光因子对石刁柏愈伤组织生长过程中蛋白质含量及酶活性变化的影响

在不同的光因子条件下,石刁柏愈伤组织的生长曲线均呈“Ｓ”型。愈伤组织的可溶性蛋白质含量以黄光最高,其次为蓝光、黑暗、白光、绿光、红光。在蓝光、黄光、红光条件上,愈伤组织的非特异性酯酶活性均出现３个峰、而绿光、白光、黑暗条件下则出现２个峰,以第２７天的峰植相比,其峰植的大小顺序为：黄光、蓝光、白光、红光、绿光、黑暗。除红光为２个过氧化物酶活性峰外,其他均为１个活性峰,其峰值的大小顺序是：黄光、蓝光、     

Molecular basis of abnormal red-green color vision: a family with three types of color vision defects

The molecular nature of three different types of X-linked color-vision defects, protanomaly, deuteranomaly, and protanopia, in a large 3-generation family was determined. In the protanomalous and protanopic males the normal red pigment gene was replaced by a 5' red-3' green fusion gene. The protanomalous male had more red pigment DNA in his fusion gene than did the more severely affected protanopic individual. The deuteranomalous individual had four green pigment genes and one 5' green-3' red fusion gene. These results extend those of Nathans et al., who proposed that most red-green color-vision defects arise as a result of unequal crossing-over between the red and green pigment genes. The various data suggest that differences in severity of color-vision defects associated with fusion genes are caused by differences in crossover sites between the red and green pigment genes. Currently used molecular methodology is not sufficiently sensitive to define these fusion points accurately, and the specific color-vision defect within the deutan or protan class cannot be predicted. The DNA patterns for color-vision genes of female heterozygotes have not previously been described. Patterns of heterozygotes may not be distinguishable from those of normals. However, a definite assignment of the various color pigment gene arrays could be carried out by family study. Two compound heterozygotes for color-vision defects who tested as normal by anomaloscopy were found to carry abnormal fusion genes. In addition, a normal red pigment gene was present on one chromosome and at least one normal green pigment gene was present on the other.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

青斑蝶Tirumala limniace成虫颜色偏好性研究

【目的】明确青斑蝶Tirumala limniace雌、雄成虫对颜色的偏好性,可以为此蝴蝶人工饲养时的合理环境条件设定提供必要的理论支持。【方法】本研究通过在室内和野外对青斑蝶成虫对6种颜色(白色、红色、绿色、黄色、蓝色和紫色)光源的选择行为进行观察,明确青斑蝶成虫对不同颜色的偏好性。【结果】(1)在室内和在野外雌、雄成虫均优先选择黄色。(2)雌雄成虫在野外无其它光源干扰下对黄色的选择性强于室内。(3)单色光源照明和多种不同颜色光源同时存在下,成虫对颜色的偏好程度存在差异:当只有单色光源照明时,成虫对颜色的偏好程度为黄色>绿色=红色≥蓝色≥紫色;当不同颜色光源同时存在时,成虫对颜色的偏好程度则为黄色>蓝色≥绿色=红色≥紫色。(4)在不同颜色光源同时存在时,配对后的雌成虫表现出了比雄成虫更强的颜色选择性:雌成虫对黄色光源的选择性强于雄成虫,且其未产生颜色选择的成虫数量也少于雄成虫。【结论】青斑蝶成虫存在对黄色选择的颜色恒常性,野外成虫对颜色的选择性强于室内,雌、雄成虫对偏好颜色选择性存在性别差异。     

