纤维支气管镜刷插入取材法在肺癌诊断中的应用价值探讨

目的：探讨纤维支气管镜刷插入取材法在肺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法：选择2006年6月至2011年6月入住我院肿瘤科的178例肺癌患者为研究对象,将所有研究对象随机分为观察组与对照组,每组各有患者89例,观察组患者采用纤维支气管镜刷插入组织中取材法进行肺癌的诊断,对照组患者采用纤维支气管镜刷常规刷检取材法进行肺癌的诊断。结果：经X。检验发现,观察组患者肺癌的检出率为89．9％,显著性高于对照组患者肺癌的检出率（76．4％）,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,观察组不同类型肺癌患者的检出构成比与对照组不同类型肺癌患者的检出构成比差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论：纤维支气管镜刷插入取材法可以提高肺癌患者的检出率,在肺癌诊断上具有较高的应用价值。     

Cytologic diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii infection by bronchoalveolar lavage in acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Twenty-six patients with pulmonary infiltrates and suspected acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) underwent 29 fiberoptic bronchoscopies, including bronchoalveolar lavage. Seventeen of the 18 patients (94.4%) shown to have Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed by examination of the bronchoalveolar lavage specimen. Minor complications occurred in 7 of 29 total bronchoscopies and included transient fever and hypoxemia. Bronchoalveolar lavage is a safe, easy and effective procedure for making the diagnosis of P. carinii pneumonia in patients at high risk for AIDS and should be included routinely when performing fiberoptic bronchoscopy.     

联合用药靶控静脉麻醉在纤维支气管镜检查术中的麻醉效果分析

目的：分析纤维支气管镜检查术中丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶靶控静脉麻醉的效果,为临床麻醉提供参考。方法：选取73例行纤维支气管镜检查术的患者作为研究对象,按麻醉方式不同分为观察组38例（采用右美托咪啶联合丙泊酚麻醉）和对照组35例（单用丙泊酚麻醉）。观察分析各时点心率、呼吸次数、平均动脉压、血氧饱和度、镇静效果评分、苏醒时间以及不良反应发生率等指标。结果：Ramsay评分：对照组6分的例数为22例（62．9％）,观察组为32（84．2％）,差异有统计学意义;丙泊酚总用量：观察组为（334．5±54．6）mg,对照组为（463．2±60．5）mg,差异有统计学意义,医生满意度：观察组为92．1％,对照组为74.3％,差异有统计学意义。结论：丙泊酚联合右美托咪啶靶控静脉麻醉安全有效,效果显著,适合纤维支气管镜检查术。     

三维CT在气管狭窄诊断中的应用

目的:我们检测三维CT在气管狭窄的诊断中的作用和纤维支气管镜相比较,用以帮助临床胸外科医生判断气管结构的解剖学特征。方法:对怀疑气管狭窄的患者64例及20例正常病例检查螺旋CT,其中52例发现腔内新生物造成狭窄,另外12例为外伤后狭窄,应用多平面重建(MPR)、容积重建技术(VRT)、仿真内镜(VE)等技术进行影像的后处理,结果与纤维支气管镜结果相比较。两名放射科医生双盲对照检测并描述了三维CT检查对气管狭窄位置及狭窄程度诊断的精确性。结果:影像形式的检测显示与软性纤维支气管镜结果相同的狭窄,并能够获得关于狭窄的精确的和非侵袭性的形态学上的特征描述,还能够获得疾病腔外范围的额外信息。支气管镜检测结果和多平面重建(MPR)、容积重建技术(VRT)、仿真内镜(VE)的检测结果之间无显著统计学差异(P值分别为0.715,0.413和0.417)。结论:三维CT对于气管来说和传统支气管镜相比能够提供一个高保真度、非侵袭、可再生的评价。他们在高等级气管狭窄的远端开放气道的评价方面具有重要作用,对于无法耐受传统支气管镜的患者是一个可靠的选择。     

纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗在肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者中的临床应用价值

目的:探讨纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗在肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者中的临床应用价值。方法:选择2017年1月-2020年12月间来江苏省人民医院接受治疗的82例肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(纤维支气管镜吸痰、常规治疗)和研究组(纤维支气管镜吸痰、常规治疗、肺泡灌洗),各41例,对照组给予常规抗感染加纤维支气管镜吸痰治疗,研究组在对照组基础上结合肺泡灌洗治疗,观察两组疗效,对比两组呼吸功能、生活质量和外周血辅助性T细胞17(Th17细胞)/调节性T细胞(Treg)变化。结果:研究组的临床总有效率优于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,两组气道阻力(Raw)、气道峰压(PIP)、呼吸做功(WOB)降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,两组Th17细胞占单个核细胞百分比、白介素-6(IL-6)、白介素-17(IL-17)降低,且研究组低于对照组(P<0.05),治疗1周后,两组Treg细胞占单个核细胞百分比、白介素-10(IL-10)升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗1周后,两组社会/家庭状况、生理状况、与医生的关系、功能状况、附加的关注情况、情感状况等领域评分升高,且研究组高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:纤维支气管镜吸痰联合肺泡灌洗可促进肺癌术后合并肺部感染患者呼吸功能改善,调节外周血Th17细胞/Treg细胞失衡,促进生活质量提高。     

