Flavonoid glycosides of Tribulus pentandrus and T. Terrestris

Twenty-five flavonoid glycosides were detected in Tribulus pentandrus and T. terrestris. The glycosides belong to the common flavonols, kaempferol, quercetin and isorhamnetin, with the 3-gentiobiosides as the major glycosides. Traces of a flavone (tricin) glycoside was also present in T. pentandrus. The separation of Tribulaceae as a distinct family from Zygophyllaceae is discussed.     

The chemosystematics of local members of the subtribe gnaphaliinae (Compositae)

Eight species belonging to the genera Filago, Ifloga, Achyrocline, Helichrysum and Pseudognaphalium, subtribe Gnaphaliinae, tribe Inuleae (Compositae), were investigated for their flavonoid glycosides. All glycosides were found to belong to the aglycones kaempferol, quercetin, apigenin and luteolin. Calycopterin and its 3'-methyl ether were present in the free form.     

The chemosystematics of Egyptian Trigonella species

Flavonoid glycosides of eight Trigonella species belonging to four sections of the Leguminosae [Gamal El Din, E.M. and Hassan, A.E. (1995) Taeckholmia, in press] were investigated. Fifteen glycosides were found based on the aglycones kaempferol, quercetin and the less common 7,4′-dihydroxyflavone and 7,3′,4′-trihydroxyflavone. One isoflavone (formononetin) was found in all Trigonella species. Chemosystematic relationships are discussed.     

Flavonoids of Astilbe and Rodgersia compared to Aruncus

The flavonoid profiles of Astilbe (four taxa studied) and Rodgersia (two taxa studied) are based on simple flavonol glycosides. Astilbe has 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di-, and 3-O-triglycosides of kaempferol, quercetin, and myricetin, while Rodgersia has only mono- and diglycosides of kaempferol and quercetin. Astilbe×arendsii was also shown to accumulate dihydrochalcone glycosides. The flavonoid profile of Rodgersia is the simplest recorded so far in the herbaceous Saxifragaceae. The flavonoids of two species of Aruncus were shown to be based upon kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono- and 3-O-diglycosides. One of the species also exhibited an eriodictyol glycoside. The triglycoside differences were not considered important, but the differences in myricetin occurrences were taken as evidence against derivation of Saxifragaceae from an Aruncus-like ancestor. Should such an event be proposed, however, serious consideration would have to be given to the current pattern of myricetin occurrence in the two families.     

Distribution of anthocyanins in aceraceae leaves

The distribution of anthocyanins in spring sprouted and/or autumn coloured leaves of Dipteronia sinensis and Acer (119 taxa) was studied.

Dipteronia contained four cyanidin glycosides: the 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-galloylglucoside and 3,5-diglucoside. Acer contained five cyanidin glycosides: 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-galloylglucoside, 3-galloylrutinoside and 3,5-diglucoside, two delphinidin glucosides: 3-glucoside and 3-rutinoside and three unidentified anthocyanins. Both Dipteronia and Acer contained the recently reported cyanidin 3-galloylglucoside. The anthocyanin constituents in spring leaves were more complex than those found in autumn coloured leaves: nine in spring and six in autumn. The presence/absence of the major anthocyanins in the spring sprouted leaves of 111 Acer taxa analysed were grouped into 17 distribution patterns. In the autumn the number of anthocyanin distribution patterns was found to be 11. In Acer, cyanidin glycosides were found in 20 sections and delphinidin glycosides in 17 out of the 21 sections analysed. Although the distribution of anthocyanins showed no clear relations among sections, delphinidin glycosides were mainly found in sections Macrantha, Goniocarpa and Saccharina. There were no differences in the pigment constituents in the species native to different countries, such as A. rubrum in North America and A. pycnanthum in Japan, both containing the same pigments: cyanidin 3-glucoside, 3-rutinoside, 3-galloylglucoside, 3-galloylrutinoside and 3,5-diglucoside.     

