数字X线探测器

现代科学和技术的发展,对医学成像领域产生了深刻的影响,近的来,随着计算机网络及远距离通信科术的发展,出现了ＰＡＣＳ（图像存档与通信系统）它是专门图像管理而设计的包括图像存档,检索,传送,显示,处理和拷贝的硬件和软件,它已经日益引起人们的重视,对于庞大的传统Ｘ线投影成像系统实现ＰＡＣＳ关键是先设法获取数字化的Ｘ线影像,本文中的我们针对数字Ｘ线机中用以来数字化的探测器技术进行了探讨。     

钼钨双靶X射线机应用于儿童摄片的机遇和挑战

分析了钼钨双靶X射线机所面临的政策、市场和技术优势以及从研发到临床试验这一阶段所遇到的政策方面的困惑,并最终形成政策建议,以期为医疗科技成果的安全有效转化提供借鉴。     

乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量的关系

目的：探讨不同乳腺分型（Ⅰ型（脂肪型）、Ⅱ型（致密型）、Ⅲ型（中间型）、Ⅳ型（导管型））、不同乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件（kV、mms）、平均腺体剂量（mGy）之间的关系。方法：回顾性分析2009年9月-2010年6月间采用德国Siemens公司MAMMOMAT Novation DR全数字化乳腺摄影系统、自动曝光控制模式下摄影所获得的2000例头尾位和内外侧斜位乳腺片,分析7840幅Ⅰ级乳腺照片中不同乳腺分型、不同乳腺厚度的曝光条件、平均腺体剂量,以研究乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量的关系。结果：当乳腺厚度相同时,Ⅱ型（致密型）乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最大,Ⅳ型（导管型）次之,Ⅲ型（中间型）再次之,Ⅰ型（脂肪型）乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最小。无论何种乳腺分型,随着乳腺厚度的增加,全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量随之增加。结论：乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量关系密切,乳腺腺体组织越致密、厚度越厚,其曝光条件及平均腺体剂量就越大。     

乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X 线摄影曝光条件 及平均腺体剂量的关系

目的:探讨不同乳腺分型(Ⅰ型(脂肪型)、Ⅱ型(致密型)、Ⅲ型(中间型)、Ⅳ型(导管型))、不同乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件(kV、mAs)、平均腺体剂量(mGy)之间的关系。方法:回顾性分析2009年9月~2010年6月间采用德国Siemens公司MAMMOMAT Novation DR全数字化乳腺摄影系统、自动曝光控制模式下摄影所获得的2 000例头尾位和内外侧斜位乳腺片,分析7 840幅Ⅰ级乳腺照片中不同乳腺分型、不同乳腺厚度的曝光条件、平均腺体剂量,以研究乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量的关系。结果:当乳腺厚度相同时,Ⅱ型(致密型)乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最大,Ⅳ型(导管型)次之,Ⅲ型(中间型)再次之,Ⅰ型(脂肪型)乳腺的曝光条件及平均腺体剂量最小。无论何种乳腺分型,随着乳腺厚度的增加,全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量随之增加。结论:乳腺分型及乳腺厚度与全数字化乳腺X射线摄影曝光条件及平均腺体剂量关系密切,乳腺腺体组织越致密、厚度越厚,其曝光条件及平均腺体剂量就越大。     

团头鲂成熟卵的超微结构和X射线微区分析研究

本文应用扫描电镜、透射电镜及X射线微分析技术,对团头鲂成熟卵的超微结构和离子元素含量进行了研究.结果表明,在团头鲂成熟卵的卵膜上具有许多卵膜孔,胞质内有丰富的管状嵴线粒体和游离核糖体;在质膜下的皮质区内有皮质小泡、微管和微丝结构.卵的表面含有Na、Mg、Al,Si、S、Cl、K和Ca,含量分别为6.65±0.47,0.39±0.06,5.51±0.83,0.51±0.01,76.41±0.94,9.24±1.39,0.71±0.24和0.96±0.05.卵的胞质内含有Na、Mg、Si、P、S、Cl、K、Ca和Fe,其含量分别为10.26±0.15,3.04±0.12,19.48±1.23,1.17±0.32,13.42±1.59,14.83±2.32,20.26±3.15,10.02±1.69和7.52±1.83.     

