共济失调毛细血管扩张症

共济失调毛细血管扩张症(Ataxia-telangiectasia简称AT）又称Louis-Bar综合征,是累及神经、血管、皮肤、网状内皮系统、内分泌等的原发性免疫缺陷病,也是一种染色体不稳定综合征,亦有人将之归为DNA修复缺陷病,属常染色体隐性遗传。国外统计本病发病率约1/40,000,由此估测人群中杂合子约1%^[9]。国内马君牧于1964年报告首例,至1985年底见于文献共11例^[1-5]主要研究了本病的免疫障碍,但均未提及有关染色体的研究。近两年本院共诊治4例,全部作了染色体和免疫功能的检查,发现这4例分属两种类型,报道如下。     

雌激素受体基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性研究进展

雌激素受体(ER)是雌激素发挥作用的关键,雌激素受体基因存在遗传多态性,目前已对雌激素受体基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性进行了多项研究.本文就雌激素受体基因的多态性及其与乳腺癌发生的关系进行了综述.     

细胞色素P4501B1基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性研究进展

细胞色素P450（cytochrome,CYP）1B1是P450超基因家族酶系的一个重要成员,广泛分布于肝外组织,其代谢受到外源性致癌物、雌激素等多种因素的调控。该基因存在遗传多态性,艮前已对CYP1B1基因多态性与乳腺癌易感性进行了多项研究。本文就CYP1B1基因的多态性、调控机制及其与乳腺癌的关系进行了综述。     

乳腺癌与MICA基因多态性的相关性研究

目的:研究海南汉族人群MICA等位基因的多态性与乳腺癌的相关性。方法:采用PCR-SSP和PCRSBT方法对样本MICA等位基因的多态性进行检测分析。结果:乳腺癌患者中有检测出10种MICA等位基因,其中MICA*002/019基因型频率较对照组显著偏低(OR=0.32,Pc0.05)。结论:MICA*002/019基因型可能与乳腺癌的保护相关。     

BRCA1基因与乳腺癌

乳腺癌易感基因1(BRCA1)是具有遗传倾向的乳腺癌和卵巢癌的易感基因,且是一种抑癌基因.BRCA1基因的突变与家族性乳腺癌及它在细胞周期的调节,DNA损伤修复,基因的转录调控和诱导细胞凋亡方面起着重要作用.BRCA1基因的突变与家族性乳腺癌及卵巢癌的发生密切相关,对BRCA1分子功能的研究,将有利于阐明肿瘤发生的机理关.BRCA1的启动子甲基化与散发性乳腺癌有关.本文拟对BRCA1的结构,功能以及它的甲基化,突变,杂合性丢失对乳腺癌的影响作一综述.     

脊肌萎缩症的相关致病基因

脊肌萎缩症（SMA）是一种常染色脊肌萎缩症隐性遗传疾病,随着分子生物学的发展,在SMA相关基因的研究方面取得了重大进展,可能与运动神经元存活基因、神经元凋亡抑制蛋白基因和基本转录因子等基因突变有关。     

MICB基因多态性与乳腺癌的易感关联性研究

目的:研究海南汉族人群MICB等位基因的多态性与乳腺癌易感性之间的关联性。方法:采用PCRSSP(PCR sequence-specific primers)和PCR-SBT(PCR sequence-based typing)方法对样本MICB等位基因的多态性进行检测。结果:乳腺癌患者中检出14种MICB等位基因;和对照组相比较,MICB*002和MICB*014等位基因在乳腺癌患者组分布频率较少,MICB*002和MICB*014等位基因可能对乳腺癌不易感(MICB*002:OR=0.31,95%CI:0.19-0.51,Pc0.05;MICB*014:OR=0.32,95%CI:0.17-0.60,Pc0.05)。MICB*016和MICB*003等位基因在乳腺癌患者组分布较多;MICB*016和MICB*003等位基因可能对乳腺癌易感(MICB*016:OR=10.68,95%CI:2.52-45.28,Pc0.05;MICB*003:OR=3.57,95%CI:1.34-9.49,Pc0.05);MICB*002/002和MICB*014/014基因型可能对乳腺癌不易感(MICB*002/002:OR=0.12,95%CI:0.04-0.36,Pc0.05;MICB*014/014:OR=0.30,95%CI:0.10-0.89,Pc0.05)。结论:MICB等位基因的多态性与乳腺癌的易感性之间存在关联性。     