Orthogonal Relations and Color Constancy in Dichromatic Colorblindness

This paper employs uniform color space to analyze relations in dichromacy (protanopia, deuteranopia, tritanopia). Fifty percent or less of dichromats represent the classical reduction form of trichromacy, where one of three cones is inoperative but normal trichromatic color mixture such as complementary colors (pairs that mix white) are accepted by the dichromat, whose data can thus be plotted to CIE chromaticity spaces. The remaining dichromats comprise many and varied more-complex gene arrays from mutations, recombinations, etc. Though perhaps a minority, the three reductionist types provide a simple standard, in genotype and phenotype, to which the more complex remainder may be compared. Here, previously published data on dichromacy are plotted and analyzed in CIELUV uniform color space to find spatial relations in terms of color appearance space (e.g., hue angle). Traditional residual (seen) hues for protanopia and deuteranopia (both red–green colorblindness) are yellow and blue, but analysis indicates the protanopic residual hues are more greenish yellow and reddish blue than in tradition. Results for three illuminants (D65, D50, B) imply four principles in the spatial structure of dichromacy: (1) complementarity of confusion hue pairs and of residual hue pairs; (2) orthogonality of confusion locus and residual hues locus at their intersection with the white point, in each dichromatic type; (3) orthogonality of protanopic and tritanopic confusion loci; and (4) inverse relations between protanopic and tritanopic systems generally, such that one''s confusion hues are the other''s residual hues. Two of the three dichromatic systems do not represent components of normal trichromatic vision as sometimes thought but are quite different. Wavelength shifts between illuminants demonstrate chromatic adaptation correlates exactly with that in trichromatic vision. In theory these results clarify relations in and between types of dichromacy. They also apply in Munsell and CIELAB color spaces but inexactly to the degree they employ inexact complementarity.     

光质对一品红叶离体培养中形态发生及生化变化的影响

本文讨论了将光质应用于一品红(Euphorbia pulcherrima)大规模细胞繁殖及形态发生调控的可行性,并测定了一些形态及生化指标作为这种调控的参数。 以一品红试管苗的叶片作为外植体,置于MS培养基中并分别培养于白(W)、红(R)、黄(Y)、蓝(B)、绿(G)色光及黑暗(D)下,一个月后进行测定。蓝光和黄光明显促进出苗。而愈伤组织形成的情况则正相反,红光利于愈伤组织的形成,黄光效果最差。过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活力及蛋白质、RNA、碳水化合物的含量与愈伤组织形成有较为一致的关系,但与分化不直接相关。 实验中还测定了叶绿素a、叶绿素b及类胡萝卜素的含量。白光与蓝光均能促进叶绿素及类胡萝卜素的合成,但蓝光中chl b/chl a的比率较高。此外,本文尚涉及暗处理中的晶质化现象(vitrification)及其成因。     

The Luminosity Curve of the Deuteranomalous Fovea

Analogous to protans, the two types of deutan color-defectives—the dichromats (deuteranopes) and the anomalous trichromats (deuteranomalous)—do not differ in spectral sensitivity in the red-green range at threshold (either in the dark or against bright colored backgrounds). However, luminosity curves obtained by heterochromatic brightness matching show the latter to be slightly more sensitive in the blue-green, and slightly less so in the red, than the former. Experiment proves that these differences are due (at least in part) to contributions of cones containing the deuteranomalous anomalous pigment which are missing from the deuteranope's eye. The absorption spectrum of the anomalous pigment can be inferred with assumptions (analogous to those already made with protanomalous trichromats) about how the different cone mechanisms pool their responses to yield luminosity. Two alternatives thus revealed are (a) the normal red pigment in dilute solution or (b) a spectrum very similar to that of the normal red pigment but shifted slightly toward the short wave end of the spectrum. Since the spectrum inferred by (a) has the same λ_max as the normal red pigment, (a) predicts that deuteranomalous observers will require a negative red primary when matching monochromatic lights of wavelengths near the λ_max. This is not observed.     

不同波长光照对罗汉果光合及生长影响

罗汉果试管苗在不同波长的LED(半导体)蓝(475±5nm)、黄(585±5nm)、红(660±5nm)及普通日光灯下培养,25d后观测发现,其外观的优劣依次为:蓝光>白光>红光>黄光;植株重量:蓝光>红光>黄光>白光;蓝光和白光下的植株叶大、色绿,植株矮壮,侧芽多;红光和黄光下的植株叶小、色黄绿,植株高、细、弯曲、节间长。测定罗汉果成熟叶片的吸收光谱,发现在波长380~500nm及660~680nm处有较强吸收。不同的光质下测定成熟叶片光合速率,大小依次为:红光>蓝光>白光>黄光。上述的各项试验表明,蓝光对罗汉果幼苗生长发育最好;红光和蓝光为成熟叶片光合作用的最佳光源。     