全数字化X线摄影联合MR 动态增强检查诊断早期乳腺癌的 临床价值研究

摘要目的：分析早期乳腺癌的全数字X 线摄影与MRI影像学表现,评价全数字X 线摄影联合MRI 检查在早期乳腺癌诊断中的 临床价值。方法：回顾性分析2009 年10 月至2012 年5月在我院经穿刺或手术病理证实为早期乳腺癌的42例患者的临床资料, 术前均行数字X线及动态增强MR 检查,比较两种方法单独使用和联合使用的诊断乳腺癌的准确率。结果：全数字化X 线摄片 诊断早期乳腺癌的准确率为69.0%(29/42),动态增强MR 检查为95.2%(40/42),两者比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);两者联合使 用诊断早期乳腺癌的准确率为97.6%(41/42)。结论：动态增强MR 检查对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值明显优于全数字X线摄影,但后 者对微小钙化显示较好,两者联合可提高诊断正确率,尤其对多腺体型和致密型乳腺的早期乳腺癌的检出具有重要的价值。     

全数字化X线摄影联合MR动态增强检查诊断早期乳腺癌的临床价值研究

目的：分析早期乳腺癌的全数字X线摄影与MRI影像学表现,评价全数字X线摄影联合MRI检查在早期乳腺癌诊断中的临床价值。方法：回顾性分析2009年10月至2012年5月在我院经穿刺或手术病理证实为早期乳腺癌的42例患者的临床资料,术前均行数字X线及动态增强MR检查,比较两种方法单独使用和联合使用的诊断乳腺癌的准确率。结果：全数字化X线摄片诊断早期乳腺癌的准确率为69．0％（29／42）,动态增强MR检查为95．2％（40／42）,两者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）;两者联合使用诊断早期乳腺癌的准确率为97．6％（41／42）。结论：动态增强MR检查对早期乳腺癌的诊断价值明显优于全数字X线摄影,但后者对微小钙化显示较好,两者联合可提高诊断正确率,尤其对多腺体型和致密型乳腺的早期乳腺癌的检出具有重要的价值。     

生物电阻抗法和双能X射线吸收法测定健康成人体成分的对比研究

目的：比较生物电阻抗法与双能X射线吸收法测量健康成人体成分的一致性。方法：采用便携式生物电阻抗仪和双能X射线吸收仪同时测量48名健康受试者去脂体重、脂肪含量和体脂率,配对t检验比较两种方法测量健康成人去脂体重、脂肪含量和体脂率的差异,相关系数和Bland-Altman分析用于评价两种方法测量结果的相关性和一致性。结果：无论是总体还是男性和女性,生物电阻抗法与双能X射线吸收法的体成分测定值之间均呈现明显的正相关,除男性体脂含量（r=0.89）和体脂率（r=0.74）外,两种方法体成分测定值的相关系数r＞0.90（P＜0.05）。从总体看,与双能X射线吸收法相比,生物电阻抗法低估了身体脂肪含量［（-1.3±1.7)kg,95%一致限：（-4.6~2.1）kg］和体脂率［（-3.0%±2.8%),95%一致限：（-8.4%~2.5%）］,高估了去脂体重［（2.7±1.7)kg,95%一致限：（-0.6~6.1）kg］。结论：生物电阻抗法在测量健康成人体成分中具有一定应用价值。同双能X射线吸收法相比,生物电阻抗法低估了体脂量和体脂率,需要进一步优化其体成分模型。     

基于模糊C均值和小波多分辨分析的数字乳房X射线片钙化点提取算法研究

目的为了使临床医生从数字乳房X片图像中得到更准确的钙化点信息,利用模糊C均值聚类算法（Fuzzy Cmeans,FCM）和小波多分辨分析算法,分两步提取出原图中的疑似钙化亮点。第一步是提取较亮区域;第二步是提取亮点簇。提取出亮点的图像可为医生进一步诊断提供依据。     

DRX500型直接数字化X射线成像装置设计特点与应用分析

目的分析DRXS00型直接数字化X射线成像装置的设计与应用特点。方法运用自动化控制技术对X射线机与数字化X射线成像装置有效控制。结果DRXS00直接数字化X射线成像装置控制更加准确,使用更加快捷。结论DRXS00直接数字化X射线成像装置应用准确性与可靠性提高。     

