Vegetation dynamics following trampling in rich fen at Sølendet, Central Norway; a 15 year study of recovery

In Sølendet nature reserve in the upper boreal of central Norway, the effects of controlled trampling from 1977 to 1981 were observed in four rich fen localities. The vegetation recovery was monitored on permanent plots on 3–4 occasions during the period 1981–1995. During trampling the vegetation cover was reduced and bare peat increased, particularly in a wet fen expanse locality. Woody species and herbs disappeared or were considerably reduced in cover, while some graminoids (e.g. Carex spp. and Eriophorum angustifolium ) and bryophytes (e.g. Campylium stellatum and Scorpidium cossonii ), appeared to be quite tolerant. Equisetum palustre and Eriophorum angustifolium increased in cover on two tracks. Several bryophytes survived trampling, but Sphagnum warnstorfii was eradicated. Campylium stellatum and Tomentypnum nitens were able to increase after the decrease in S. warnstorfii . The recovery was dependent on which species were present at the outset and which species arrived early. Further development seemed to depend largely on the species' capacity for rapid increase in cover. Eventually, the more vulnerable dominants of the untrampled vegetation (e.g. Thalictrum alpinum, Trichophorum cespitosum and Sphagnum warnstorfii ) increased in abundance. After 15 years the tracks still contained fewer species and had less vegetation cover than the surroundings.     

Succession following wildfire in coastal heathland (Nadgee Nature Reserve N.S.W.)

Changes in coastal heath vegetation were measured for 6 years following a wildfire and the data compared with the pre-fire vegetation. For the first 2 years changes were related to time; after that environmental factors dominated the process of regeneration. During the first 4 years plant species spread rapidly and maximum species diversity per plot was reached 4 years after the fire. About the same time many species consolidated their position in the community; this being shown by cover levels greater than before the fire for some species. Six years after the fire the vegetation is still dynamic and very different when compared with the heath before burning.     

Vegetation change following exclusion of grazing animals in depleted grassland,Central Otago,New Zealand

Abstract. Models of semiarid vegetation dynamics were evaluated to explain changes in the grassland of interior South Island, New Zealand. Annual records were taken for six years of plant species height frequency and percentage ground cover in five plots established in 1986. One subplot at each site was fenced to exclude sheep, one to exclude rabbits and sheep, and one remained unfenced as a control. Records from 1986–1992 were analysed by ordination. The overall pattern of vegetation change shows considerable year-to-year variation. At some sites, variation in vegetation composition between years was as great as, or greater than, that between grazed and ungrazed subplots. Such variation is particularly evident in grazed vegetation, perhaps because it is under greater stress than ungrazed vegetation. At one site changes in vegetation total cover and species composition could be statistically related to rainfall during the first half of the growing season. The only general trends following cessation of grazing were for perennials to increase in frequency, and for year-to-year changes to become smaller with time. Total vegetation cover values seldom changed as a result of cessation of grazing, but tended to follow year-to-year changes in species frequency. The results do not in general support switch/state-and-transition models of semi-arid vegetation dynamics. Vegetation change follows changes in grazing and climate with little lag. This most closely conforms with the Pulse-phase dynamic model.     

松山自然保护区各功能区植被动态及变化格局

作为全球生态保育的基石,保护区管理和设计成为研究热点。本研究旨在描述不同功能区在相应保护措施下植被的差异性变化。运用遥感和GIS技术以及景观分析手段,利用两期Landsat5TM影像提取出北京松山国家级自然保护区1987、2001年的归一化差值植被指数(NormalizedDifferenceVegetationIndex,NDVI)信息,对植被动态进行分析,并按变化率分为减少、无变化和增加3种类型,利用景观指数刻画出变化格局,就植被动态及其变化格局在不同功能区的空间分异性进行比较。得到以下主要结论:(1)保护区建立后植被大体稳定并有所改善,形成核心区>缓冲区>实验区的植被覆盖梯度。(2)在绝对保护措施下,核心区植被稳定性高并得到进一步改善。植被稳定类型集中于区域中心,增加类型聚集在区域边缘,减少类型与自然植被动态特征相符呈随机分布状态。(3)受经营、开发措施影响,实验区稳定性低,变化面积大、变幅大、增加与衰退共存,植被覆盖居全保护区最低且有退化趋势。(4)缓冲区植被动态呈现出一定的随机分布格局。     

Biodiversity of wood-inhabiting fungi in a boreal coniferous forest in Ser-Trendelag County, Central Norway

