9年生枫香的遗传变异和优良家系单株选择

为选育枫香(Liquidambar formosana)优良家系,对其24个种源310个家系的遗传变异进行分析,采用多目标决策法选育用材林优良家系及单株。结果表明,9年生枫香胸径、树高、材积、第一枝下高、冠幅和树干通直度等性状在种源和家系间存在显著差异(P0.01),以云南富宁、广西凭祥和江西湖城3个种源的材积生长表现最佳。各性状的家系遗传力属于中等遗传控制,为0.24~0.44,单株遗传力为0.20~0.50。共选出优良家系26个和单株41株,优良家系的平均胸径、树高、材积、冠幅、树干通直度分别大于总体均值的19.63%、18.56%、52.16%、5.11%和4.03%;遗传增益分别为6.67%、8.24%、20.28%、1.82%和1.75%,优良单株平均材积大于总体均值的150.25%。这为枫香育种策略制定和生产应用等提供理论依据。     

红松优树半同胞子代家系生长、结实及抗病虫能力的变异特征

以吉林省露水河宏伟种子园的551个优株29年生红松半同胞子代家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、胸径、冠幅)、结实性状(连续7个结实年份的球果总数)和抗病虫能力进行调查,利用多性状综合评价的方法,结合生长、结实和抗病虫能力等6个性状,优选出优良家系和单株.结果表明: 各性状在不同家系间和区组间的差异均达到极显著水平;各性状的表型变异系数变化范围为13.9%～61.0%,极显著的差异与高的变异系数有利于优良家系的评价和选择;材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的家系遗传力(分别为0.47、0.52和0.48)均大于单株遗传力(分别为0.37、0.07和0.10);红松家系生长性状、结实性状和抗病虫能力之间呈极显著正相关关系.以5%的入选率初步选出28个优良家系,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为16.8%、71.4%和0.5%;以2%的入选率在优良家系中初步选出7个优良单株,其材积、结实量和抗病虫能力的遗传增益分别为66.8%、80.9%和0.7%.这些初选的优良家系和单株表现出明显优势,可指导无性系种子园去劣疏伐,并为高世代种子园的营建提供繁殖材料.     

红松半同胞家系变异分析及选择研究

为评价和筛选优质红松种质资源,以吉林省三岔子林业局国家红松良种基地的53个28年生红松子代半同胞家系为材料,对其生长性状(树高、地径、胸径、三米径、枝下高和第六轮枝高)及形质性状(分枝角、通直度和轮枝数)进行测定。方差分析结果表明,除部分形质性状外,大部分生长性状在各变异来源间均达极显著差异(P<0.01);各性状表型变异系数变化范围为6.97%~37.39%,遗传变异系数变化范围为1.76%~26.75%;各性状家系遗传力变化范围为0.136~0.746;单株遗传力变化范围为0.031~0.827,个别性状遗传力较低。相关性分析结果表明,除分枝角外,其余各性状间大部分呈极显著正相关(r>0.073)。一般配合力分析结果表明,不同性状一般配合力高的家系差异较大,难以进行联合筛选,需进一步进行分析。主成分分析结果表明,三个主成分的累计贡献率达72.31%,表明三个主成分包含了供试家系生长及形质性状的大部分信息。树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积对主成分Ⅰ的贡献较大,且描述红松的生长性状,因此可作为选择优良家系的评价指标。利用多性状综合评价法对家系及单株进行选择,以家系材积现实增益超过35%为标准,可筛选出5个优良家系,入选率为10%,入选的优良家系树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积平均值分别为7.90m、25.02cm、19.21cm、16.23cm和0.1074kg·m-3,现实增益分别为3.94%、14.71%、17.26%、19.34%和39.48%。对优良家系内的单株进行选择,按单株材积遗传增益超过100%为标准,可筛选出6株优良单株,入选率为4%,入选单株树高、地径、胸径、三米径和材积平均值比总平均值分别高1.60m、8.54cm、7.04cm、6.69cm和0.097kg·m^-3,遗传增益分别为5.99%、29.92%、35.53%、37.06%和102.04%。所选优良家系及单株可为良种审定提供基础,也可以为种子园的营建、改建提供材料。     