Digital cytology: A short review of technical and methodological approaches and applications

The recent years have been characterised by a rapid development of whole slide imaging (WSI) especially in its applications to histology. The application of WSI technology to cytology is less common because of technological problems related to the three‐dimensional nature of cytology preparations (which requires capturing of z‐stack information, with an increase in file size and usability issues in viewing cytological preparations). The aim of this study is to provide a review of the literature on the use of digital cytology and provide an overview of cytological applications of WSI in current practice as well as identifying areas for future development.     

Selective separation and co-culture of cells by photo-induced enhancement of cell adhesion (PIECA)

Taking advantage of the phenomenon that animal cells adhering to a culture substrate are temporarily immobilized by light irradiation, we established a technique to manipulate the cells adhering to a culture substrate under microscopic observation. Using this technique, we demonstrated a separation of cells adhering to a culture substrate and fabrication of an elaborately patterned co-culture system.     

The effects of low dose (less than 1 Rad) X-rays on the erythropoietic marrow

Adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed (200 kvp X-rays) to whole body doses of 22-1320 mrad and examined for changes in the level of red blood cell precursors (RBCp) in the marrow at 5–30 weeks post-irradiation, under nonbled and phlebotomy-induced anemic stress conditions. Increases in the RBCp %, RBCp/mg marrow, and RBCp/skeleton under nonbled conditions, and a suppressed erythroid response to an induced anemia, were found after acute doses in the range of at least 70 mrad. Dosages of 22 or 44 mrad that induced no measurable changes when applied only once were found to be effective when they were employed 4 or 2 times/week, respectively. The results suggested the presence of a linear-quadratic dose-response relationship in which the quadratic function exists between 88 and 981 mrad, and the linear dependency, below 88 mrad.     

细胞表面电荷的光镊测量方法及应用研究

分析了细胞表面电荷测量的意义、方法和现状,提出采用光镊技术测量细胞表面电荷的方法,介绍了实现该方法的系统构成和检测原理。在电场力的作用下,处于悬浮液中的带电细胞产生电泳。在外加电场力为零时利用激光的陷阱力捕获该细胞,然后施加并逐渐加大外加电场力,直到细胞刚好逃脱光阱力的束缚时的瞬间光阱力,理论上就是细胞所带电荷在电场中产生的库仑力与粘滞力之和。     

螺旋CT的多排多层探测器应用设计

目的设计螺旋CT机的多排多层探测器,提高影像质量。方法将常规多排探测器改进为多排多层探测器,输出端接超高倍光电耦合放大器,可成倍提高探测器与采集系统的信噪比。结果多排多层探测器比同样排数的单层探测器输出的信噪比高、省时、剂量少,且图像质量高。结论多排多层探测器输出的数据量大幅增加,使CT系统的成像质量显著提高。     

Taking Advantage of Reduced Droplet-surface Interaction to Optimize Transport of Bioanalytes in Digital Microfluidics

Digital microfluidics (DMF), a technique for manipulation of droplets, is a promising alternative for the development of “lab-on-a-chip” platforms. Often, droplet motion relies on the wetting of a surface, directly associated with the application of an electric field; surface interactions, however, make motion dependent on droplet contents, limiting the breadth of applications of the technique.Some alternatives have been presented to minimize this dependence. However, they rely on the addition of extra chemical species to the droplet or its surroundings, which could potentially interact with droplet moieties. Addressing this challenge, our group recently developed Field-DW devices to allow the transport of cells and proteins in DMF, without extra additives.Here, the protocol for device fabrication and operation is provided, including the electronic interface for motion control. We also continue the studies with the devices, showing that multicellular, relatively large, model organisms can also be transported, arguably unaffected by the electric fields required for device operation.     