APOBEC3基因拷贝数变异与乳腺癌易感性的关联

为了探讨APOBEC3基因缺失拷贝数变异的多态性与汉族女性乳腺癌易感性的关联性,本研究应用聚合酶链式反应-限制性多态性内切酶技术检测281例乳腺癌和292例正常对照组。我们发现APOBEC3基因拷贝数变异位点的等位基因、基因型频率分布在乳腺癌和对照组之间比较有显著性差异(p<0.05),校正混杂因素后基因型Del/Del,Del/Ins,显性模型和加性模型下对乳腺癌的风险预测值分别为2.753 (95%Cl:1.363～3.560; p=0.005)、1.462(95%Cl:1.021～2.094; p=0.038)、2.282(95%Cl:1.155～3.508; p=0.018)和1.596(95%Cl:1.129～2.256; p=0.008)。研究表明APOBEC3基因的缺失变异位点多态性与乳腺癌的发病风险存在关联,等位基因del是乳腺癌发病的危险因素。本研究的结果可以为本地区群体的乳腺癌易感基因的筛选以及评估易感基因对患病的风险程度提供参考数据,为乳腺癌的防治、诊断和个体化治疗研究提供了帮助。     

BRCA1 基因启动子区SNPs 与散发性乳腺癌易感性的相关研究

目的:探讨BRCA1基因启动子区rs11655505、rs73625095位点单核苷酸多态性与散发性乳腺癌易感性的关系。方法:采用ASA-PCR方法对200例乳腺癌患者(均经病理确诊)及200例正常女性BRCA1基因启动子区rs11655505(A/G)、rs73625095(A/G)位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP)进行分析,并将其PCR产物进行测序。结果:乳腺癌患者BRCA1基因启动子区rs11655505位点的A/G基因型频率为75%,显著高于正常人的40%;A/A基因型频率为7%,G/G基因型频率为18%,分别低于正常人的30%、30%。此位点的A或G等位基因在乳腺癌病例组及对照组中均无差别(x2=2.427,P=0.119);rs73625095位点的A/G基因型频率为68%,显著高于正常人的15%;G/G基因型频率为32%,低于正常人的84%;乳腺癌病例组中BRCA1基因启动子区rs11655505、rs73625095位点的A/G基因型与淋巴结转移与否相比,差别均有统计学意义(x2=7.321,P=0.026、x2=4.782,P=0.029)。结论:BRCA1基因rs11655505位点、rs736...     

南京地区青年乳腺癌患者GSTM1、GSTT1 基因多态性与易感性 的初步研究

目的:研究GSTM1、GSTT1基因多态性与乳腺癌遗传易感性的关系。方法:应用PCR技术检测乳腺癌组和对照组人群GSTM1和GST T1基因。结果:GSTM 1和GSTT 1基因缺失率在乳腺癌组分别为63.4%(59/93)和54.8%(51/93),对照组分别为39.3%(35/89)和33.7%(30/89),两组比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01或P<0.05)。结论:GSTM1和GST T1缺失为乳腺癌遗传易感因素。     

