a potentially valuable source of biodiversity information for conservation planning in river ecosystems. Biomonitoring samples often focus on riffles; however, we have only partially assessed the extent to which riffle biodiversity patterns reflect those of other river habitats, particularly riverine wetlands. Using a standard biomonitoring protocol, we assessed the richness, composition and magnitude of variation of macroinvertebrate assemblages in riffles across 18 sites in the Nashwaak river catchment, and compared these to samples from adjacent riverine wetlands. Despite containing on average fewer taxa per site than riffles, riverine wetlands demonstrated similar levels of taxon richness at the catchment scale. There was strong assemblage separation between habitat types, and riverine wetlands displayed significantly greater assemblage variation than riffles. Riffles and riverine wetlands did not demonstrate significant correlations in terms of taxon richness or assemblage variation, though this may be partially due to the scale at which we collected observations. Principal component analysis with vector fitting suggested that (log) sub-catchment area was an important factor structuring riffle assemblages, while depth was potentially important for riverine wetland assemblages. We discuss the implications of these results for the use of biomonitoring data in systematic conservation planning, and identify future research that will improve our understanding of the role riverine wetlands play in maintaining catchment biodiversity and ecosystem processes.     

Integrating multidirectional connectivity requirements in systematic conservation planning for freshwater systems

Aim Recent efforts to apply the principles of systematic conservation planning to freshwater ecosystems have focused on the special connected nature of these systems as a way to ensure adequacy (long‐term maintenance of biodiversity). Connectivity is important in maintaining biodiversity and key ecological processes in freshwater environments and is of special relevance for conservation planning in these systems. However, freshwater conservation planning has focused on longitudinal connectivity requirements within riverine ecosystems, while other habitats, such as floodplain wetlands or lakes and connections among them, have been overlooked. Here, we address this gap by incorporating a new component of connectivity in addition to the traditional longitudinal measure. Location Northern Australia. Methods We integrate lateral connections between freshwater areas (e.g. lakes and wetlands) that are not directly connected by the river network and the longitudinal upstream–downstream connections. We demonstrate how this can be used to incorporate ecological requirements of some water‐dependent taxa that can move across drainage divides, such as waterbirds. Results When applied together, the different connectivity rules allow the identification of priority areas that contain whole lakes or wetlands, their closest neighbours whenever possible, and the upstream/downstream reaches of rivers that flow into or from them. This would facilitate longitudinal and lateral movements of biota while minimizing the influence of disturbances potentially received from upstream or downstream reaches. Main conclusions This new approach to defining and applying different connectivity rules can help improve the adequacy of freshwater‐protected areas by enhancing movements of biodiversity within priority areas. The integration of multiple connectivity needs can also serve as a bridge to integrate freshwater and terrestrial conservation planning.     

综合模型法评估黄河三角洲湿地景观连通性

景观连通性是区域生态系统功能完整的重要表征。连通性的评估对生态系统管理和保护规划有重要意义。综合常用的景观连通性评估模型,即最小耗费距离模型与电路理论模型,根据生态网络构建的一般范式,采取两种不同阻力面赋值方案,对黄河三角洲的湿地景观连通性进行评估,并对比分析了两种模型的基本原理、工作性能、分析尺度等。结果表明：最小耗费距离模型能够识别最优生态廊道,为景观连通性评估提供基本模式。电路理论则能扩展到潜在生态廊道和关键生态点的量化识别,能确定具有生态功能的“夹点”和障碍区的空间位置。综合两种模型,可以量化评估黄河三角洲湿地景观连通性,空间化三角洲湿地保护恢复的管理目标,即潜在廊道和关键生态节点,为区域生态系统功能评估和管理提供精准的数据支持。     

Comparison of Soil Organic Matter in Created, Restored and Paired Natural Wetlands in North Carolina

Soil organic matter (SOM) content is a key indicator of soil quality and is correlated to a number of important soil processes that occur in wetlands such as respiration, denitrification, and phosphorus sorption. To better understand the differences in the SOM content of created (CW), restored (RW), and paired natural wetlands (NWs), 11 CW/RW-NW pairs were sampled in North Carolina. The site pairs spanned a range of hydrogeomorphic (HGM) subclasses common in the Coastal Plain. The following null hypotheses were tested: (1) SOM content of paired CW/RWs and NWs are similar; (2) SOM content of wetlands across different HGM subclasses is similar; and (3) interactions between wetland status (CW/RW vs. NW) and hydrogeomorphic subclass are similar. The first null hypothesis was rejected as CW/RWs had significantly lower mean SOM (11.8 ± 3.9%) than their paired NWs (28.98 ± 8.0%) on average and at 10 out of the 11 individual sites. The second and third null hypotheses were also rejected as CW/RWs and NWs in the non-riverine organic soil flat subclass had significantly higher mean SOM content (31.08 ± 14.2%) than the other three subclasses (8.18 ± 2.5, 11.18 ± 8.2, and 10.38 ± 4.2%). Individual sites within this fourth subclass also had significantly different SOM content. This indicated that it would be inappropriate to include the organic soil flat subclass with either the riverine or non-riverine mineral soil flat subclasses when considering restoration guidelines. These results also suggested that if there is a choice in mitigation options between restoration or creation, wetlands should be restored rather than created, especially those in the non-riverine organic soil flat subclass.