红锥家系遗传变异与优良家系选择

为选择红锥(Castanopsis hystrix)优良家系,对2–11年生红锥家系的生长性状和遗传参数进行了研究分析。结果表明,家系间在树高、胸径和单株材积上的差异达显著或极显著水平,家系的树高、胸径和单株材积受中等或中等以上遗传控制,具有很强的家系和家系内单株选择潜力;家系的单株材积变异幅度较大,胸径居中,树高的较小,显示出红锥家系间存在着丰富的变异;家系和单株遗传力随林龄的增大逐渐变小,到7–9年生时逐渐稳定。年度生长性状的相关分析表明,树高、胸径和单株材积的遗传相关系数随林龄逐渐增大,到7年生时最大,分别达到0.9602、0.9340和0.9849,之后趋于稳定,因此,7年生可作为早期选择的适合年龄。结合早期选择及形质指标,11年生时最终选择出优良家系10个,其平均树高、胸径和单株材积分别为13.95 m、14.34 cm和0.1229 m3,平均遗传增益分别为12.24%、18.69%和51.59%,其通直度、圆满度、分枝角度、最大分枝、冠幅、枝下高等形质指标也提高7.71%~12.94%。     

光皮桦优树子代性状遗传变异及选择

在福建省选择101株光皮桦(Betula luminifera H. Winkl.)优树,利用其中55株优树的种子在福建省邵武卫闽林场开展子代测定分析. 结果表明, 光皮桦种内存在丰富的遗传变异, 优树子代间差异显著, 这些差异主要由遗传因素控制; 3 a生树高家系遗传力、单株遗传力分别为0.446和0.327, 胸径的家系遗传力和单株遗传力分别为 0.431和0.291;各生长性状与冠幅间存在紧密的相关性;以3a生树高为主要指标,从参试的家系中初步选出12个优良家系和31株优良个体,优良家系的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别为7.95%和11.87%;优良个体的树高和胸径的平均遗传增益分别高达26.60%和40.37%,选择效果非常明显.这些优良家系和个体可用作种子园建园材料或无性繁殖材料.     

红松自由授粉子代家系生产力年度变异与家系选

以黑龙江省尚志市苇河林业局青山种子园的79个红松优树半同胞家系子代为对象,测定其21、25和27 a生的生长性状。结果表明,在过半轮伐期后的红松生长性状以材积的增长量最大,在3个树龄材积的变异系数最大,树高、胸径和材积在3个树龄的平均变异系数分别为13.12%、22.39%和46.34%。生长性状在21、25和27 a生均表现出显著或极显著的家系效应。生长性状遗传力受弱至中度的遗传控制,相同年度内,家系遗传力均高于单株遗传力。以材积做选择目标,以20%的入选率对材积进行选择,选出16个优良家系的材积在21、25和27 a时的平均值分别为0.036 8、0.048 6和0.061 6 m3,分别比当年生对照(CK)高28.67%、15.02%和14.07%,本研究还初选17个优良单株,材积的遗传增益在20.25%~34.37%。     

长白落叶松半同胞家系生长和木材性状遗传变异与联合选择

长白落叶松（Larix olgensis）是我国东北重要的用材树种,根据生长和木材性状对其进行综合选择至关重要。本研究以吉林省延边自治区汪清林业局32年生的49个长白落叶松半同胞家系为材料,对其9个生长性状（树高、地径、胸径、3 m径、材积、尖削度、冠幅、分枝角和通直度）和4个木材性状（木材基本密度、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比）进行测定与分析。结果表明：不同变异来源间所有性状差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;各性状家系遗传力均较高（0.51~0.96）;表型变异系数为3.04%（分枝角）~23.15%（冠幅）;各性状相关系数为-0.367（管胞宽度与管胞长宽比）~0.994（胸径与材积）;主成分分析结果表明,4个主成分的累计贡献率达到78.46%,包含了家系生长性状和木材性状的大部分信息;分别以生长和木材性状对家系进行综合评价,初步筛选出5个生长性状优良家系（S78、S81、S80、S84和S83）和5个木材性状优良家系（S37、S51、S6、S30和S19）,结合生长和木材性状初步筛选出5个优良家系（S89、S74、S76、S82和S83）。本研究初选的材料可以为良种选育提供基础,亲本可以为改良种子园营建提供材料。     