THE WAVELENGTH SENSITIVITY FUNCTION FOR THE ZEBRA FINCH

With lights of different spectral compositions filtered from a white, the flicker response contours for the zebra finch are found to exhibit the same general kind of relationship between flicker excitation and wavelength as is found in the case of man ("cone" contours), with the same filters. The flicker contours for the zebra finch are simplex; the retina contains no rods. On a relative energy scale, with a flash cycle of fixed light-time percentage (10 per cent) the curve for yellow almost coincides with that for the white, the curve for red lies at much higher intensities, and the curves for blue-green and violet fall below that for the white by amounts increasing in that order. The maxima to which the curves rise and the slope constants are very nearly the same for all the spectral regions. For the bird the blue was a little less efficient, the green a little more efficient, and the red very much less efficient than in the case of man. It was deduced that in the retina of this diurnal bird the number of red oil globules should be comparatively small and that most of the globules should be greenish yellow. This was confirmed by direct examination.     

光因子对棉铃虫(Helicoverpa armigera)雌蛾性信息素产生及其求偶行为的影响

分为3部分第1部分为光因子对棉铃虫雌蛾求偶行为的影响;第2部分为光因子对棉铃虫雌蛾性信息素(Z-11-16Ald)含量的影响;第3部分为光因子对棉铃虫雌蛾脑因子活性的影响。研究结果表明用非正常光周期、间隔光照、不同光质处理棉铃虫雌蛾后,求偶峰值下降,求偶节律混乱,性信息素含量下降,脑因子活性受到抑制。主要研究目的是探讨一种不使用或少使用农药的新型生态防治方法。     

不同颜色光对野菊花色素溶液稳定性及类胡萝卜素含量的影响

在黑暗（对照）、红光、绿光、蓝光、黄光和白光条件下,对来源于野菊[Dendranthema indicum（Linn．）Des．Moul．]头状花序乙醚提取物的色素溶液中类胡萝卜素含量及色价和色差的变化进行了研究,并对色价和色差与贮藏时间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：在不同颜色光照条件下,随贮藏时间（0—50d）的延长,溶液中类胡萝卜素含量及412、436和468nm特征波长下溶液的色价均呈逐渐下降的趋势,溶液的色彩参数（L＊、n＊和b＊）则呈现不同的变化规律。贮藏前后类胡萝卜素含量差异极显著（P〈0．01）且与贮藏时间呈显著负相关;在贮藏至50d时,在红光、蓝光、白光、黄光、绿光和黑暗条件下类胡萝卜素含量降幅依次为98．97％、98．33％、95．10％、92．30％、80．38％和17．02％。贮藏10—50d溶液色价均显著小于起始色价（P〈0．05）,其中,在黑暗条件下色价的变化均最小且显著高于其他处理组,而在红光照射下色价降幅最大。在黑暗条件下,溶液亮度增加、色彩变化不明显;而在其他颜色光照条件下,色素溶液均由绿转红、由黄向蓝转变,且与对照相比a＊值显著增大、b＊值显著降低（P〈0．05）,但溶液亮度总体上无显著差异（P〉O．05）。在0—50d的贮藏期内,溶液的色价和色差与储藏时间均呈线形关系,溶液的褪色规律均符合一次降解曲线。研究结果显示：野菊花所含的类胡萝卜素类色素对红光、绿光、蓝光、黄光和白光均较敏感,光照时间越长分解越激烈;在实际应用过程中这类色素应避光保存。     

不同波长光照对三疣梭子蟹复眼超微结构的影响

三疣梭子蟹(Portunus tritubereulatus)经过30 min暗适应后,在不同波长的红光(750 nm),黄光(580 nm),绿光(560 nm),蓝光(400 nm)下,其光感受器形态和超微结构随不同波长光的适应而发生变化。在红光下感杆束直径大,微绒毛排列最整齐,内质网、线粒体等胞器较多,色素颗粒分布均匀,膜下储泡囊小;在蓝光下感杆束直径最小,微绒毛最凌乱,多囊体、板膜体、膜下储泡囊等胞器较多,色素颗粒位于细胞核周围。     

Integumental reddish-violet coloration owing to novel dichromatic chromatophores in the teleost fish, Pseudochromis diadema

In the reddish-violet parts of the skin of the diadema pseudochromis Pseudochromis diadema, we found novel dichromatic chromatophores with a reddish pigment and reflecting platelets. We named these novel cells 'erythro-iridophores'. In standard physiological solution, erythro-iridophores displayed two hues, red and dark violet when viewed with an optical microscope under ordinary transmission light and epi-illumination optics, respectively. Under transmission electron microscopy, however, we observed no typical red chromatosomes, i.e., erythrosomes, in the cytoplasm. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) analysis of the pigment eluted from the erythro-iridophores indicated that carotenoid is the main pigment generating the reddish color. Furthermore, when the irrigating medium was a K(+)-rich saline solution, the color reflected from the erythro-iridophores changed from dark violet to sky blue, but the red coloration remained. The motile activities of the erythro-iridophores may participate in the changes in the reddish-violet shades of the pseudochromis fish.     