Flavonoid variation in Melampodium

Five species of Melampodium have been studied for their flavonoid components. Melampodium aureum, M. divaricatum and M. longipilum exhibited simple arrays of kaempferol and quercetin 3-O-mono-and diglycosides. Melampodium bibracteatum afforded the same simple glycosides plus quercetagetin 3-methyl ether. Melampodium americanum had the most complex pattern with simple flavonol glycosides being accompanied by five O-methylated derivatives of quercetagetin plus 6-hydroxykaempferol 3-methyl ether. Three populations of M. bibracteatum gave identical flavonoid profiles as did 15 collections of M. bibracteatum.     

甜菊醇糖苷生物合成关键基因的导入和鉴定分析

甜叶菊（Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni）生产的甜菊醇糖苷因具有高甜度、低热能、不参与人体内代谢兼具保健功能等特点,被誉为最有发展前途的新糖源。从甜叶菊叶片克隆了甜菊醇糖苷生物合成途径中的关键基因SrUGT85C2、SrUGT91D2m和SrUGT76G1,构建植物基因过量表达载体,以单独或组合的形式将这些基因导入到甜叶菊中,获得转基因植株。与野生型对照植株相比,单独导入SrUGT85C2的转基因植株中甜菊醇单糖苷含量提高,总糖苷、莱包迪苷A含量及占比没有明显变化;单独导入SrUGT91D2m的转基因植株中甜菊醇单糖苷含量显著降低,而甜菊醇双糖苷含量显著增加;单独导入SrUGT76G1的转基因植株中,总糖苷含量显著提高,莱包迪苷A含量达到10%以上,比对照提高了2倍,而甜菊糖苷含量减少了一半。3个基因组合同时导入的转基因甜叶菊植株与单独导入SrUGT76G1的转基因甜叶菊植株类似,其总糖苷、莱包迪苷A含量及其占比均显著提高。这些结果为以后通过分子生物学技术来调控甜菊醇糖苷生物合成关键基因的表达,培育莱包迪苷A含量高的高品质甜叶菊新品系提供了理论依据和技术方法。     

Flavonoids of the Hydrangeaceae Dumortier

Fourteen species representing nine genera of the Hydrangeaceae Dumortier were surveyed for their flavonoid pigments. All taxa exhibited profiles based upon common flavonols. Myricetin was seen in two genera: Jamesia and Decumaria. Jamesia was further distinguished by the absence of kaempferol or its glycosides. A complex array of 3-O-mono-, 3-O-di- and 3-O-triglycosides was observed, although not all species had all levels of glycosylation. Decumaria barbara was unique within the species studied in its possession of 3,7-di- and 3,7-triglycosides. The overall pattern of flavonol glycosides observed for the Hydrangeaceae closely resembles that found in herbaceous genera of Saxifragaceae. The comparatively low frequency of myricetin contrasts with its high occurrence in herbaceous genera.     

Sea Cucumbers Triterpene Glycosides, the Recent Progress in Structural Elucidation and Chemotaxonomy

Triterpene glycosides are characteristic metabolites of sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea, Echinodermata). Majority of the glycosides belong to holostane type (lanostane derivatives with 18(20)-lactone). Carbohydrate chains of these glycosides contain xylose, glucose, quinovose, 3-O-methylglucose and 3-O-methyl sylose. During the last 5 years, main investigations were focused on holothurians belonging to the order Dendrochirotida collected in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, Antarctic and in subtropical waters. The glycosides of holothurians belonging to the order Aspidochirotida have also been studied. The most uncommon structural features of carbohydrate chains of new glycosides were: (1) the presence of quinovose as fifth terminal monosaccharide unit and the presence of two quinovose residues; (2) the presence of glucose instead of common xylose as fifth terminal monosaccharide unit; (3) trisaccharide carbohydrate chain; (4) the presence of two 3-O-methylxylose terminal monosaccharide units; (5) the presence of sulfate group at C-3 of quinovose residue. New glycosides without lactone or with 18(16)-lactone and having shortened side chains have also been isolated. The presence of 17α and 12α-hydroxyls, which are characteristic for glycosides from holothurians belonging to the family Holothuriidae (Aspidochirotida) in glycosides of dendrochirotids confirms parallel and relatively independent character of evolution of glycosides. All three families belonging to the order Aspidochirotida: Holothuriidae, Stichopodidae and Synallactidae have similar and parallel trends in evolution of the glycosides carbohydrate chains, namely from non-sulfated hexaosides to sulfated tetraosides. Sets of aglycones in glycosides from holothurians belonging to the genus Cucumaria (Cucumariidae, Dendrochirotida) are specific for each species. The carbohydrate chains are similar in all representatives of the genus Cucumaria.     

