凉山山系,小相岭山系大熊猫遗传多样性的DNA指纹比较分析

利用同位素标记大熊猫ＤＮＡ指纹探针Ｆ２ＺＧＰ９６０６０８０１,比较检测了凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫随机个体的ＤＮＡ指纹图,获得的遗传多样性参数如下：（１）凉山山系和小相岭山系随机个体的平均谱带数分别是３３．１４和２８．２５条;平均等位基因频率分别是０．４３和０．４８;平均杂合率分别是５７％和５２％。（２）凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫各自群体内部个体之间ＤＮＡ指纹的相似系数分别是０．６８和０．７２。将两个山系并为一个大群体后,随机个体的平均谱带数为３０．５３;平均等位基因频率为０．３６;个体之间ＤＮＡ指纹的相似系数为０．５８;平均杂合率上升至６４％。（３）凉山山系和小相岭山系大熊猫群体之间的遗传距离为０．４２,两山系之间已有明显的遗传分化。大熊猫以分布的山系为群体单元时,个体之间遗传相似性高,遗传多样性贫乏;若群体单元扩大到两个山系时,个体之间遗传相似性下降,遗传多样性明显上升。此结果初步表明：大熊猫作为一个物种,遗传多样性可能不是很贫乏,但各个山系内的大熊猫群体,遗传多样性的贫乏程度是相当严重的。     

哺乳动物的受精

受精是单倍体配子（精子和卵子）融合产生新生命的过程,是有性生殖个体发育的起点。根据动物种类的不同,受精可以发生在体内,也可以发生在体外。它一方面恢复了染色体双倍体数目,保证了双亲的遗传作用;另一方面,受精可以把生殖细胞通过减数分裂同源重组获得遗传物质变化和个体发生过程中产生的变异遗传下去,保证了物种的遗传多样性,在生物进化上具有重要意义。     

抑制植物减数分裂重组的分子机理

减数分裂重组不仅保证了真核生物有性生殖过程中染色体数量的稳定,还通过父母亲本间遗传物质的互换在后代中产生遗传变异。因此,减数分裂重组是遗传多样性形成的重要途径,也是生物多样性和物种进化的主要动力。在绝大多数真核生物中,不管染色体数目的多少或基因组的大小,减数分裂重组的形成都受到严格的调控,但抑制减数分裂重组的分子机理目前仍不清楚。近年来,通过正向遗传学筛选鉴定出多个减数分裂重组抑制基因,揭示了抑制基因的功能和调控途径。本文基于拟南芥中减数分裂重组抑制基因的研究现状,综述了植物减数分裂重组抑制基因研究取得的突破性进展,并结合基因功能与其调控网络阐述了抑制植物减数分裂重组的分子机理。     

学习"三点测验"应注意的几个问题

三点测验是普通遗传学的学习难点,正确理解这部分内容中出现的新概念是克服难点的关键。下面就相关问题进行讨论。１　区别交换率与重组率概念重组率：杂合体在形成配子时,非等位基因之间重新组合产生重组合类型配子的频率,等于杂合体测交后代中重组合类型个体占测交后代总数的百分率。在连锁遗传中,重组率是指位于同源染色体上的非等位基因之间发生重新组合产生的重组合类型配子的百分率。交换率：同源非姊妹染色单体上两个基因之间发生交换的频率。在连锁遗传中,同源非姊妹染色单体之间对等片段在减数分裂前期Ⅰ的交换,使其所携带的…     

利用显性分子标记和F_1群体进行林木遗传连锁图谱的构建

构建遗传图谱是当前生物学研究领域中的一个热点,进行图谱构建,林木与作物既有共性,又有各自的特点。因为进行图谱构建一是要有合适的分离群体,二是要有能揭示亲本多态性的遗传标记。两者可利用的遗传标记是一样的,但在进行作图群体构建时却存在一定差异,林木的遗传组成高度杂合,大多数林木为长期异交的树种,一般都有自交不亲合和近交衰退现象,象作物那样利用近交系或其它的高世代群体进行遗传图谱构建是不太可能的。由于研究方法的不同,以前的林木育种工作者很少留意建立和保存谱系清楚的Ｆ_２和ＢＣ_１群体,由于林木生命周期很长,建立这样一些高世代的群体也需要很长的时间,而且除了杨树、柳树等一些可在温室内水培杂交的物种,大多数林木的控制授粉杂交操作也是很困难的。因此研究过程中,等待材料的问题成为目前林木遗传图谱构建的主要限制因子之一。如何利用现成的材料和低世代群体,对林木遗传图谱构建工作的广泛开展具有重要意义。下面就这一问题作一些理论上的探讨和分析。     