Novel markers of gene methylation and expression in breast cancer

An optimized methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting technique was used to search for differentially methylated CpG islands in the tumor genome and detected seven genes subject to abnormal epigenetic regulation in breast cancer: SEMA6B, BIN1, VCPIP1, LAMC3, KCNH2, CACNG4, and PSMF1. For each gene, the rate of promoter methylation and changes in expression were estimated in tumor and morphologically intact paired specimens of breast tissue (N = 100). Significant methylation rates of 38, 18, and 8% were found for SEMA6B, BIN1, and LAMC3, respectively. The genes were not methylated in morphologically intact breast tissue. The expression of SEMA6B, BIN1, VCPIP1, LAMC3, KCNH2, CACNG4, and PSMF1 was decreased in 44–94% of tumor specimens by the real-time RT-PCR assay. The most profound changes in SEMA6B and LAMC3 suggest that these genes can be included in biomarker panels for breast cancer diagnosis. Fine methylation mapping of the most frequently methylated CpG islands (SEMA6B, BIN1, and LAMC3) provides a fundamental basis for developing efficient methylation tests for these genes.     

Association of excision repair cross-complimentary group 1 gene polymorphisms with breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility

The role of excision repair cross-complimentary group 1 (ERCC1) gene polymorphisms in breast and ovarian cancer development has long been controversial and existing data were inconsistent. Here, we conducted a comprehensive meta-analysis to better clarify the association. Case-control studies published from December 2008 to November 2018 were assessed. The statistical analyses of the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Fifteen articles with 24 case-control studies and 3 ERCC1 polymorphisms were enrolled. A total of 20 923 participants including 9896 cases and 11 027 controls were analyzed. The results showed that C to T variation in the ERCC1 rs11615 (C/T) polymorphisms was correlated with breast cancer susceptibility (T vs C: OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.02-1.38; TT + CT vs CC: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.12-1.36). ERCC1 rs3212986 (C/A) polymorphisms posed an increased risk for breast and ovarian cancer as whole (A vs C: OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.01-1.25; AA + CA vs CC: OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02-1.22), and presented especially higher risk for ovarian cancer (A vs C: OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.05-1.63; AA vs CA + CC: OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.12-2.47; AA vs CC: OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.12-2.64). Meanwhile, neither overall group analyses nor stratified analyses displayed any association of ERCC1 rs2298881 (A/C) polymorphisms in breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility. This meta-analysis suggested that ERCC1 rs11615 (C/T) polymorphisms were associated with breast cancer susceptibility and rs3212986 (C/A) polymorphisms were especially correlated with ovarian cancer risk. More case-control studies with well-adjusted data and diverse populations are essential for validation of our conclusion.     

One-carbon metabolism and breast cancer: an epidemiological perspective

One-carbon metabolism is a network of biological reactions that plays critical role in DNA methylation and DNA synthesis, and in turn, facilitates the cross-talk between genetic and epigenetic processes. Genetic polymorphisms and supplies of cofactors （e.g. folate, vitamins B） involved in this pathway have been shown to influence cancer risk and even survival. In this review, we summarized the epidemiological evidence for one-carbon metabolism, from both genetics and lifestyle aspects, in relation to breast cancer risk. We also discussed this pathway in relation to breast cancer survival and the modulation of one-carbon polymorphism in chemotherapy. Emerging evidence on modulation of DNA methylation by one-carbon metabolism suggests that disruption of epigenome might have been the underlying mechanism. More results are expected and will be translated to guidance to the general population for disease prevention as well as to clinicians for treatment and management of the disease.     

Promoter hypermethylation of the CFTR gene as a novel diagnostic and prognostic marker of breast cancer

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer‐related deaths among women. New biomarkers with definite diagnostic and prognostic efficacy are urgently needed. Here, we showed that the promoter of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) was hypermethylated in breast cancer. The messenger RNA level of CFTR was downregulated in breast cancer. Notably, all 19 breast cancer patients with hypermethylated CFTR were diagnosed with invasive carcinoma. Moreover, CFTR was upregulated in decitabine (10 μM) treated breast cancer cells. Overexpression of CFTR inhibited cell growth whereas knockdown of CFTR promoted cell invasion. In the tissue array analysis, the CFTR protein level decreased significantly in breast cancer and low CFTR protein level correlated with poor survival with a P‐value of 0.034. Thus, promoter hypermethylation of the CFTR gene might be a novel diagnostic marker of breast cancer.     