木荷家系生长性状的反向逐步剔除法回归分析

选用广东省东江林场和梅南林场20个木荷Schima superba优树自由授粉家系子代,开展生长性状测定试验,分析3、6、9和11年生树高、胸径/地径和单株材积。结果表明,木荷9个生长性状在家系水平上和不同地点间均存在极显著差异,且家系与地点间具有显著的交互作用。以11年生单株材积为因变量,3~9年树高与地径/胸径为自变量,运用反向逐步剔除法,构建群体水平与家系水平的单地点和多地点多元线性回归方程63个,全部方程整体上均达到极显著检验水平,但各方程的截距、自变量数量、组成、系数和决定系数均存在明显差异,说明木荷生长性状多元线性回归方程宜分家系和分地点单独构建。预测木荷家系11年生单株材积时,群体水平单地点或多地点回归模型可实现普通准确性,单个家系单地点回归模型可实现更高准确性。     

滇南亚高山巨桉种源/家系变异及早期选择研究

为筛选滇南亚高山的巨桉(Eucalyptus grandis)优良品系,对53月生的巨桉11种源173家系的生长性状进行分析。结果表明,所有生长性状在种源和家系间均呈极显著差异;胸径、树高、单株材积、干形、分枝和冠幅的表型和遗传变异系数分别为26.90%~28.84%、23.84%~25.28%、62.34~67.55、13.04%~25.62%、13.04%~25.41%和35.07~39.93,各性状种源遗传力为0.94~0.96,家系遗传力为0.88~0.95。相关分析表明,胸径与树高、单株材积、干形和冠幅呈极显著正相关,树高与其他性状均呈极显著正相关关系,干形与分枝的相关系数为0.70,冠幅与干形和分枝均呈负相关关系(r2=-0.03)。单株材积的遗传增益始终最大,以5%为入选率时,遗传增益高达66.11%;入选率不同,胸径与树高、干形与分枝的遗传增益的变化趋势基本相同,但不同性状的遗传增益值的排序发生变化。以10%为入选率,经综合指数选择有17个家系入选,均来自1号(昆士兰Copperlode)、4号(昆士兰Koombooloomba)、6号(昆士兰Copperlode Falls Dam)、7号(昆士兰Bambaroo)、9号(福建天马东溪)和11号(四川乐山)种源,2号(昆士兰Ravenshoe)和8号(昆士兰Tully Gorge National Park)种源表现最差,排前6名的家系为289号、283号、2号、42号、121号和82号,也分别分布在入选种源中,说明入选家系不仅生长优良而且遗传多样性比较丰富。     

3年生不同倍性白桦家系生长性状变异分析及优良家系的选择

杂交子代生长性状的测定以及优良家系的选择是研究林木育种的重要环节。为了选择优良的白桦杂交子代,本研究以3年生21个不同倍性的白桦家系为材料,对其树高、胸径和材积进行变异分析,结果表明：各性状在不同家系间差异均达极显著水平（P<0.01）;且各性状家系遗传力均高于0.75,属于高度遗传;家系311-15在树高、胸径和材积方面均表现最优,其树高、胸径和材积分别高于其他家系均值的9.09%、11.25%和40.46%;家系311-9、311-25和211-7、211-2、211-3、211-6、211-1等表现较好,其树高、胸径和材积与家系311-15相比差异未达显著水平。运用隶属函数综合评定法,以20.00%的入选率对参试家系进行选择,311-15、311-9、211-7、211-2等4个家系入选,这4个家系的树高、胸径和材积的遗传增益分别为5.24%、7.18%和19.72%。在进行优良家系选择的同时,以材积平均值+2倍标准差为标准,共筛选出52株优良单株。研究结果为白桦优良家系及优良单株在辽宁省西南部的推广提供参考,也为高世代三倍体制种园的改建提供依据。     

杉木半同胞子代胸径变异和大径材家系选择

为选择适宜培育大径材的优良家系,以广东杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)第二代种子园半同胞子代(28个半同胞家系)和2个对照(第一代、第一代改良种子园混合种)为对象,对林龄4、9、11、16和21 a的杉木胸径进行持续测定。结果表明,相同林龄家系间的胸径差异极显著(P0.01),表型变异系数和遗传变异系数分别为4.43%～6.29%和2.95%～3.62%。家系胸径的遗传力较高(0.335 9～0.548 6),且随年龄的增长呈增大趋势,至林龄16 a时达到0.548 6,随后趋缓。林龄9 a的胸径与早期(4 a)、晚期(11、16和21 a)的胸径遗传相关性最为密切。基于多年度育种值和林龄21 a时家系各径级立木占比统计,共选择出F5、F9、F21等3个适于培育大径材的优良家系。     