地面测量与ASTER影像综合计算植被盖度

选择我国北方温带典型草原作为研究对象,在研究区内分别针对植被盖度是高、中、低的地区随机选取49块样地,在每块样地内采用嵌套的方式作样方,样方尺度有60、30、15m3个尺度,嵌套的方式是60m的样方嵌套30m的样方,30m的样方嵌套15m的样方。15m的样方内作3个1m的样方,30m的样方内作5个1m的样方,60m的样方内作10个1m的样方。对于每个1m的样方,采用将数码相机架设在离草本层2m高的位置,垂直对样方进行拍摄,并记录影像的方式估计植被盖度。基于以上地面实测数据以及ASTER遥感数据,建立植被盖度经验模型。模型建立的步骤主要包括以下内容：（1）利用植被盖度信息提取模型计算野外实测的各张数码相片的植被盖度值,在15、30m以及60m3个样方尺度上计算各样方的植被盖度;（2）计算ASTER数据的各种植被指数（RVI,NDVI,NDGI）;（3）将地面样方与相应的ASTER影像像元在不同的尺度上相匹配。（4）基于某一样方尺度,计算与地面样方相对应区域内的ASTER影像像元植被指数的中值。（5）基于该样方尺度,建立地面实测植被盖度值与ASTER数据植被指数值之间的回归模型;（6）对回归模型进行显著性检验。在建立经验模型的过程中,研究植被指数（NDVI、NDGI以及RVI）与植被盖度的相关性以及地面样方尺度对经验模型的影响。此外,还将经验模型与目前广泛使用的亚像元分解模型作比较,检验亚像元分解模型在中国北方温带典型草原的适用性。结果表明,（1）对于中国北方典型草原区而言,利用植被指数NDVI监测草地的植被盖度是比较适宜的,它优于植被指数RVI,也比植被指数NDGI的效果好。（2）地面样方尺度的选择对于植被盖度经验模型的建立有很大的影响。就中国北方典型草原区来看,在地面作大样方,取其中值的方法在一定程度上可以克服由于地面的测量和遥感测量之间发生空间错配而产生的影响,有利于提高植被指数与植被盖度之间相关系数的显著水平。（3）60m×60m的样方尺度,基于NDVI的植被盖度经验模型相比,利用亚像元分解模型估测中国北方温带典型草原植被盖度的精度低于前者。     

Digital twin of a continuous chromatography process for mAb purification: Design and model-based control

Model-based design of integrated continuous train coupled with online process analytical technology (PAT) tool can be a potent facilitator for monitoring and control of Critical Quality Attributes (CQAs) in real time. Charge variants are product related variants and are often regarded as CQAs as they may impact potency and efficacy of drug. Robust pooling decision is required for achieving uniform charge variant composition for mAbs as baseline separation between closely related variants is rarely achieved in process scale chromatography. In this study, we propose a digital twin of a continuous chromatography process, integrated with an online HPLC-PAT tool for delivering real time pooling decisions to achieve uniform charge variant composition. The integrated downstream process comprised continuous multicolumn capture protein A chromatography, viral inactivation in coiled flow inverter reactor (CFIR), and multicolumn CEX polishing step. An online HPLC was connected to the harvest tank before protein A chromatography. Both empirical and mechanistic modeling have been considered. The model states were updated in real time using online HPLC charge variant data for prediction of the initial and final cut point for CEX eluate, according to which the process chromatography was directed to switch from collection to waste to achieve the desired charge variant composition in the CEX pool. Two case studies were carried out to demonstrate this control strategy. In the first case study, the continuous train was run for initially 14 h for harvest of fixed charge variant composition as feed. In the second case study, charge variant composition was dynamically changed by introducing forced perturbation to mimic the deviations that may be encountered during perfusion cell culture. The control strategy was successfully implemented for more than ±5% variability in the acidic variants of the feed with its composition in the range of acidic (13%–17%), main (18%–23%), and basic (59%–68%) variants. Both the case studies yielded CEX pool of uniform distribution of acidic, main and basic profiles in the range of 15 ± 0.8, 31 ± 0.3, and 53 ± 0.5%, respectively, in the case of empirical modeling and 15 ± 0.5, 31 ± 0.3, and 53 ± 0.3%, respectively, in the case of mechanistic modeling. In both cases, process yield for main species was >85% and the use of online HPLC early in the purification train helped in making quicker decision for pooling of CEX eluate. The results thus successfully demonstrate the technical feasibility of creating digital twins of bioprocess operations and their utility for process control.