A survey of the patterns of lignicolous fungi to record occurrence of fruitbodies on fallen logs of Picea abies . has been performed. Ninetythree forest stands with different ages. ecology, and histories of management in Ser-Trendelag County, Central Norway were investigated. In each stand an investigation plot of 40 m diameter was established, in which five logs were randomly selected. Environmental variables of the logs and plots and geographical positions of the plots were recorded. The numerical methods used include detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and canonical correspondence analysis (CCA).
A total of 140 species of Aphyllophorales, Agaricales with eccentrically attached caps, heterobasiodomycetes, and prominent ascomycetes and deuteromycetes were registered. More than one third of the species were only found once. The main gradient in the data set was shown to be related to decay. The second gradient was related to size of the logs and some forest management variables (in addition to decay). Of the variation in composition of the species, 13.8 % can be ascribed to solely environmental variance, 6 % to solely spatial structure, and only 0.8 % to the combination of the environment and spatial component of variation. The results are discussed in the light of wood decay, forest management, and landscape fragmentation.     

广东揭东桑浦双麓自然保护区植被资源

通过线路调查结合典型样地调查,对广东揭东桑浦双麓自然保护区进行植被资源调查。据统计,保护区内共有维管植物580种(含种下等级),隶属129科371属。植物区系以热带、亚热带成分占明显优势,占种子植物科属的75%左右。原生植被为南亚热带常绿阔叶林,主要为石栎林和青冈林,但其覆盖面积比例较小,人工营造的马尾松林、台湾相思林等占有较大的比例。由此可见,人为经营活动对林分组成和结构的影响较大,宜采取封山育林、林分改造等营林措施,促使现有的针叶林和针阔混交林朝地带性顶级群落演替。     

Changes in forest soils and vegetation in Søgne, southern Norway, during a 20 year period

An investigation of the edaphic conditions and the vegetation of 21 fixed plots in Søgne municipality, Vest-Agder, South Norway was carried out in 1967-69 and 1987. Loss on ignition, pH, total nitrogen, total exchangeable bases, base saturation, exchangeable hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and manganese was analysed. The species composition of vascular plants was investigated. The total cover of the bottom layer was scored.
The soil pH had decreased in the more basic soils but had increased in the more acidic soils. The organic content had increased and base saturation had decreased in most samples. Na⁺ had increased in more than half of the plots, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ had not changed, and K⁺ and Mn²⁺ had decreased in most plots. Salt depositions from the neighbouring North Sea and leaching from the soil accounted for these changes. In many of the parameters opposite changes were found in the poorer soils compared to the richer soils. In the field layer Deschampsia flexuosa, Convallaria majalis had increased, and Oxalis acetocella, Galium odoratum had decreased. The cover of cryptogams had decreased in most of the plots.     

Bacterial community dynamics across a floristic gradient in a temperate upland grassland ecosystem

Alterations in soil bacterial communities across a transect between a semi natural upland grassland and an agriculturally improved enclosure were assessed using culture-based methods and a nucleic-acid-based method, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP). While plant diversity decreased across the transect towards the improved area, numbers of 16S rDNA terminal restriction fragments increased, indicating an increase in numbers of bacterial ribotypes. Bacterial numbers, microbial activity, and potential functional diversity also followed a similar trend, increasing with decreasing plant diversity. Alterations in bacterial community structure were coincident with changes in soil physicochemical properties which also changed across the transect. Increases in soil pH, nitrate, phosphorus, potassium, and calcium occurred toward the improved grassland, while organic matter and ammonium declined. The inverse relationship between floristic diversity and bacterial ribotype numbers suggests that soil physicochemical factors may be as influential in determining bacterial diversity in soils of upland grassland communities as floristic diversity.     

广州从化温泉自然保护区植被和植物群落的特征

对从化温泉自然保护区进行了详细植被和群落学调查。该保护区包括天然和人工群落一类型两大类。其中天然群落一景观类型包括常绿叶林、常绍针叶林、常绿针阔叶混交林以及撩荒地。人工群落－－景观类型包括村落、农田、果园以及水库。利用Ｃｌｅｍｅｎｔ多度启示法调查确定了天然植物中群落的优势和建群种。该保护区群落的优势种为藜蒴Ｃａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓ ｆｉｓｓａ、荷木Ｓｃｈｉｍａ ｓｕｐｅｒｂａ、黄樟Ｃｉｎｎａｍｏｍｕ     

广西金钟山自然保护区主要植被类型的特征

金钟山自然保护区计有种子植物101科273属514种,落叶栎林分布面积最广。随海拔升高,植被依次呈现出4个分布带:沟谷落叶阔叶林、沟谷常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林和落叶阔叶林、山地苔藓矮林和山地常绿阔叶林。该区主要有4个分布区类型:世界分布、热带分布、温带分布和中国特有分布,其中热带分布占总属数的75.21%,表明本保护区的植物分布具有热带性质。其天然植被类型可划分为5个植被型组,7个植被型含暖性针叶林、暖性落叶阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林、常绿阔叶林、竹林和草丛,2个植被亚型含南亚热带山地常绿阔叶林、山顶阔叶矮林,以及33个群系。     