Les relations entre les prairies du Triseto-Polygonion et les mégaphorbiaies de l''Adenostylion: l''analyse flavonique d''espèces communes aux deux groupements

Relationships between two plant communities in the south-western Alps, high-altitude manured meadows (Triseto-Polygonion) and lower tall grass prairies (Adenostylion) have been examined by means of the flavonoid analysis of specimens belonging to six species common to those two associations. The species, collected at eight stations of the Ligurian Alps and the Ubaye valley, are: Trollius europaeus (Ranunculaceae), Chaerophyllum aureum (Umbellifereae), Silene cucubalus (Caryophyllaceae), Polygonum bistorta) (Polygonaceae), Alchemilla vulgaris (Rosaceae) and Centaurea montana (Compositae). In every species, factorial analysis of correspondence was applied to the distribution of flavonoid glycosides. This led to the partition of the populations into two groups according to the two sectors (Ligurian Alphs Ubaye valley) of the collection area. Secondly, populations of two species, Alchemilla vulgaris and Centaurea montana, exhibited further correlation of their flavonoid pattern with their phytosociological origin.     

Natural variation in linalool metabolites: One genetic locus,many functions?

The ubiquitous volatile linalool is metabolized in plants to nonvolatile derivatives. We studied Nicotiana attenuata plants which naturally vary in (S)-(+)-linalool contents, and lines engineered to produce either (R)-(-)- or (S)-(+)-linalool. Only (S)-(+)-linalool production was associated with slower growth of a generalist herbivore, and a large fraction was present as nonvolatile derivatives. We found that variation in volatile linalool and its nonvolatile glycosides mapped to the same genetic locus which harbored the biosynthetic gene, NaLIS, but that free linalool varied more in environmental responses. This study reveals how (S)-(+)-linalool and conjugates differ in their regulation and possible functions in resistance.     

甜菊糖苷的应用及生物合成研究进展*

甜菊糖苷是一种从甜叶菊叶片中提取的高甜度、零热量甜味剂,可用作食品添加剂。近年来,甜菊糖苷在国内外市场需求量剧增,引起了广泛关注。概述国际上对甜菊糖苷的安全性研究及评价,从经济价值角度分析甜菊糖苷的市场需求及应用前景,总结甜菊糖苷作为食品甜味添加剂的应用以及其在抗糖尿病、抗心脏纤维化、抗菌等保健功能方面的最新研究成果。综述甜菊糖苷的生物合成研究进展,重点介绍甜菊糖苷的微生物体从头合成以及生物催化低甜度糖苷生成高甜度、口感更优的甜菊糖苷,探讨提高甜菊糖苷产量的关键因素,为高端甜味剂绿色合成工艺的研究与开发提供理论依据。     

Flavonoids of Plummera: Taxonomic implications at the generic level within the gaillardiinae

Four populations each of Plummera floribunda and P. ambigens were examined for flavonoid content. Six compounds were isolated and identified as flavone and flavonol aglycones and flavonol glycosides. In all cases, both taxa were found to be identical in flavonoid content. Plummera was then compared to other genera in the subtribe Gaillardiinae. At the present time, it is the opinion of the author that Plummera is very closely related to, but not congeneric with Hymenoxys.     