毛地黄(Digitalis purpurea)叶离体培养过程中光质与培养基对器官发生的交互作用

培养基成分影响毛地黄叶外值体的生长,不含BA的培养基中芽不能发生,无NAA的培养基中无根发生。光质的效应与培养基成分有关,黄、蓝、绿光在未加有机成分(NAA为0.ling·L~(-1))的培养基中能促进芽的生长,当NAA为0.5 mg·L~(-1)时则抑制芽的生长。红光、黑暗处理与培养基成分关系不大,一般均抑制发芽;根的发生不需要光。光质和培养基之间有交互作用。     

ACCLIMATION OF THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC APPARATUS OF PALMARIA PALMATA (RHODOPHYTA) TO LIGHT QUALITIES THAT PREFERENTIALLY EXCITE PHOTOSYSTEM I OR PHOTOSYSTEM II1

Acclimation of the photosynthetic apparatus to light absorbed primarily by phycobilisomes (which transfer energy predominantly to photosystem II) or absorbed by chlorophyll a (mainly present in the antenna of photosystem I) was studied in the macroalga Palmaria palmata L. In addition, the influence of blue and yellow light, exciting chlorophyll a and phycobilisomes, respectively, ivas investigated. All results were compared to a white light control. Complementary chromatic adaptation in terms of an enhanced ratio of phycoerythrin to phycocyanin under green light conditions was observed. Red light (mainly absorbed by chlorophyll a) and green light (mainly absorbed by phycobilisomes) caused an increase of the antenna system, which was not preferentially excited. Yellow and blue light led to intermediate states comparable to each other and white light. Growth was reduced under all light qualities in comparison to white light, especially under conditions preferably exciting phycobilisomes (green light-adapted algae had a 58% lower growth rate compared to white light-adapted algae). Red and blue light-adapted algae showed maximal photosynthetic capacity with white light excitation and significantly lower values with green light excitation. In contrast, green and yellow light-adapted algae exhibited comparable photosynthetic capacities at all excitation wavelengths. Low-temperature fluorescence emission analysis showed an increase of photosystem II emission in red light-adapted algae and a decrease in green light-adapted algae. A small increase of photosystem I emission teas also found in green light-adapted algae, but this was much less than the photosystem II emission increase observed in red light-adapted algae (both compared to phycobilisome emission). Efficiency of energy transfer from phycobilisomes to photosystem II was higher in red than in green light-adapted algae. The opposite was found for the energy transfer efficiency from phycobilisomes to photosystem I. Zeaxanthin content increased in green and blue light-adapted algae compared to red, white, and yellow light-adapted algae. Results are discussed in comparison to published data on unicellular red algae and cyanobacteria.     

The effect of light color on the nucleocytoplasmic and chloroplast cycle of the green chlorococcal algaScenedesmus obliquus

The color of light (white, red, blue, and green) had a significant effect on the growth and reproductive processes (both in the nucleocytoplasmic and chloroplast compartment of the cells) in synchronous cultures of Scenedesmus obliquus. This effect decreased in the order red > white > blue > green. In the same order, the light phase of the cell cycle (time when first autospores started to be released) was prolonged. The length of dark phase (time when 100 % of daughters were allowed to release from mothers) was not influenced and was the same for all colors. Critical cell size for cell division in green light was shifted to a smaller size (compared with cells grown in other lights) and so was the size of released daughters. The nuclear cycle was slowed in blue and even in green light, contrary to cells grown in red and white light. At the beginning of the cell cycle, one-nucleus daughters possess approximately 10 nucleoids; during the cell cycle their number doubled in all variants before the division of nuclei. Both events were delayed in cultures grown more slowly most markedly in green light. Smaller daughters in the green variant possessed a lower number of nucleoids. Motile cells released in continuous green or blue lights but not in red one were rarely observed.     

THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT ADAPTATION ON SUBSEQUENT DARK ADAPTATION OF THE EYE

The course of dark adaptation of the human eye varies with the intensity used for the light adaptation which precedes it. Preadaptation to intensities below 200 photons is followed only by rod adaptation, while preadaptation to intensities above 4000 photons is followed first by cone adaptation and then by rod adaptation. With increasing intensities of preadaptation, cone dark adaptation remains essentially the same in form, but covers an increasing range of threshold intensities. At the highest preadaptation the range of the subsequent cone dark adaptation covers more than 3 log units. Rod dark adaptation appears in two types—a rapid and a delayed. The rapid rod dark adaptation is evident after preadaptations to low intensities corresponding to those usually associated with rod function. The delayed rod dark adaptation shows up only after preadaptation to intensities which are hundreds of times higher than those which produce the maximal function of the rods in flicker, intensity discrimination, and visual acuity. The delayed form remains essentially constant in shape following different intensities of preadaptation. However, its time of appearance increases with the preadaptation intensity; after the highest preadaptation, it appears only after 12 or 13 minutes in the dark. These two modes of rod dark adaptation are probably the expression of two methods of formation of visual purple in the rods after its bleaching by the preadaptation lights.     

Spectral preferences of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae)

Many insects prefer lights with certain spectral properties, and such preferences may be associated with behavioral contexts such as mating, host finding or dispersal. Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) is a newly invasive species in Korea and is spreading rapidly. It is diurnal and may rely on visual cues for orientation. We conducted a series of three phototaxis experiments to understand spectral preferences in L. delicatula: light/dark choice, UV/white light choice, and color preference experiments. Nymphs of the third and final stages as well as adults were used for these experiments. In the light/dark choice, the orientation of L. delicatula was bimodal between the white light and darkness, for all stages and both sexes. In a choice of UV (395–410 nm wavelengths) vs. white light, L. delicatula of both sexes and all stages preferred the UV light. In the color preference experiment where insects had a choice of four colors in a circular arena, L. delicatula stayed significantly longer in the blue light than in white, yellow or green lights. Overall, nymphs and adults of L. delicatula oriented toward lights with shorter wavelengths, and this orientation was consistent throughout all stages, regardless of sex. It is necessary to investigate the behavioral contexts under which L. delicatula prefers the UV and blue lights.     

Zum Farbsehvermögen von Hausziegen (Capra hircus L.)

Tests on male goats were designed to determine their capacity for colour vision. The colours yellow, orange, blue, violet and green were tested against gray nuances of like brightness. Goats were found to be able to distinguish between colours and gray nuances. The rate of errors increased in the order: orange, green, red, yellow, violet, blue.     

Color Differential Staining of Nor-Associated Heterochromatic Segments Using Acridine Orange

A new staining technique has been evaluated for detecting heterochromatic segments accompanying nucleolus organizing regions (NORs). This technique essentially consists of C-banding followed by acridine orange staining. When the technique was applied to five species of plants, the NOR-associated heterochromatic segments (NOR H-segments) were differentiated from other segments of the chromosomes as regions emitting yellowish green fluorescence. An incubation of at least 30 min in hot 2 × SSC was required to make the NOR H-segments emit yellowish green fluorescence in Nothoicordum fragrans. Fluorescence on other heterocnromatic segments varied from reddish orange to bright yellow; euchromatic segments emitted orange or yellowish orange fluorescence. The technique permits identification of NOR H-segments throughout mitosis based on the characteristic fluorescent color.     

Color differential staining of NOR-associated heterochromatic segments using acridine orange

A new staining technique has been evaluated for detecting heterochromatic segments accompanying nucleolus organizing regions (NORs). This technique essentially consists of C-banding followed by acridine orange staining. When the technique was applied to five species of plants, the NOR-associated heterochromatic segments (NOR H-segments) were differentiated from other segments of the chromosomes as regions emitting yellowish green fluorescence. An incubation of at least 30 min in hot 2 x SSC was required to make the NOR H-segments emit yellowish green fluorescence in Nothoscordum fragrans. Fluorescence on other heterochromatic segments varied from reddish orange to bright yellow; euchromatic segments emitted orange or yellowish orange fluorescence. The technique permits identification of NOR H-segments throughout mitosis based on the characteristic fluorescent color.