Vegetation dynamics and disturbance history in three deciduous forests in boreal Sweden

Abstract. Remaining deciduous forests in the Fennoscandian boreal landscape have high ecological value, and are considered as key components of the forest landscape as well as remnants of a former natural forest type. To improve our understanding of the formation of deciduous forests, we studied past disturbance regimes and vegetation dynamics in three deciduous forests in boreal Sweden using dendro‐ecology, pollen analysis and charcoal analysis. We identified three stages in the development of the studied stands. Firstly, the coniferous period (pre 1800), a long‐lasting period characterized by frequent fires, livestock grazing and extensive agriculture during which Pinus sylvestris was dominant. Secondly, the transformation period (1800 ‐ 1900), when logging removed most pines from the sites while fire and grazing continued. At the time of the last fire, the sites lacked a local seed source of pines, resulting in a post‐fire succession dominated by deciduous species with the capacity to disperse over long distances. Thirdly, the deciduous period (1900 ‐ present), with little or no disturbance from fire, grazing or logging. Thus, the present deciduous stands have their origins in a complex interaction between changes in fire regime, extensive land use patterns and logging, contrary to earlier simplified explanations. We conclude that the complexity of historical patterns of land use, vegetation dynamics and disturbance should be acknowledged in the future when selecting areas for nature conservation and developing models for ecologically oriented forestry.     

广东石门台自然保护区石灰岩地区植物区系和植被

分析了广东英德石门台自然保护区石灰岩地区森林植被的植物种类组成。外貌结构,群落类型和分布状况及石灰岩植物的主要适应特点,并对如何保护和恢复石类岩地区的森林植被提出了建议。     

海南霸王岭热带雨林植被取样技术研究

借助地理信息系统软件的表格操作及邻体分析功能,以海南霸王岭自然保护区的沟谷雨林为例,探讨热带雨林的取样技术。结果表明,用种．面积曲线所获得的热带雨林的最小面积往往过大,而采用重要值．面积曲线所确定的最小面积则为4000m^2;无样地取样采用最近个体法,由种．点数曲线可以确定最少点数为119,而采用重要值．点数曲线,可以确定该雨林取样的最小点数为280。种．个体曲线表明,如果要获取多一倍的物种数,则所需调查的个体数应是原来的4倍。     

A vegetation-based method to map climatic variation in the arctic–boreal transition area of Finnmark, north-easternmost Norway

Aim To develop a new method for bioclimate mapping where the vegetation layer is the main source of climate information. Location The study area includes four subareas, all situated on the Varangerhalvøya peninsula in Finnmark, north‐easternmost Norway (70–71° N). The four subareas were chosen to represent most of the climatic, topographic, geomorphologic and botanic diversity along the arctic–boreal gradient in the area. The four meteorological stations in the area show a climatic gradient with mean July temperature ranging from 10.1 to 12.3 °C. Methods The new vegetation‐based method is based on the fact that most plant species and plant communities both in the Arctic and adjacent areas have a distribution pattern limited by temperature to some extent. The vegetation is mapped using Landsat TM data and a contextual correction process in a geographic information system. The mapped vegetation units are defined as temperature indicators based on their total distribution patterns and the temperature indicator value of their high frequency and dominant species. The indicator value and degree of cover of all thermophilous vegetation units, within each 500 × 500 m study unit, are combined in a Vegetation‐based Index of Thermophily, VI_tm. This new vegetation‐based method is based on the same basic idea as a recently published floristic‐based method for calculating a Floristic‐based Index of Thermophily, FI_tm. The VI_tm values are tested by comparison with the FI_tm values, and temperature data collected in the field during two growing seasons, and the differences are interpreted ecologically. Results Twenty‐one of the mapped vegetation units were defined as thermophilous and categorized in five groups of temperature indicators. The VI_tm values showed a strong positive linear relationship with the temperatures measured during the years 2001 and 2002, with r² values of 0.79 and 0.85, respectively. The VI_tm values show a high linear relationship (r² = 0.76) with the 71 study units where the FI_tm values were calculated. As interpreted from the relationship with temperature measurements and FI_tm values, the vegetation‐based method seems to work at a broad range of ecological conditions, with very dry, acidic sites being the most important exception. The VI_tm values are related to growing degree‐days of a normal year, and the four subareas are mapped, showing a diversity of 13 bioclimatic classes. The birch forest line is estimated to occur at about 980 °C‐days. The results show climatic gradients with temperatures increasing from the cold coast towards the interior, from wind‐exposed convex hills towards wind‐protected valleys, and from mountain plateaux towards south‐facing lowlands. The north‐easternmost study site at the coast is positioned within the arctic shrub tundra zone. Main conclusions The vegetation‐based method shows a strong positive correlation both with measured temperatures and the floristic‐based method within a broad range of different ecological conditions. The vegetation‐based method has the potential for bioclimatic mapping of large areas in a cost‐effective way. The floristic‐based method has higher accuracy and is more flexible than the vegetation‐based method, and the two methods seem to complement each other.     