An optical microsensor to measure fluorescent light intensity in biofilms

We have developed an optical microsensor to quantify fluorescent light intensity distribution in biofilms. The optical system consisted of a beam splitter, light couplers, filters and a spectrophotometer able to accept the fiberoptic cable to measure fluorescent light intensity. The emitted light, fluorescence from the biofilm, was collected at the tip of the optical microsensor and was transferred to a spectrophotometer via a fiberoptic cable. The total fluorescent light intensity was evaluated from the emission spectrum by numerical integration. The newly developed fiberoptic microsensor was tested using a Staphylococcus aureus strain producing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) grown as biofilm. We used a 405-nm violet laser diode for excitation, and measured the emission intensity between 480 nm and 540 nm. The optical microsensor that quantifies fluorescent light intensity is a promising tool in biofilm research which often requires detection and quantification of fluorescent light intensity distribution generated by various fluorescent proteins.     

Influence of loading rate and cable migration on fiberoptic measurement of tendon force

Several investigators have recently used fiberoptic cables to measure tendon forces in situ. The technique may be subject to significant error due to cable migration and differences in the loading rates used for calibration and those experienced during measurement. This in vitro study examined the impact of these potential sources of error on transducer accuracy. A fiberoptic cable was passed perpendicular to the fibers of four Achilles tendons in the mediolateral direction and each specimen was cyclically loaded to 1000 N. The influence of loading rate on transducer output was investigated by comparing results from tests conducted at 20, 200 and 1000 N/s. The effect of cable migration was examined by comparing the outputs obtained after displacing the cable one tendon width medially and laterally along its path in the tendon and then repeating the 200 N/s testing protocol. It was possible to obtain nonlinear specimen-specific relationships between the fiberoptic output and tendon force. Differences in loading rate resulted in root-mean-square (RMS) errors not larger than 17% maximum load. Hysteresis effects caused RMS errors smaller than 5% maximum load. Cable migration errors were less than 27%. The total RMS error due to the combined effects of loading rate difference and cable movement was less than 32%. Fiberoptic measurement of tendon force is attractive due to its low cost, easy implementation and comparable accuracy relative to other implantable force transducers. Although additional factors such as cable placement, edge artifacts due where the transducer exits the skin and non-uniform loading may also influence fiberoptic output, careful control of loading rate and transducer movement during calibration is imperative if maximum accuracy is to be achieved.     

Expression of bcl-2 protein in bronchoalveolar lavage cell populations from patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate changes in the expression of the antiapoptotic protein bcl-2 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell populations in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). STUDY DESIGN: Ten patients with IPF underwent fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) in the area of maximal radiographic shadowing (based on high-resolution computed tomography findings). Results were compared with those of 10 normal people in the control group. Cellular bcl-2 expression was identified using an immunoperoxidase staining method. RESULTS: A statistically significant (P < .001) increase in the expression of bcl-2 in BALF neutrophils and eosinophils was observed in patients with IPF as compared with controls. BAL macrophages exhibited only a slight (statistically insignificant) increase in bcl-2 expression in IPF patients. No bcl-2 expression was observed in BAL lymphocytes from IPF patients in contrast to the control group. CONCLUSION: The overexpression of bcl-2 on BALF neutrophils and eosinophils, cells that characterize the special cellular profile of alveolitis in IPF, could be one of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of this disease.     

Cytologic diagnosis of lung tumors from bronchial brushings of Chinese patients in Hong Kong

In 1,156 single or multiple specimens obtained from fiberoptic bronchoscopy on 1,016 Chinese patients in Hong Kong, a positive diagnosis of malignancy was made on cytologic examination in 288 and a histologic type assigned. On histologic examination of tissue, malignant tumors were diagnosed in 284 cases. The total positive yield by cytology was 88%, and the overall cytologic accuracy in correlation with histology was 73%. Comparing cases typed by cytology and by histology, the diagnostic accuracy of cytology was 83% in squamous-cell carcinoma, 81% in small-cell carcinoma, 69% in adenocarcinoma and 46% in large-cell carcinoma. The detection rate of nonbronchogenic tumors was 50%. Bronchogenic tumors showed a low male:female ratio, 1.96:1, whereas 80% of squamous-cell carcinomas and 45% of adenocarcinomas occurred in males. All seven cases of bronchogenic carcinoma in patients under 40 years of age occurred in males.     