RECQL: a new breast cancer susceptibility gene

Identifying and characterizing novel genetic risk factors for BRCA1/2 negative breast cancers is highly relevant for early diagnosis and development of a management plan. Mutations in a number of DNA repair genes have been associated with genomic instability and development of breast and various other cancers. Whole exome sequencing efforts by 2 groups have led to the discovery in distinct populations of multiple breast cancer susceptibility mutations in RECQL, a gene that encodes a DNA helicase involved in homologous recombination repair and response to replication stress. RECQL pathogenic mutations were identified that truncated or disrupted the RECQL protein or introduced missense mutations in its helicase domain. RECQL mutations may serve as a useful biomarker for breast cancer. Targeting RECQL associated tumors with novel DNA repair inhibitors may provide a new strategy for anti-cancer therapy.     

Genetic polymorphism of manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) and breast cancer susceptibility

Within mitochondria, manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) provides a major defence against oxidative damage by reactive oxygen species (ROS). An alanine-9valine (Ala-9Val) polymorphism in the mitochondrial targeting sequence of MnSOD has been described and has recently been associated with risk of human breast cancer. Our present case-control study was performed to explore the association between MnSOD genetic polymorphism and individual susceptibility to breast cancer. Ala-9Val polymorphism in the signal sequence of the protein for MnSOD was determined using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay in a study population. There was no significant difference in risk for breast cancer development between patients positive and negative for the MnSOD Ala allele with adjusted odds ratio (OR): 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI(0.43 to 1.72). When MnSOD Ala was combined with either cytochrome P450 1B1 CYP1B1*1 and catechol O-methyltransferase COMT-L (V158M) genotypes, the risk for developing breast cancer was significantly increased in patients with a body mass index (BMI) greater than 24 kg m(-2) (OR: 1.42 (95%CI=1.04-1.93)).     

乳腺癌相关基因的甲基化

肿瘤组织中常伴随基因组整体甲基化水平降低和(或)某些基因CpG岛甲基化水平异常升高,这两种变化在肿瘤发生和发展中都扮演着重要的角色。近年来诸多研究报道了CpG岛高甲基化可导致乳腺癌相关的一系列关键基因的表达缺失。由于表观遗传变化存在潜在可逆性,因此,通过检测患者特定基因甲基化状态早期诊断乳腺癌,以及运用甲基化抑制剂来治疗乳腺癌,已成为国内外研究的热点和新思路。     

The association between fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) genotype and serum vitamin D level in breast cancer patients

The preventive effect of vitamin D against breast cancer can be influenced by gene polymorphisms. This study aimed to investigate the association between serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D and FTO genotype in breast cancer patients. A cross-sectional study was carried out on 180 newly diagnosed patients with breast cancer in Tehran, Iran. The blood samples were collected from the participants in order to assess the FTO gene rs9939609 polymorphism by the tetra-primer amplification refractory mutation system (Tetra-ARMS) PCR method. The serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D was measured using the direct competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. The association between vitamin D and the FTO genotype in patients with breast cancer was assessed after adjustment for cofounders. The frequency of TT, AT and AA genotypes in the breast cancer patients were 43% (n = 77), 49% (n = 89) and 8% (n = 14), respectively. All patients with higher than 40 ng/dl of serum 25(OH) vitamin D had one or two copies of FTO rs9939609 risk allele (p = 0.019). No linear association was found between the number of FTO risk allele and the level of serum vitamin D. All patients with high serum level of 25(OH) vitamin D had one or two copies of FTO rs9939609 risk allele. FTO gene polymorphisms may counteract the beneficial effects of vitamin D in breast cancer prevention. Further studies can help to better understand the genetic factors predisposing to breast cancer and their effect on the association between vitamin D and breast cancer.