水稻减数分裂过程中染色体重组交换行为

减数分裂在有性生物的生命周期中起着非常重要的作用,其过程高度保守。减数分裂过程中,染色体配对、联会和重组是遗传变异的源泉、有性生物进化的推动力,也是减数分裂研究的热点之一。在植物减数分裂研究中,还不可能直接观察到染色体在减数分裂过程中的交换情况,往往是通过交换后群体的遗传分析来推测。文章通过图示基因型方法分析了来自花药培养的32个水稻双单倍体(DH)株系,发现少数株系某些染色体部分区段为杂合状态,并利用STS分子标记对杂合状态的真实性进行了验证,推测杂合区段的出现可能与染色体的修复不完全或修复错误有关。研究结果为解释植物减数分裂的机理提供了直接证据。     

中国汉族群体vWF基因40内含子VNTR

本文将Ａｍｐ－ＦＬＰ与ＲＦＬＰ结合起来,检测ｖＷＦ基因４０内含子ＶＮＴＲ。调查长沙地区１５６名无亲缘关系汉族人,发现ｖＷＦ基因４０内含子ＶＮＴＲ基因１３６个。基因型１５２个,全部为杂合子,分布符合Ｈａｒｄｙ－Ｗｅｉｎｂｅｒｇ平衡定律。此ＶＮＴＲ杂合率为０．９８８４,ＰＩＣ为０．９８８３,是现已检出Ａｍｐ－ＦＬＰ中多态性最高的遗传标记。家系分析显示ＶＮＴＲ无遗传重组,依照常染色体共显性遗传。用高分辨     

从农艺性状和分子标记鉴定一个水稻三倍体x二倍体F2群体的遗传稳 …

一自然发生的三倍体水稻材料与二倍体杂交,在Ｆ２代获得了一个稳定群体。群体形态表现,农艺性状分析和微卫星标记三个方面的研究表明：该杂交Ｆ２群体确系两个亲本的杂交的杂交后代。在杂交后有重组发生并迅速纯合,因而在形态上和遗传上呈现稳定性。对水稻中出现的这种早代稳定现象的利用和途径发生机制进行了探讨．     

福清黑松醇溶蛋白的群体遗传分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术,对福清黑松群体进行醇溶蛋白的多样性分析,共获得40种图谱,9个等位基因位点。对这些位点的统计分析表明,福清黑松的多肽位点百分率P=55.56%, 等位基因平均数A=3.00,平均等位基因有效数目Ae=2.28,预期杂合度He=0.533,平均实际杂合度Ho=0.402,固定指数F仅为0.246>0。该群体表现出遗传多样性水平较高,但该群体偏离了Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律,原因可能是取样偏差、群体中个体密度分布不均和个体生长状况不好,不能产生充分的随机交配,出现遗传漂移导致的。     

染色体变异对物种形成的贡献——非达尔文主义进化观

物种是公认的自然单位,因为物种间有遗传隔断。已被科学观测到的遗传间断都是发生在染色体变异上的:《遗传学和物种起源》(Ｄｏｂｚｈａｎｓｋｙ：１９３７）就记载过一种由实验室培育的果蝇的倒拉品系,它与野生型形态完全相同,但与野生型杂交不育。这种间断的学理也已清楚:野生型染色体在减数分裂四分体时期发生断裂,修复这处断裂时把断片倒接了（即倒拉,见图１）。倒拉染色体在联会时不能与它的同源染色体配对(图２),导致减数分裂失败,杂种无后,从而阻断了遗传交流渠道。同书还记载了植物人工多倍体:多倍体与二倍体因染色体数量上不匹配,…     