Growth variations and heritabilities of teak CSO-derived families and provenances planted in two humid tropical sites

Sixteen families derived from a clonal seed orchard (CSO) and 10 “provenances” (Prov) of teak (Tectona grandis) were tested in two different sites to be compared with respect to their growth performances. Both sites were located in Sabah, East Malaysia, under 2,500 mm of annual rainfall and no distinct dry season. The land in Taliwas was flat but prone to waterlogging. In Luasong, the soil was more hilly, acidic, and less fertile, though deeper. Nearly 9 years after planting, the two classes of genetic entries showed significant differences for height (P?=?0.0002) and diameter at breast height (DBH) and volume (P?<?0.0001) for the two sites combined. The superiority of the CSO families compared with the Prov class was more obvious in Luasong with averages of 18.0 vs 15.2 m (+18.6 %) for height, 18.1 vs 15.1 cm (+20.2 %) for DBH, and 0.179 vs 0.107 m³ for individual tree volume (+67.9 %), as against 17.4 vs 15.7 m (+11.2 %), 19.1 vs 16.8 cm (+13.5 %), and 0.176 vs 0.126 m³ (+40.3 %), respectively, in Taliwas. The CSO families were also more prone to site interaction for height (P?=?0.004) and, to a lesser extent, for volume (P?=?0.017) than the “Prov” (P?=?0.030 and P?=?0.057, respectively). Narrow-sense heritabilities estimated for the 16 CSO families across the two sites were lower for DBH (0.17) and volume (0.23) than for height (0.38). Type B genetic correlations suggested also higher site × families interactions for height (r _B?=?0.28).     

短枝木麻黄国际种源试验和早期选择

为选择短枝木麻黄(Casuarina equisetifolia)的优良家系,对来自10个国家23个种源109个家系的短枝木麻黄生长性状进行综合选择。结果表明,造林42个月后短枝木麻黄的树高、胸径、单株材积、抗虫性、健康状况和保存率在种源和家系间均存在极显著或显著差异。印度种源(18118)、中国种源(18267、18268和18586)、泰国种源(21199、18299和18297)在生长速度上表现较好;肯尼亚种源(18144、18142、18135)、澳大利亚种源(17862)、瓦努阿图种源(18312和18565)的抗虫性较好;瓦努阿图种源(18312)和肯尼亚种源(18142)的健康状况表现较好;中国种源(18586)、越南种源(18128)和肯尼亚种源(18144)的保存率较高。单株材积的遗传力最高,保存率和抗虫性的较低,健康状况的最低。利用单株材积、抗虫性、健康状况和保存率进行指数选择,按25%的入选率,28个综合性状优良的家系可作为下一步杂交育种的遗传材料。     

Partitioning of genetic variance and selection efficiency for alternative vegetative deployment strategies for white spruce in Eastern Canada

Genetic variances and selection efficiencies for growth traits of white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were estimated from clonally replicated full-sib progeny tests established both in nursery and field environments in New Brunswick, Canada. The available data included heights at 4, 5, and 6 years in the nursery test; height at 9 years, height, DBH, and volume at 14 years in the field test. Estimated variance components were interpreted according to an additive-dominance-epistasis model. For heights in the nursery test, while both non-additive and additive variances were important sources of genetic variation, the former decreased but the latter increased with age; among the non-additive genetic variance, the epistatic variance was much more important than the dominance variance. Different from the nursery traits, for traits in the field test, additive variance accounted for an average of 81% of the total genetic variance, whereas dominance variance explained most of the remaining genetic variance. Genetic parameters and selection efficiencies for three vegetative deployment strategies: deploying half-sib families (VD_FAM_HS), full-sib families (VD_FAM_FS), and multi-varietal forestry (MVF), were compared. Heritability estimates were moderate for VD_FAM_HS and VD_FAM_FS (0.61–0.72), high for MVF (>0.82) for the nursery heights, and high (>0.79) for the field traits for all strategies. Genetic correlations of volume at age 14 in the field test, the target trait for improvement, were strong (>0.85) with other field traits. Genetic correlations of VOL14 with the nursery heights were also strong (>0.71) at the half-sib and full-sib family levels, but were only moderate (>0.59) for MVF. Overall, practicing MVF is the most effective deployment strategy, yielding the highest genetic gains, followed by VD_FAM_FS and VD_FAM_HS, regardless of traits and selection methods. Furthermore, early selections for HT9 or for HT4–HT6 were very encouraging, resulting in higher gain in volume at age 14 on a per year basis.     

