A Method for the Assessment of Reports of Drug Trials

A stepwise method for the assessment of reports of drug trials was used to determine the validity of drug reports published in The Canadian Medical Association Journal during the five-year period, January 1, 1956, to December 31, 1960. The method is simple and consists of applying four criteria: (1) the presence of adequate controls; (2) randomization of treatments; (3) objective assessment of drug effects; and (4) statistical analysis of results. If these criteria were absent, the assessment was stopped, and the report was felt to be invalid. A total of 203 articles were reviewed and 11 were found to fulfil these criteria. During the same period of time there were 93 additional case reports of drug effects, 39 of which described the effectiveness of a drug without there being adequate controls. The remainder of the case reports described drug toxicities.     

Continuing Medical Education: Planning and Goals Conference in Continuing Medical Education—Workshop Recommendations

Following are the recommendations drawn up by workshops held as a part of the Planning and Goals Conference in Continuing Medical Education, sponsored by the California Medical Association and directed by its Committee on Continuing Medical Education, San Diego, March 11-12, 1967. The conference was supported in part by Contract No. PH 108-67-158, Bureau of Health Manpower, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.The general subject was divided among four workshops and the reports of two of them—No. 1, (a) and (b) and No. 2—are printed in this issue. The reports of the other two workshops will be published in succeeding issues.     

Validity of anecdotal reports of suspected adverse drug reactions: the problem of false alarms

Suspected adverse drug reactions first reported in 1963 in the “British Medical Journal,” the “Lancet,” the “Journal of the American Medical Association,” and the “New England Journal of Medicine” were reviewed 18 years later to assess their initial validity and subsequent verification. Of 52 first reports, five were deliberate investigations into potential or predictable reactions, and in each case causality was reasonably established; the other 47 reports were essentially anecdotal. Of these 47 reports, 14 related to categories of adverse reaction where false-positive reports were unlikely: immediate reactions, local reactions, and known reactions caused by a different mode of administration or a brand previously thought or claimed to be safe. The problem of false alarms rose in the remaining types of reactions: general reactions that did not occur immediately after administration and arose for the first time with a new chemical entity. Of 33 reports of such suspected adverse reactions, validity was satisfactorily established in 14 cases on the basis of rechallenge, predictability from known pharmacology, or the unique nature of the reaction. Of the remaining 19 reports, further verification still has not been satisfactorily established in 12. Seven of these possible false alarms were haematological reactions.Although 35 of the 47 anecdotal reports were clearly correct, of the 19 reports that were not reasonably validated at the time of the report, only seven were subsequently verified. This suggests that agencies monitoring adverse drug reactions should adopt criteria for assessing the validity of first reports of suspected adverse reactions. Such criteria should include: reactions on rechallenge, a pharmacological basis for the adverse reaction, immediate acute reactions, local reactions at the site of administration, reactions with a new route of administration of a drug known to provoke such reactions by another route, and the repeated occurrence of very rare events.     

互联网教育对超声住培教学的影响及思考

目的 分析互联网教育对超声专业住培医师教学的影响.方法 将我科接受超声专业住院医师规范化培训的50名住培医师为研究对象,其中以2019年1～4月的住培医师为对照组,以2020年1～4月的住培医师为实验组.对照组以传统教学方式教学,实验组以互联网教学为主要教学方式,两组住培医师通过考试成绩(笔试及技能)及问卷调查方法评估...     

Statistical measurements of accuracy in cervical cytology

Statistical measures that can be used to monitor the level of accuracy of cervical cytologic screening are examined: sensitivity, the false-negative rate, the interval cancer rate among women with negative reports and the predictive value of a positive test. Sensitivity and the false-negative rate are subject to biases and problems of determination that may make them less useful as measures of accuracy. The interval cancer rate and the positive predictive value may be better methods of assessing the frequency of serious abnormalities following negative cytologic reports and the accuracy of cytologic reports of serious abnormalities, respectively. It is important to recognize that no single measure of accuracy can adequately define a laboratory's performance. The use of statistical analyses can be invaluable in placing in context the criticisms of cervical cytology as an appropriate screening test for the prevention of cervical cancer; statistical analysis should be used as one component of quality control.     

A.M.A. Meeting

The following summary of actions of the House of Delegates at the American Medical Association''s Thirteenth Clinical Meeting, held December 1-4, 1959, in Dallas, is not intended as a detailed report on all actions taken. It has been composited from reports by Mr. Ed Clancy, director of public relations of the California Medical Association, and by Dr. F. J. L. Blasingame, executive vice-president of the American Medical Association.     

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Program of the Ontario Medical Association: the first 3 years.

This paper describes the Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Program developed and operated by the Committee on Drugs and Pharmaco-therapy of the Ontario Medical Association. Analyses were done to demonstrate some of the trends derived from the reports. Some of the clinical observations based on the reports, which are published quarterly and circulated to physicians and to pharmacy, nursing and hospital organizations, are also reviewed.     

仿胭螨属1新种和革赛螨属1新种及细毛革赛螨补充描述【蜱螨亚纲：中气门目：胭螨科）

记述仿胭螨属1新种：湖北仿胭螨Rhodacarellus hubeiensis sp．nov．和革赛螨属1新种：拟羽革赛螨Gamasellus imitoplumosus sp．nov．。并对细毛革赛螨Gamasellus leptinochaetus Ma,2005进行补充描述。     

Commentary: statistics for biomarkers

This short commentary discusses Biomarkers' requirements for the reporting of statistical analyses in submitted papers. It is expected that submitters will follow the general instructions of the journal, the more detailed guidance given by the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors, the specific guidelines developed by the EQUATOR network, and those of various specialist groups. Biomarkers expects that the study design and subsequent statistical analyses are clearly reported and that the data reported can be made available for independent assessment. The journal recognizes that there is continuing debate about different approaches to statistical science. Biomarkers appreciates that the field continues to develop rapidly and encourages the use of new methodologies.     