A linkage map of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) reveals an uncommonly large difference in recombination rate between the sexes

A genetic linkage map of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was constructed, using 54 microsatellites and 473 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. The mapping population consisted of two full-sib families within one paternal half-sib family from the Norwegian breeding population. A mapping strategy was developed that facilitated the construction of separate male and female maps, while retaining all the information contributed by the dominant AFLP markers. By using this strategy, we were able to map a significant number of the AFLP markers for which all informative offspring had two heterozygous parents; these markers then served as bridges between the male and female maps. The female map spanned 901 cM and had 33 linkage groups, while the male spanned 103 cM and had 31 linkage groups. Twenty-five linkage groups were common between the two maps. The construction of the genetic map revealed a large difference in recombination rate between females and males. The ratio of female recombination rate vs. male recombination rate was 8.26, the highest ratio reported for any vertebrate. This map constitutes the first linkage map of Atlantic salmon, one of the most important aquaculture species worldwide.     

Higher recombination frequencies in female compared to male meisoses in Brassica oleracea

Linkage maps of the nine chromosomes of Brassica oleracea, based on 75 informative molecular markers, have been compared in first and second backcross progeny from a cross between two doubled haploid lines. The second backcross progeny showed greater recombination frequencies for 75% of the pairs of adjacent markers, but there was no obvious indication that this effect was localised to particular regions of the chromosomes. Four chromosomes increased in genetic length more than twofold, while overall, the total map was 66% longer. The possible causes of this discrepancy are analysed. A sex difference in chiasma distribution and/or frequency at meiosis is thought to be the most likely explanation. The implications of this finding for mapping and map-based applications are discussed.     

Saturated Molecular Map of the Rice Genome Based on an Interspecific Backcross Population

A molecular map has been constructed for the rice genome comprised of 726 markers (mainly restriction fragment length polymorphisms; RFLPs). The mapping population was derived from a backcross between cultivated rice, Oryza sativa, and its wild African relative, Oryza longistaminata. The very high level of polymorphism between these species, combined with the use of polymerase chain reaction-amplified cDNA libraries, contributed to mapping efficiency. A subset of the probes used in this study was previously used to construct an RFLP map derived from an inter subspecific cross, providing a basis for comparison of the two maps and of the relative mapping efficiencies in the two crosses. In addition to the previously described PstI genomic rice library, three cDNA libraries from rice (Oryza), oat (Avena) and barley (Hordeum) were used in this mapping project. Levels of polymorphism detected by each and the frequency of identifying heterologous sequences for use in rice mapping are discussed. Though strong reproductive barriers isolate O. sativa from O. longistaminata, the percentage of markers showing distorted segregation in this backcross population was not significantly different than that observed in an intraspecific F(2) population previously used for mapping. The map contains 1491 cM with an average interval size of 4.0 cM on the framework map, and 2.0 cM overall. A total of 238 markers from the previously described PstI genomic rice library, 250 markers from a cDNA library of rice (Oryza), 112 cDNA markers from oat (Avena), and 20 cDNA markers from a barley (Hordeum) library, two genomic clones from maize (Zea), 11 microsatellite markers, three telomere markers, eleven isozymes, 26 cloned genes, six RAPD, and 47 mutant phenotypes were used in this mapping project. Applications of a molecular map for plant improvement are discussed.     

Genome-wide analysis of the frequency and distribution of crossovers at male and female meiosis in Sinapis alba L. (white mustard)

We present the first genetic linkage maps of Sinapis alba (white mustard) and a rigorous analysis of sex effects on the frequency and distribution of crossovers at meiosis in this species. Sex-averaged maps representing recombination in two highly heterozygous parents were aligned to give a consensus map consisting of 382 loci defined by restriction fragment length polymorphisms and arranged in 12 linkage groups with no unlinked markers. The loci were distributed in a near-random manner across the genome, and there was little evidence of segregation distortion. From these dense maps, a subset of spaced informative markers was used to establish recombination frequencies assayed separately in male and female gametes and derived from two distinct genetic backgrounds. Analyses of 746 gametes indicated that recombination frequencies were greater in male gametes, with the greatest differences near the ends of linkage groups. Genetic background had a lesser effect on recombination frequencies, with no discernible pattern in the distribution of such differences. The possible causes of sex differences in recombination frequency and the implications for plant breeding are discussed.     