Chemotaxonomic study of Codonopsis (family Campanulaceae) and its related genera

Nine sterols and triterpenes isolated from Codonopsis pilosula and Adenophora stricta were used as reference compounds fir thin layer chromatographic identification of hydrophobic constituents in the roots of 28 species belonging to four genera of the family Campanulaceae: Codonopsis, Adenophora, Campanumoea and Platycodon. Two of the subgenera of Codonopsis (subgen. Codonopsis and subgen. Obconicicapsula) and two sections of Subgenus Codonopsis (sect. Codonopsis and sect. Erectae) were included in the study. The results indicated that the four genera could be distinguished from one another. β-Sitosterol and taraxerol were present in all the four genera studied. -Spinasterol was the characteristic compound in Codonopsis while β-sitosteryl palmitate was diagnostic to Adenophora.     

濒危植物野生东北红豆杉群落特征及保护策略

以长白山自然保护区野生东北红豆杉种群为研究对象,在野生东北红豆杉的主要分布区设置4块标准地(50 m×50 m),运用群落生态学方法统计野生东北红豆杉的树木特征(树高、胸径、冠幅等),立地条件,林分状况等,分析野生东北红豆杉在分布地区的群落物种多样性特征。所调查的4个样地共有木本植物32种,隶属17科24属,草本植物53种,隶属于23科41属。不同样地的Simpson指数和Shannon指数变化一致,样地C4的均匀度Pielou指数为草本层>灌木层>乔木层,其余的样地均为灌木层>乔木层>草本层。Margalef丰富度指数显示,除了样地C4的草本层物种丰富度最大之外,其余3个样地都是乔木层物种丰富度指数最大。在4个样地中,野生东北红豆杉的重要值偏低,在群落中不占优势。野生东北红豆杉所在的群落主要以红松、长白鱼鳞云杉、紫椴等针阔叶树种组成的混交林。根据这种现象,提出了野生东北红豆杉的保护策略,为野生东北红豆杉资源的保护、繁育和利用提供了合理建议和有效途径。     

Fermentative capability and aroma compound production by yeast strains isolated from Agave tequilana Weber juice

Five yeast strains isolated from agave juice were studied for their fermentative and aromatic capacity. The experiments were performed using agave juice supplemented with ammonium sulphate, as is commonly done in tequila distilleries. Three strains classified as Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed high biomass and ethanol production, as well as higher ethanol tolerance than those classified as Kloeckera africana and Kloeckera apiculata, which showed scarce growth. The results suggest that Kloeckera strains were affected by nutritional limitation and/or toxic compounds present in agave juice. Agave juice analyses showed a lower amino acid content than those reported in grape juice. S. cerevisiae strains produced predominantly amyl and isoamyl alcohols, n-propanol, 2-phenyl ethanol, succinic acid, glycerol, methanol, isoamyl acetate, ethyl hexanoate, acetaldehyde and isobutanol, whereas Kloeckera strains showed a high production of acetic acid, 2-phenyl ethyl acetate and ethyl acetate. The methanol concentration was significantly different among the yeasts studied. The diversity between three S. cerevisiae strains were higher for the aromatic profile than for genetic level and kinetic parameter. On the other hand, the diversity of Kloeckera yeasts were lower than Saccharomyces yeasts even when belonging to two different species.     

基于红外相机技术对河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性的调查

为促进河南内乡宝天曼国家级自然保护区野生动物资源保护与管理,本研究于2015年4月—2018年9月,利用红外相机技术对区内陆生大中型兽类和地面活动鸟类进行了连续3年的调查。本次调查涉及62个红外相机位点,累积工作37 923个有效相机日,共获得12 040张独立有效照片,识别到动物12目26科54种,其中鸟类6目12科35种,兽类6目14科19种。灰头鸫(Turdus rubrocanus)、斑胸钩嘴鹛(Pomatorhinus hypoleucos)和蓝鹀(Latoucheornis siemsseni)为保护区新记录物种。保护区内有林麝(Moschus berezovskii)和金雕(Aquila chrysaeto) 2种国家一级重点保护野生动物,豹猫(Prionailurus bengalensis)、黄喉貂(Martes flavigula)、猕猴(Macaca mulatta)、中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus)等13种国家二级重点保护野生动物;IUCN红色名录收录濒危物种(EN)有林麝1种,易危物种(VU)有中华斑羚(Naemorhedus griseus...     