Paternity analysis in a progeny test of Cryptomeria japonica revealed adverse effects of pollen contamination from outside seed orchards on morphological traits

To evaluate the effects of pollen contamination from outside of Cryptomeria japonica seed orchard on the growth performance (height and diameter at breast height, DBH) and morphological traits (stem straightness and basal stem straightness), paternity testing using seven microsatellite markers was performed in a progeny test. In the studied progeny test, high rates of inconsistency were found between the observed and expected genotypes. The average rates of pollen contamination from outside the orchard and self-fertilization were 58.47% and 0.65%, respectively. We divided the individuals of the studied progeny test into two groups based on their genotype data, for which: (1) both parents were elite trees and (2) only the mother trees were elite trees, and then compared them with respect to the growth performance and morphological traits of progenies using data at 20 and 30 years old. Significant adverse effects of contaminating pollen were detected in relation to straightness, but not tree height and DBH. The results suggest that the genetic gains for straightness generally show higher narrow-sense heritability than growth traits, which should be increased by reduction of pollen contamination. Breeding with paternal analysis (BWPA) is an effective approach for evaluating breeding materials based on maternal and paternal information revealed by DNA markers. The use of BWPA in progeny test allows effective forward- and backward selection without laborious and time-consuming tasks. In this study, we also suggest that the significant pollen contamination and paternal deviation found in the open-pollinated progeny test are serious impediments for BWPA.     

Predicted genetic gain and realised gain in stand volume of Eucalyptus globulus

Realised gains in stand volume of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. families at 7–9 years were compared with gains predicted at 3.5 years. Gain predictions were based on height, diameter at breast height (DBH), sectional area, and stem volume for 153 full-sib families and 18 commercial checks in five-tree line plots on three West Australian sites. Single-site narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.12–0.24 for height, 0.08–0.12 for DBH, 0.09–0.13 for sectional area, and 0.14–0.19 for stem volume. Genetic dominance effects were significant (p?<?0.05) in most cases, and the estimated dominance/additive genetic variance ratio was heterogeneous for height and DBH. Stand volume was measured for 93 of the same families and checks in 40-tree block plots on four sites. Heritability of stand volume was 0.25–0.76, with an across-sites estimate of 0.41. Dominance effects were statistically absent at two sites. Estimated region-wide additive genetic correlations between selection traits (in line plots) and stand volume (in block plots) ranged from 0.86 to 0.90. Estimated stand volume gain was 23 % of the mean for the best 12 % of families and 14 % of the mean for the best 24 % of families. Realised gain was under-estimated by predictions based on height, DBH, and sectional area, which had smaller coefficients of additive variation than did stem volume. It is concluded that although BLUP analysis of early-age height and DBH can provide for indirect selection on E. globulus stand volume, analysis of stem volume is required to predict genetic gain at an appropriate scale.     

Within and among family variation of orchard and wild-stand progeny of interior spruce in British Columbia

A common garden study was conducted with seedlings of the interior spruce complex [Picea glauca (Monch) Voss and Picea. engelmannii Parry and their hybrids], comparing seedling height growth using open-pollinated orchard families and wild-stand (WS) families from the same breeding zone. Phenotypic variances of three bulked orchard seedlots and three WS seedlots did not differ. Orchard seedlots had generally higher within-family variance components than WS families. To examine year-to-year variation in orchard seedlots, three seedlots, composed of the same 18 orchard families collected in three different years, were evaluated in the same common garden study. Family mean heights within the three crop years were statistically not different; however, large rank changes in family mean heights and family variances were observed. This study shows that orchard seed derived from breeding programs does not reduce phenotypic variability in commercial plantations. In spite of the moderate to high selection intensities applied to the selection of orchard parents, large amounts of phenotypic variation are maintained because of the lack of coancestry in the orchard pollen cloud and large temporal variation in mating success and fecundity of the various parents contributing to the crop.