纤维支气管镜吸痰对全肺切除术后心衰治疗效果的观察

目的:探讨规律纤维支气管镜吸痰对全肺切除术后心衰的治疗效果。方法:选取唐都医院胸外科于2012年1月至2014年1月行开胸全肺切除术,且术后并发心衰的患者184例进行前瞻性随机对照研究,将所选患者分为研究组(96例)和对照组(88例),前者除常规心衰治疗外,每天至少1次使用纤维支气管镜吸痰,必要时可根据痰量增加吸痰次数;后者仅采用利尿、强心、扩血管等常规疗法,比较两组患者的心指数、呼吸频率、动脉血气分析等指标,同时测定和比较两组患者治疗后72 h的血浆脑钠肽浓度。结果:治疗后1 h,对照组患者的心指数由(2.7±0.2)L/min·m2升高至(3.1±0.3)L/min·m2,呼吸频率由(35.4±2.9)次/分降至(21.3±2.5)次/分,Pa O2由(57.4±3.9)mm Hg升至(60.3±3.4)mm Hg,Sa O2由(83.5±7.1)%升至(86.3±3.7)%;研究组患者的心指数由(2.8±0.1)L/min·m2升高至(3.5±0.2)L/min·m2,呼吸频率由(34.2±3.1)次/分降至(19.2±2.2)次/分,Pa O2由(56.5±4.8)mm Hg升至(66.2±7.1)mm Hg,Sa O2由(84.5±6.5)%升至(91.6±3.5)%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05),研究组患者治疗后的以上指标水平均明显优于对照组(P0.05)。治疗后24 h内,79.2%的研究组患者咳嗽、咳痰及肺部湿罗音基本缓解,对照组患者以上症状、体征的缓解率为47.7%,差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗后72 h,研究组患者的血浆脑钠肽浓度显著低于对照组患者(576.3±77.6 vs894.6±86.5,P0.01)。结论:支气管镜吸痰有助于改善全肺切除术后心衰患者的心肺功能。     

A simple method of intubating rats under direct vision

Intubation of rats was performed under direct vision using a fiberoptic light guide for illumination. The technique was atraumatic, easily learned, and the success rate was high.     

Computed tomography and bronchoscopy in chest radiographically occult main-stem neoplasm diagnosis and Nd-YAG laser treatment in 8 patients.

We studied 8 adult patients with variable symptoms of cough, dyspnea, stridor, wheezing, or hemoptysis. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy in all showed complete or nearly complete endobronchial obstruction of a main-stem bronchus by neoplasm with a mean bronchial diameter of 1.9 mm +/- 1.6 mm (mean +/- standard deviation). In 4 patients, a lobar bronchus was also completely obstructed. No mass was visible on chest radiographs of any patient; however, computed tomography in each showed main-stem endobronchial obstruction, lobar obstruction (4 instances in 3 patients), and in 6 patients hypoperfusion of the involved lung. Computed tomographic scan showed additional abnormalities that were unsuspected on viewing chest radiographs or at bronchoscopy, including mediastinal adenopathy in 3 patients and an extraluminal tumor component in 4. After therapy with Nd-YAG laser, main-stem airway diameter increased to a mean of 9.6 mm +/- 1.0 mm (P less than .05) and pulmonary functions improved. Results suggest the complementary role of computed tomography and fiberoptic bronchoscopy in the detection and laser-treatment planning of chest radiographically occult severe neoplastic obstruction of the main-stem bronchus.     

A case of resectable lung adenocarcinoma associated with sarcoidosis

A 71-year-old woman with uveitis was referred to our hospital for further examination of the possible underlying diseases. In roentgenological examination with plain X-ray and CT scan, hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy and a mass shadow in the right upper lung field was observed, whereas fibrotic changes were not obvious in both lung fields. Transbronchial lung biopsy with fiberoptic bronchoscope revealed granulomatous interstitial pneumonia. CD4-positive lymphocytes were increased in bronchoalveolar lavage. The patient was diagnosed as having sarcoidosis. Subsequently, right upper lobectomy was performed, and Stage I lung adenocarcinoma was diagnosed. The patient is under follow up without medication and the disease has been stable for two years. A relationship between epithelioid granulomatosis and malignant diseases is discussed and a review of the literature is given. Since it is still controversial as to the incidence of malignant diseases in sarcoidosis patients, it is important to accumulate data on these associations.     