不同衰退等级蒙古沙冬青根内真菌多样性与群落结构

本研究根据沙冬青现有的生长状况,将内蒙古西鄂尔多斯保护区珍稀濒危植物蒙古沙冬青群落分为轻度衰退、中度衰退和重度衰退3个衰退等级,并选取一个未衰退的沙冬青群落作为对照,应用Illumina Hiseq测序平台,对这4个沙冬青群落的植株根内真菌进行高通量测序分析。测序共获得215个真菌的OTU,不同衰退等级沙冬青根内真菌群落结构在门、科、属水平上都有显著差异。Top 10属中的Agaricus、Tomentella、Tricholoma、Fusarium、Inocybe以及Tuber这6个属真菌在所有衰退等级的沙冬青都有分布。不同衰退等级的沙冬青根内都有腐生或寄生真菌和“共生”真菌分布,不同衰退等级两类群的真菌占比不同且呈现出动态变化,随着衰退等级的增加沙冬青根内腐生真菌或寄生真菌与“共生”真菌比例显著增高。土壤有机质与土壤容重具有协同作用,且对Agaricus、Inocybe、Fusarium、Penicillium、Amphinema具有正相关影响,对Tricholoma、Tomentella、Tuber具有负相关影响。     

南麂列岛东侧海域春秋季虾蟹类生物多样性

本文根据2017年11月和2018年5月对南麂列岛国家海洋自然保护区东侧海域进行渔业资源定点底拖网调查所获得的虾蟹类数据, 对调查海域的虾蟹类群落结构及多样性进行了研究。结果表明: (1)共鉴定出调查海域的虾蟹类30种, 其中虾类16种, 隶属于1目6科12属, 蟹类14种, 隶属于1目5科6属; (2)秋季虾蟹类物种数高于春季, 且春秋季物种数在整个调查海域大致呈现由北向南逐渐增多的趋势; (3)春季优势种依次为: 三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata)、日本鼓虾(Alpheus juponicus)、细巧仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis tenella)和日本蟳(Charybdis japonica), 秋季优势种均为蟹类, 依次为三疣梭子蟹、双斑蟳和日本蟳; (4)虾蟹类Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')和Pielou均匀度指数(J')是春季大于秋季, 丰富度指数(D)则是秋季远高于春季; (5)根据聚类分析(CLUSTER)与非度量多维标度排序(non-metric multidimensional scaling, nMDS)分析, 可将虾蟹类划分为3个群落; (6)丰度/生物量曲线(abundance-biomass comparison curve, ABC曲线)显示, 南麂列岛调查海域的虾蟹类群落处于稳定未受干扰的状态。     

Flavonoids of Helianthus series Angustifolii

Leaf and ray flower flavonoids were investigated for the seven species of Helianthus series Angustifolii. Flavone aglycones occur in small glandular trichomes located on leaf undersurfaces of H. angustifolius, H. floridanus and H. simulans. Other species lacked both glandular trichomes and flavone aglycones. Flavonol glycosides occur in low concentrations in leaves of all species but were not characterized. Anthochlors (chalkones) occur in leaves of H. heterophyllus and H. longifolius. Ray flower flavonoids include anthochlor and flavonol glycosides and occur in the basal region of the ligule producing a band of UV A around the head. Anthochlors are the predominant ray flower flavonoids in H. angustifolius, H. heterophyllus and H. longifolius, whereas they are absent and quercetin 7-glucoside is present in H. carnosus and H. floridanus. Cladistic analysis of flavonoid and morphological characters indicates that evolution in the series has been a radiation from ancestral types rather than a linear sequence of progressively more derived species.