骨碎补属植物化学成分及生物活性研究进展

骨碎补属植物的一些种常当作中药骨碎补药用。为了明确骨碎补属植物与中药骨碎补主流产品槲蕨的差异,在此对骨碎补属植物的化学成分及生物活性研究进展进行了综述,并与中国药典收载中药骨碎补的唯一来源植物槲蕨进行比较。开展国产骨碎补属植物的研究,对发现新的药用活性成分及资源保护有重要意义。     

Phytolaccanol and epiacetylaleuritolic acid,two triterpenoids from Phytolacca acinosa

Two new triterpenoids, phytolaccanol and epiacetylaleuritolic acid, and sitosterol have been isolated and characterized from the defatted ethanolic ext     

Steroid saponins

Steroid saponins isolated from various plants are reviewed. The newer techniques used in their isolation and structure elucidation are discussed. A compilation of the saponins isolated up to 1980 along with their available physical data is included. The basic steroidal saponins isolated after 1972 are also compiled.     

Fern constituents: Cycloartane triterpenoids and allied compounds from Polypodium formosanum and P. niponicum

From the rhizomes of Polypodium formosanum, new triterpenoids of the cycloartane group, (24R)-cyclolaudenol and (24R)-cyclomargenol, were isolated as the corresponding acetates, alcohols and ketones, and their structures were established. Also, from the rhizomes of P. niponicum eight acetates of cycloartane derivatives and two acetates of new methyl sterols were isolated and characterized.     

Triterpenoids

Triterpenoids isolated from various sources are reviewed. The newer techniques used in their isolation and structure elucidation are discussed. A compi     

Arabidopsis thaliana squalene epoxidase 1 is essential for root and seed development

Squalene epoxidase converts squalene into oxidosqualene, the precursor of all known angiosperm cyclic triterpenoids, which include membrane sterols, brassinosteroid phytohormones, and non-steroidal triterpenoids. In this work, we have identified six putative Arabidopsis squalene epoxidase (SQE) enzymes and used heterologous expression in yeast to demonstrate that three of these enzymes, SQE1, SQE2, and SQE3, can epoxidize squalene. We isolated and characterized Arabidopsis sqe1 mutants and discovered severe developmental defects, including reduced root and hypocotyl elongation. Adult sqe1-3 and sqe1-4 plants have diminished stature and produce inviable seeds. The sqe1-3 mutant accumulates squalene, consistent with a block in the triterpenoid biosynthetic pathway. Therefore, SQE1 function is necessary for normal plant development, and the five SQE-like genes remaining in this mutant are not fully redundant with SQE1.     

Tomato fruit cuticular waxes and their effects on transpiration barrier properties: functional characterization of a mutant deficient in a very-long-chain fatty acid beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase

Cuticular waxes play a pivotal role in limiting transpirational water loss across the plant surface. The correlation between the chemical composition of the cuticular waxes and their function as a transpiration barrier is still unclear. In the present study, intact tomato fruits (Lycopersicon esculentum) are used, due to their astomatous surface, as a novel integrative approach to investigate this composition- function relationship: wax amounts and compositions of tomato were manipulated before measuring unbiased cuticular transpiration. First, successive mechanical and extractive wax-removal steps allowed the selective modification of epi- and intracuticular wax layers. The epicuticular film consisted exclusively of very-long-chain aliphatics, while the intracuticular compartment contained large quantities of pentacyclic triterpenoids as well. Second, applying reverse genetic techniques, a loss-of-function mutation with a transposon insertion in a very-long-chain fatty acid elongase beta-ketoacyl-CoA synthase was isolated and characterized. Mutant leaf and fruit waxes were deficient in n-alkanes and aldehydes with chain lengths beyond C30, while shorter chains and branched hydrocarbons were not affected. The mutant fruit wax also showed a significant increase in intracuticular triterpenoids. Removal of the epicuticular wax layer, accounting for one-third of the total wax coverage on wild-type fruits, had only moderate effects on transpiration. By contrast, reduction of the intracuticular aliphatics in the mutant to approximately 50% caused a 4-fold increase in permeability. Hence, the main portion of the transpiration barrier is located in the intracuticular wax layer, largely determined by the aliphatic constituents, but modified by the presence of triterpenoids, whereas epicuticular aliphatics play a minor role.     