云南大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区草甸植被的数量分类和排序

在法瑞学派样地调查法的基础上,采用双向指示种分析（TWINSPAN）和趋势对应分析（DCA）对大山包黑颈鹤自然保护区草甸植被进行数量分类和排序研究。调查样地包含114个物种,分属31科72属,其中禾本科（14种）、菊科（13种）、蓼科（8种）、石竹科（6种）、玄参科（6种）等科所含物种较多。经TWINSPAN分类,106个样地分为20个聚组,根据其指示种确定为20个群丛。样地DCA和物种DCA排序结果反映了植物群丛与指示种之间的一致关系,排序轴的生态学意义说明水分和海拔两个环境因子同时影响该区草甸植被的分布。     

践踏干扰对碧塔海高寒草甸植被茎叶性状、物种多样性和功能多样性的影响

高寒草甸具有重要的生态服务功能,然而固有脆弱性使其极易遭受气候变化和人为干扰等多重因素的影响。作为滇西北旅游资源中重要的组分之一,高寒草甸吸引了大批游客前往开展徒步旅行活动,但伴随着的践踏干扰作用会不可避免地对高寒草甸生态系统带来负面影响。然而,目前关注践踏干扰对滇西北高寒草甸植被的影响,特别是植被功能性状和功能多样性如何发生变化方面的研究还十分欠缺。以云南省香格里拉市碧塔海自然保护区内的典型高寒草甸生态系统为研究对象,采用实验践踏的方式(一共5种不同强度的践踏处理)来模拟旅游活动对草甸植被的干扰作用,并以草甸植被的茎叶性状特征为切入点,重点探讨践踏干扰对茎叶性状的平均大小和变异程度的影响,以及物种丰富度(以物种形态分类为基础)和功能丰富度(以功能性状为基础)之间的关系。研究结果显示,随着践踏强度的增加,植株高度和叶片大小的平均值,而不是茎叶性状的变异程度,出现明显下降趋势。此外,物种丰富度和功能丰富度均随践踏强度的增强而减小,且两者之间呈现显著正相关关系。然而,较之轻度践踏实验组,重度践踏实验组中的功能均匀度和功能分离度水平均有所增加,表明践踏干扰可能会在短期内打破优势种对资源的绝对占有格局和减少物种间的生态位重叠程度。尽管高寒草甸对人类践踏活动有一定的承受能力,但气候变化和人为干扰等多重因素势必会改变和影响高寒草甸群落的结构和功能可持续性,这也对高寒草甸的保护与管理工作提出了更加紧迫的要求。     

Quantitative Classification and Ordination of Meadow Vegetation in Dashanbao Black necked Crane Nature Reserve,Yunnan

Based on the Braun Blanquet method of Relev é synthesis, TWINSPAN quantitative classification and DCA ordination of meadow vegetation was studied in Dashanbao Black necked Crane Nature Reserve. Finally, samples contained 114 species which belong to 31 families and 72 genus. The most abundant families were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Polygonaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Scrophulariaceae. One hundred and six samples were categorized into 20 groups and divided into 20 associations according to the indicator species. The result of samples and species DCA ordination inflected the consistent relationship between the associations and indicator species. The ecological explanation of ordination axis illustratted that both of the soil moisture and elevation affected the distribution of meadow vegetation in this area.     

福建尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区自然植被类型调查研究

采用路线踏查与典型样地相结合的调查方法,按照《中国植被》的划分,结果表明:尤溪九阜山省级自然保护区自然植被类型十分丰富,植被保存完整,共有8个植被型36个群系85个群丛;植被分布水平规律变化界限和植被类型的垂直带谱分布不明显,常绿阔叶林遍布从山麓到山顶,针阔混交林多分布于中上坡,常绿针叶林主要分布于山脊山顶附近,毛竹林多分布在局部常绿阔叶林下缘,有的与常绿阔叶林呈带状或团块状混生,是中亚热带典型的常绿阔叶林森林生态系统.