Genetic analysis and genome mapping in Raphanus.

The first genetic map of the Raphanus genome was developed based on meiosis in a hybrid between Raphanus sativus (cultivated radish) and Raphanus raphanistrum (wild radish). This hybrid was used to produce a BC1 population of 54 individuals and an F2 population of 85 individuals. A total of 236 marker loci were assayed in these populations using a set of 144 informative Brassica RFLP probes previously used for genetic mapping in other crucifer species. The genetic maps derived from the BC1 and F2 populations were perfectly collinear and were integrated to produce a robust Raphanus map. Cytological observations demonstrated strict bivalent pairing in the R. sativus x R. raphanistrum hybrids. Productive pairing along the length of each chromosome was confirmed by the identification of nine extensive linkage groups and the lack of clustering of marker loci. Indeed, the distributions of both marker loci and crossovers was more random than those reported for other crop species. The genetic markers and the reference map of Raphanus will be of considerable value for future trait mapping and marker-assisted breeding in this crop, as well as in the intergenomic transfer of Raphanus genes into Brassica crops. The future benefits of comparative mapping with Arabidopsis and Brassica species are also discussed.     

A nearest-neighboring-end algorithm for genetic mapping

MOTIVATION: High-throughput methods are beginning to make possible the genotyping of thousands of loci in thousands of individuals, which could be useful for tightly associating phenotypes to candidate loci. Current mapping algorithms cannot handle so many data without building hierarchies of framework maps. RESULTS: A version of Kruskal's minimum spanning tree algorithm can solve any genetic mapping problem that can be stated as marker deletion from a set of linkage groups. These include backcross, recombinant inbred, haploid and double-cross recombinational populations, in addition to conventional deletion and radiation hybrid populations. The algorithm progressively joins linkage groups at increasing recombination fractions between terminal markers, and attempts to recognize and correct erroneous joins at peaks in recombination fraction. The algorithm is O (mn3) for m individuals and n markers, but the mean run time scales close to mn2. It is amenable to parallel processing and has recovered true map order in simulations of large backcross, recombinant inbred and deletion populations with up to 37,005 markers. Simulations were used to investigate map accuracy in response to population size, allelic dominance, segregation distortion, missing data and random typing errors. It produced accurate maps when marker distribution was sufficiently uniform, although segregation distortion could induce translocated marker orders. The algorithm was also used to map 1003 loci in the F7 ITMI population of bread wheat, Triticum aestivum L. emend Thell., where it shortened an existing standard map by 16%, but it failed to associate blocks of markers properly across gaps within linkage groups. This was because it depends upon the rankings of recombination fractions at individual markers, and is susceptible to sampling error, typing error and joint selection involving the terminal markers of nearly finished linkage groups. Therefore, the current form of the algorithm is useful mainly to improve local marker ordering in linkage groups obtained in other ways. AVAILABILITY: The source code and supplemental data are http://www.iubio.bio.indiana.edu/soft/molbio/qtl/flipper/ CONTACT: ccrane@purdue.edu.     

RFLP mapping in Brassica nigra indicates differing recombination rates in male and female meioses.

A genetic linkage map of Brassica nigra, comprised of 288 loci in eight linkage groups, was constructed. The linkage groups varied in size from 72 to 159 cM and the total map length was 855 cM. The recurrent parent used in the backcross was extremely heterozygous. This allowed recombination to be estimated separately for female (recurrent parent) meiosis and male (F1) meiosis over a large proportion of the genome. Significant differences between male and female recombination frequencies were observed on all six linkage groups where data was available for both sexes. Enhanced male recombination frequencies were observed that were associated with proterminal regions, while enhanced female recombination frequencies were adjacent to putative centromeres. It is possible that the distinct genotypes of the F1 (male) and recurrent (female) parents contributed to the observed differences in recombination. However, this study emphasizes the need to consider potential sex differences, in both the rate and the position of recombination, when planning genetic experiments and breeding programmes.     