Fiberoptic measurement of tendon forces is influenced by skin movement artifact

Fiberoptic cables have previously been used for tendon force measurements in vivo. To measure forces in the Achilles tendon, a cable is passed mediolaterally through the skin and tendon, transverse to the loading axis. As the tendon is loaded, its fibers compress the cable and modulate the intensity of transmitted light, which can be related to tendon force by an in situ calibration. The relative movement between skin and tendon at the cable entry and exit sites may cause error by bending the cable and thus altering transducer output. Cadaver simulations of walking were conducted to compare fiberoptic measurements of Achilles tendon forces to known loads applied to the tendon by actuators attached in series. Force measurement errors, which were high when the skin was intact (RMS errors 24-81% peak forces), decreased considerably after skin removal (RMS errors 10-33% peak forces). The fiberoptic transducer is a useful tool for measurement of tendon forces in situ under natural loading conditions when skin can be removed, but caution should be exercised during in vivo use of this technique or under circumstances where skin is in contact with the fiberoptic cable at the insertion and exit sites.     

Characterization of bioreactors by in-situ fluorometry

A new microfluorometer with a special fiberoptic for the simultaneous detection of two different wavelengths was developed. Several tracers were tested for reactor characterization at different wavelengths, and the influence of the pH value and culture medium components on fluorescence was studied. In CST bioreactors, the effect of aeration rate and stirrer speed on the fluorescence can be used for reactor characterization. Mixing time experiments were performed in two different bubble columns.     

Endoscopic fine needle aspiration biopsy

A catheter assembly that can be passed through the biopsy channel of a standard fiberoptic gastroduodenoscope was devised to permit fine needle aspiration biopsy of gastrointestinal neoplasms under direct vision of the endoscope. This technique for endoscopic aspiration biopsy was performed in ten consecutive patients with esophageal and gastric carcinomas, along with the conventional endoscopic brushing and biopsy. Endoscopic aspiration biopsy gave a positive diagnosis in all ten cases while the other two techniques gave inconclusive results in one patient with an ulcerative growth. We feel that endoscopic aspiration biopsy can be used to obtain representative samples from gastrointestinal neoplasms, and it may add to the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic biopsy and brushing cytology.     

Fabrication of High-Aperture Quartz Light Guide Preforms with a High Fluorine Content and a Thickened Quartz Cladding by the PCVD Method

Plasma Physics Reports - The results of experimental studies on the fabrication of preforms of high aperture numerical quartz fiberoptic light guides (with a high fluorine content (up to 7 wt %)...     

Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Using a flexible fiberoptic bronchoscope, 10 rhesus monkeys were bronchoscoped 30 times without complication. The bronchoscopic anatomy was found to be similar to that of the human except for the presence of a right cardiac lobe in the monkey.     

Chronic Pseudomonas aeruginosa endobronchitis in rhesus monkeys: I. Effects of pentoxifylline on neutrophil influx.

Host defense abnormalities in cystic fibrosis (CF) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) lead to excessive neutrophil influx into the infected lungs, resulting in pulmonary complications. We have developed a rhesus monkey model of chronic PA endobronchitis by intrabronchial instillation of PA-embedded agar beads, utilizing flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Treatment of infected monkeys with pentoxifylline suppressed neutrophil influx and ameliorated pulmonary damage. The results suggest a method by which neutrophil influx and pulmonary damage in CF patients can be managed or prevented.     

Reversibility of complete unperfusion in a patient with recurrent hemoptysis

We present a case of a 68-year-old woman with a history of mild smoking and chronic bronchitis who showed recurrent hemoptysis. She presented with a nearly normal chest roentgenogram, a non-diagnostic fiberoptic bronchoscopy and a computed tomography and lung scanning both of which were highly suggestive for malignancy. In fact, the former showed obstruction of the main left bronchus, of the superior bronchus for the left upper lobe and of the apical bronchus for the left lower lobe, the latter showed a total cessation of blood flow through the left lung. Pulmonary angiography, however, was normal and aortography showed dilatated and twisted left bronchial arteries. Computed tomography and lung scanning came back to normal after bronchoscopic aspiration of endobronchial clots and a nonspecific antibiotic therapy were carried out. Although very infrequent, bronchial stenosis on CT and complete monolateral unperfusion on lung scintigraphy may occur in patients with hemoptysis of benign origin. We recommend the use of pulmonary arteriography in patients with the above pattern when diagnostic doubt remains after bronchoscopy.