Ganoderma lucidum: A potential pleiotropic approach of ganoderic acids in health reinforcement and factors influencing their production

Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) main attractive pharmacological characteristics are antitumor and immunomodulatory activities which are chiefly associated with its two principal bioactive compounds, those are polysaccharides and triterpenoids. Ganoderic acids (GAs) are one of the most discovered triterpenoids of G. lucidum among various triterpenoids. The prominent medicinal mushroom G. lucidum possesses GAs as essential bioactive constituents that are highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids. GAs exhibit diverse potential action against numerous diseases such as anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-HIV, cardioprotective, antiallergic, antihepatotoxic, neuroprotective and antinociceptive properties. GAs act through different mechanisms that include cytotoxic, apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest, inhibition of topoisomerases, antiproliferation, anti-invasion, inhibition of NF-kB AP1/uPA, farnesyl protein transferase and JAK-STAT3 pathway. The miraculous effects of GAs fascinate the researchers for their production. Various environmental factors such as biochemical signals, nutritional and physical that influence the biosynthesis of GA. However, the scarcities of pure compounds or accurately characterized extracts are the main problem of clinical studies. Substantial steps are required for characterized extracts of active compounds. This review contributes a thorough insight into the mode of actions of GAs and their possible reinforcements to overcome various diseases.     

梧桐科梅蓝的研究兼论属的系统位置

梅蓝(Melhania hamiltoniana Wall．)是梅蓝属在中国的唯一代表,仅限于云南元江干热河谷一个极为有限的区域内;国外也间断出现于缅甸中部伊洛瓦底江河谷。梅蓝在形态特征和分布上是属内一个特殊的种类。梅蓝种子小,长1.5-2.5mm,子叶折扇状,2深裂;外种皮4-5层细胞厚,最外1—2层细胞显著伸长、变大,内种皮4-5层细胞厚;背腹叶,中脉维管束2束,叶柄维管束1束,圆形;气孔限于下表皮,气孔器为不等细胞型;木材管孔大小不均匀,由2或更多管孔组成复管孔,木薄壁组织极少;射线异型(Kribs IIB),具瓦形细胞;体细胞染色体数60, 属小型染色体;花粉粒球形,64.7×62.7μm,2—l孔,外壁具刺。根据梅蓝及本属的其它资料,与梧桐科和锦葵科相关类群比较,除外部形态的个别特征以外,梅蓝属的外部形态、解剖、花粉形态及染色体基数等综合特征支持梅蓝属应该保留在梧桐科Dombeyeae族,不宜移至锦葵科。     

Esters and other constituents of the foliar cuticular wax of a soybean variety

The constituents of the foliar cuticular wax of the variety ‘MG/BR 46 Conquista’ were isolated and chemically characterized. N-Alkanes, esters and triterpenoids are major constituents of the cuticular wax. Esters, taraxerol and steroids seem to be valuable cuticular wax constituents for characterization and distinction among soybean varieties.     

Two serratane triterpenes from the stem bark of Picea jezoensis var. hondoensis

Two serratane triterpenoids were isolated from the stem bark of Picea jezoenis var. hondoensis, together with two known compounds, 3β-methoxyserrat-14-en-21-one and 3β-methoxyserrat-14-en-21α-ol. The serratane triterpenoids were characterized as 14β,15β-epoxy-3α-methoxyserratan-21β-ol and 3α-methoxy-21β-hydroxyserrat-14-en-16-one, on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence.     

Sesqui- and triterpenoids from the liverwort Lepidozia chordulifera inhibitors of bacterial biofilm and elastase activity of human pathogenic bacteria

Five dammarane-type triterpenoids, five pentacyclic triterpenoids (three of them carrying a carboxylic acid group), and two aromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoids were isolated from an Argentinian collection of the liverwort Lepidozia chordulifera. Compounds were characterized by comparison of their spectral data with those previously reported and tested in their ability to control bacterial growth, biofilm formation, bacterial Quorum Sensing process (QS), and elastase activity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as well as bacterial growth and biofilm formation of Staphylococcus aureus. The key role played by biofilm and elastase activity in bacterial virulence make them a potential target for the development of antibacterial agents. The aromadendrane-type sesquiterpenoid viridiflorol was the most potent biofilm formation inhibitor, producing 60% inhibition in P. aeruginosa and 40% in S. aureus at 50 µg/ml. Ursolic and betulinic acids (two of the pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated) were able to reduce 96 and 92% the elastase activity of P. aeruginosa at 50 µg/ml, respectively. Among the analyzed triterpenoids, those that carry a dammarane skeleton were the most potent inhibitors of the P. aeruginosa biofilm formation and were active against both P. aeruginosa and S. aureus. Subsequently, a computer-assisted study of the triterpenoid compounds was carried out for a better understanding of the structure-activity relationships.     

seco-Adianane-type triterpenoids from Dorstenia brasiliensis (Moraceae)

Two seco-adianane-type triterpenoids, dorstenic acid A and B, were isolated, along with a known isopimarane-type diterpenoid and six coumarins, from the roots of Dorstenia brasiliensis. Their structures were elucidated on the basis of their spectral data. The two triterpenoids showed moderate cytotoxicity against leukemia cells (L-1210 and HL-60).     