Medical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia

Medical therapy for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) became an accepted standard of care in the 1990s following the reports of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies showing that finasteride, a 5-α reductase inhibitor, and terazosin, an α-blocker, significantly improved lower urinary tract symptoms and increased peak urinary flow rates in men with BPH. This article reviews novel approaches to the pharmacological treatment of BPH.     

中国山东省铗蠓属小蠓亚属一新种(双翅目:蠓科)(英文)

1987年9月11日,在山东威海市郊采获铗蠓属小蠓亚属一新种,命名为威海铗蠓。该新种模式标本收藏于军事医学科学院医学昆虫标本馆。     

如何满足草原野生有蹄类调查方法的假设前提条件

虽然调查草原有蹄类有许多方法，但考察中必须对有关方法进行修正。本文描述了笔者在青海省野牛沟调查３种草原有蹄类动物时，为满足样线法的假设前提而采取的具体措施。笔者建议，无论采用何种统计方法，都应当认真研究该方法的假设前提，并在研究报告中说明为满足假设而作出的细节安排。     

A NEW SPECIES OF FORCIPOMYIA (MICROHELEA) FROM SHANDONG PROVINCE, CHINA (DIPTERA:CERATOPOGONIDAE)

Abstract  This paper reports a new species of Forcipomyia ( Microhelea ) weihaiensis from Weihai City, Shandong Province, China. The types of the new species are deposited in the Medical Ento mology Collection Gallery. Beijing, 100071, China.     

PUBLIC HEALTH REPORT: Increase in Arthropod-Borne Encephalitis a Possibility

THE COMMUNICATION below is the first of what is intended as a continuing series of reports from the State of California Department of Public Health on topics of interest to physicians in private practice. On a number of occasions in the past, Dr. Malcolm H. Merrill, Director of Public Health, has appeared before the Council of the California Medical Association with intensely interesting reports on matters of public health and the attitudes and functions of the department. Since the minutes of the meetings of the Council give only the briefest of notes on such communications, Dr. Merrill was asked—and has agreed—to make use of this section of California Medicine for public health reports that can be informative and useful to all members.     

Comparative Evaluation of Stroke Triage Algorithms for Emergency Medical Dispatchers (MeDS): Prospective Cohort Study Protocol

Background  

Stroke is a major cause of death and leading cause of disability in the United States. To maximize a stroke patient's chances of receiving thrombolytic treatment for acute ischemic stroke, it is important to improve prehospital recognition of stroke. However, it is known from published reports that emergency medical dispatchers (EMDs) using Card 28 of the Medical Priority Dispatch System protocols recognize stroke poorly. Therefore, to improve EMD's recognition of stroke, the National Association of Emergency Medical Dispatchers recently designed a new diagnostic stroke tool (Cincinnati Stroke Scale -CSS) to be used with Card 28. The objective of this study is to determine whether the addition of CSS improves diagnostic accuracy of stroke triage.     

Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn Due to Sensitization to the Blood Factor hr′

The case reports come from the files of the State Department of Public Health which, together with the California Medical Association, now sponsors the statewide studies of all maternal mortalities. Selected Cases are to be presented here from time to time as a matter of interest and illumination to all physicians concerned with the practice of obstetrics. It is hoped that a review of such significant cases will help to improve the welfare of future California mothers.     

海南岛蚋类研究Ⅱ.蚋属一新纪录亚属及一新种记述(双翅目:蚋科)

报道我国蚋属1新纪录亚属,魔蚋亚属Subgenus Morops并记述1新种,即鹿角魔蚋S.(M.)antlerum sp.nov。该新种具有魔蚋亚属的一般特征：中胸胸侧膜和下后侧片具毛;雄蚋后足基跗节侧缘平行状,跗突中型：蛹腹部具正常的钩刺并在节9每侧具板状端钩和3个锚状钩。该新种虽然尚未发现雌虫和幼虫,但其蛹期形态特殊。头,胸毛大多分2支,鳃器特短,分成两个鹿角状分支管并在其总管亚基部和短支端部具3簇线状丝,根据这一独具特征可与澳大利亚,新几内亚,印度尼西亚,菲律宾和日本所有已知魔蚋亚属种类相区别。     

Making the most of high-throughput protein-interaction data

We review the estimation of coverage and error rate in high-throughput protein-protein interaction datasets and argue that reports of the low quality of such data are to a substantial extent based on misinterpretations. Probabilistic statistical models and methods can be used to estimate properties of interest and to make the best use of the available data.     

Continuing Medical Education: Planning and Goals Conference in Continuing Medical Education—Workshop Recommendations

Following are recommendations drawn up by workshops held as a part of the Planning and Goals Conference in Continuing Medical Education, sponsored by the California Medical Association and directed by its Committee on Continuing Medical Education, San Diego, 11 to 12 March 1967. The general subject was divided among four workshops and the reports of two of them—No. 1, (a) and (b), and No. 2—were printed in the August issue of California Medicine. The Reports herewith are those of the other two workshops.The conference was supported in part by Contract No. PH 108-67-158, Bureau of Health Manpower, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.