Reduced recombination and distorted segregation in a Solanum tuberosum (2x) x S. spegazzinii (2x) hybrid.

In this paper we describe the reduced recombination and distorted segregation in an interspecific hybrid between Solanum tuberosum and Solanum spegazzinii. To study these phenomena, a cross was made between a (di)haploid S. tuberosum, used as a female parent, and a diploid wild potato species, S. spegazzinii, used as a male parent. Next, a backcross (BC) population was made with F1 genotype 38 that was backcrossed to S. tuberosum. In the backcross, S. tuberosum was used as the male parent. RFLP linkage maps were made using the F1 and the BC populations, yielding linkage maps of the interspecific hybrid, S. spegazzinii, and S. tuberosum from which male and female linkage maps could be constructed. The computer program JOINMAP was used to construct and combine the separate linkage maps. Subsequently, the separate linkage maps were compared with each other, and reduced recombination was observed in the linkage maps of the male S. tuberosum and the interspecific hybrid. The reason for this reduced recombination is discussed. Another common feature in linkage maps is the observation of distorted segregation. The distorted segregation of alleles from the interspecific hybrid was studied in more detail in the BC population. Most of the distortion was probably caused by gamete selection, but for 3 loci, on chromosomes 2, 3, and 4, we found evidence for the presence of a strong selection force acting at the zygote level against homozygous genotypes.     

Comparison off genetic distance and order off DNA markers in five populations of rice.

A group of about 300 evenly distributed DNA markers from a high density RFLP linkage map of rice constructed using an F2 population derived from a japonica variety, Nipponbare, and an indica variety, Kasalath, were used to evaluate gene order and genetic distance in four other rice mapping populations. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree to which information gained from the high density linkage map could be applied to other mapping populations, particularly with regard to its utility in bridging quantitative traits and molecular and physical mapping information. The mapping populations consisted of two F2 populations derived from Dao Ren Qiao/Fl-1084 and Kinandangputi/Fl-1007, recombinant inbred lines from Asominori/IR24, and a backcross population from Sasanishiki/Habataki//Sasanishiki. All DNA markers commonly mapped in the four populations showed the same linkage groups as in the Nipponbare/Kasalath linkage map with conserved linkage order. The genetic distance between markers among the different populations did not vary to a significant level in any of the 12 chromosomes. The differences in some markers could be attributed to the size of the population used in the construction of the linkage maps. Furthermore, the conservation of linkage order found in the distal region of chromosomes 11 and 12 was also confirmed in the RFLP maps based on the four populations of rice. These suggest that any major genetic information from the Nipponbare/Kasalath map can be expected to be approximately the same in other crosses or populations. This high density RFLP linkage map, which is being utilized in constructing a physical map of rice, can be very useful in interpreting genome structure with great accuracy in other populations. Key words : linkage map, japonica, indica, gene order, genetic distance.     

On the determination of recombination rates in intermated recombinant inbred populations

The recurrent intermating of F(2) individuals for some number of generations followed by several generations of inbreeding produces an intermated recombinant inbred (IRI) population. Such populations are currently being developed in the plant-breeding community because linkage associations present in an F(2) population are broken down and a population of fixed inbred lines is also created. The increased levels of recombination enable higher-resolution mapping in IRI populations relative to F(2) populations. Herein we derive relationships, under several limiting assumptions, for determining the expected recombination fraction in IRI populations from the crossover rate per meiosis. These relationships are applicable to situations where the inbreeding component of IRI population development is by either self-fertilization or full-sib mating. Additionally, we show that the derived equations can be solved for the crossover rate per meiosis if the recombination fraction is known for the IRI population. Thus, the observed recombination fraction in any IRI population can be expressed on an F(2) basis. The implications of this work on the expansion of genetic maps in IRI populations and limits for detecting linkage between markers are also considered.