13种野生灵芝菌丝体中胞内三萜与多糖含量的比较

为探究不同野生灵芝的主要活性成分以及对野生灵芝的开发利用价值,对13种野生灵芝菌株在同一条件下进行液体发酵,采用化学分析的方法,比较菌丝体胞内三萜和多糖的含量差异。结果显示,13种灵芝菌株的三萜和多糖含量有很大差异,其中无柄紫灵芝Ganoderma mastoporum、亮盖灵芝G. lucidum和树舌灵芝G. applanatum的三萜含量较高;树舌灵芝G. applanatum、紫芝G. sinense和褐灵芝G. brownii的多糖含量较高。目前国内广泛栽培灵芝G. lingzhi的野生菌株发酵产物中的三萜和多糖含量并不是最高的,研究结果表明不同种类的野生灵芝还有进一步挖掘的潜在价值。     

Two diuretic triterpenoids from Antidesma menasu

Two new pentacyclic triterpenoids characterized as 16α-hydroxy-3-ketoisomultiflorene and 3β-hydroxy-16-ketoisomultiflorene have been isolated from the aerial parts of Antidesma menasu. Both of these compounds displayed diuretic activity in experimental animals.     

Isolation and structure determination of triterpenes from Iris tectorum

Four iridal-type triterpenoids, two of which were new compounds, have been isolated from rhizomes of Iris tectorum Maxim. Their structures were determined by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS spectrometry. The compounds were identified as the iritectols A and B, and the known iridobelamal A and isoiridogermanal. The presence of epoxide and tetrahydrofuran functions are not common in previously isolated iridal-type triterpenoids.     

Triterpenoids from Euphorbia fischeriana

Nineteen triterpenoids including two new tirucallane ones, fisuphanins A and B, were isolated from the whole plant of Euphorbia fischeriana Steud. The new structures were elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopy techniques including infrared (IR), High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS), and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). Some triterpenoids were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against A549 and MCF-7 cell lines.     

Triterpenoids from the orchids Agrostophyllum brevipes and Agrostophyllum callosum

Agrostophyllinol and agrostophyllinone, two new triterpenoids, were isolated from the orchid Agrostophyllum brevipes. Agrostophyllinone was also isolated from another orchid Agrostophyllum callosum. The structures of agrostophyllinol and agrostophyllinone were established as 24-methylene-lanosta-9(11)-en-3beta-ol (5a) and 24-methylene-lanosta-9(11)-en-3-one (5c), respectively, from spectral and chemical evidence. The above triterpenoids are of considerable biogenetic importance.     

Isolation, DNA topoisomerase-II inhibition, and cytotoxicity of three new terpenoids from the bark of Macaranga tanarius

One new pimarane-type diterpenoid (1) and two new taraxerane-based triterpenoids (2 and 3) were isolated from the bark of Macaranga tanarius, along with seven known compounds. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods including NMR and MS analyses. Compounds 1-5 were tested for their in vitro inhibition of DNA topoisomerase II, as well as for their cytotoxicities against human lung carcinoma A549 cells (Table 3). The triterpenoids 2-5 showed strong activities in both assays, but the diterpenoid 1 was only moderately active.     

Pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols from seven species of mangrove

The isolation of pentacyclic triterpenoids from seven species of fresh mangrove leaves using a simple and rapid method is described. The leaves were homogenized using chloroform—methanol and the extract was diluted with water to precipitate out triterpenoids which were separated into neutral and acidic fractions. These were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as acetyl and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. Sterols were isolated from the chloroform layer by preparative thin layer chromatography and were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography as their trimethylsilyl ether derivatives on a 3% OV-17 column. The triterpenoids found were α-amyrin, β-amyrin, lupeol, oleanolic acid and ursolic acid in most of the samples. Sterols found in all the samples were cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, sitosterol and stigmast-7-en-3β-ol. Retention indices of the triterpenoids and sterols have been determined.