地形因素对羚牛家域估算的影响分析——以固定核域法与最小凸边形法为例

家域特征对物种基础生物学的认识和提出相关管理及保护对策有重要作用.本研究利用地理信息系统相关软件,以4只(2♀、2 ♂)佩戴GPS无线电颈圈的四川羚牛定位数据使用固定核域法(FKE)和最小凸多边形法(MEP)对春季(2007年和2008年)家域特征进行了估算,显示地形因素对家域估算结果影响显著,表面家域(FKE 95％ =7.50 ±2.27,MCP =7.01±1.99)要显著大于平面家域(FKE 95％=5.94±1.54,t=3.31,df=3,P=0.045,MCP=5.47±1.52,df=3,t=3.43,P=0.041).其次,固定核域法(95％)与最小凸多边形法所获得的平面家域(t =0.718,df=3,P=0.524)和表面家域(t=0.612,df=3,P=0.584)差异不显著.个体间家域差异显著(df=3,F=7.226,P=0.001),组间两两比较显示,M1与F1 (P =0.001)、F2(p=0.031)、M2(P=0.02),F1与F2 (P =0.044)间的家域均有显著差异,而M2与F2 (P =0.221)、M2与F1(P=0.598)间差异不显著.两种家域估算方法对计算羚牛的家域重叠程度没有明显优劣之分(95％ Kernel VS 100％ MCP),但不同密度的核域可能得出不同的甚至是完全相反的结论,因此在选择核域密度时应尽量同时参照其他数据和其他估算方法.     

千岛湖岛屿社鼠的扩散特征

2009年7月—11月,2010年3月—11月对千岛湖两个岛屿上的社鼠(Niviventer confucianus)种群进行标志重捕,通过分析扩散个体的性别、年龄及扩散距离等,探讨陆桥岛屿环境下社鼠的扩散特征。研究结果显示:岛屿环境下社鼠的扩散率为37.96%,不同季节社鼠的扩散率存在差异,社鼠倾向于在春季发生扩散,尤其是3月份,社鼠扩散个体数最多;对于整个捕获史而言,雌雄扩散个体数存在极显著的差异(x~2=12.542,df=1,P0.001),雄性个体更倾向于发生扩散;而在繁殖高峰期,当怀孕鼠存在时,雄性扩散数亦大于雌性,两者存在显著差异(x~2=4.504,df=1,P=0.034)。扩散个体体重的季节差异不显著;扩散与社鼠的年龄密切相关,社鼠更加倾向于在亚成年阶段发生扩散;另外,家群大小对社鼠扩散个体数量也有显著影响,家群越大,扩散个体越多;对扩散距离进行分析发现存在显著的性别差异(t=-9.229,df=50,P0.001),雌性个体的平均扩散距离为(282.97±16.14)m,显著大于雄性的(146.70±6.80)m,而扩散距离与年龄、体重、最大活动距离均无显著相关性。     

野放普氏野马(Equus przewalskii)家域面积及其影响因素

采用MCP方法研究了2011年至2012年新疆卡拉麦里山有蹄类自然保护区野放普氏野马家域的变化。通过方差分析验证了年间、季节间不同群体家域及其两两重叠无差异。以家族群大小为协变量进行了野放野马家域协方差分析。利用野放野马家族大小为协变量的协方差分析分析检验了野放野马家族大小与家域关系。结果表明:(1)野马平均家域面积由2011年的(20±2)km~2/匹扩大到2012年的(30±2)km~2/匹。对部分野放群体中头马未发生更替的野马群的研究表明,随着野马群体增大,其家域面积显著增大(P0.05)。(2)单因素方差分析显示,不同野马群的家域面积在不同年份差异显著,且春季家域秋季家域夏季家域。(3)2011年不同群家域两两间相互重叠面积与群大小无显著相关(r=0.256,P=0.5800.05)。而2012年野马群家域两两之间重叠面积有显著差异(F=4.521,df=8,P0.001)。家域两两相互重叠面积与群大小显著相关(r=0.706,P=0.0330.05)。(4)不同季节间野马群家域重叠面积有显著差异(F=5.695,df=8,P0.001)。5号群、7号群和8号群的自身家域重叠面积(P0.05),3号群、6号群和9号群的家域重叠面积(P0.05)。(5)影响野放野马家域面积的生物因子有草本盖度、灌木盖度,非生物因子主要有温度、湿度、风速、最近水源地距离和最近居民点距离等。温度与草本盖度是影响野放野马家域面积大小的主要因素,两者与野放野马家域面积显著相关(P0.01)。     

红耳龟在广东古田保护区的家域研究

于2010年9月至2012年6月,在广东古田保护区内利用无线电遥测技术,对保护区内21只红耳龟的家域进行研究。结果表明:红耳龟家域为5.25 hm2±8.66 hm2,核域为1.26 hm2±1.73 hm2。红耳龟的家域和核域面积在繁殖期显著大于非繁殖期,雄性的在繁殖期显著大于非繁殖期,雌性的在繁殖期和非繁殖期无显著性差异,但在繁殖期大于非繁殖期。雄性的和核域在繁殖期显著大于雌性,在非繁殖期不存在显著性差异,但雄性的都大于雌性的。家域大小与其身体大小之间没有显著相关性。     

洞庭湖区自然野化麋鹿种群的偏性扩散行为

大多数鹿科动物表现出偏向雄性的扩散行为。麋鹿(Elaphurus davidianus)于20世纪初在中国灭绝,1985年被重引入中国。1998年长江流域特大洪水导致部分麋鹿个体从湖北石首麋鹿国家级自然保护区围栏内外逸,最终在洞庭湖区形成自然野化种群。野化麋鹿是否也存在偏性扩散行为?1995—2012年,采用样带调查法、分区直数法、特殊个体识别法和访问调查法,按性别组成将扩散群分为雄性群、混合群和雌性群,对洞庭湖区自然野化麋鹿种群的扩散行为进行了研究,共记录到118次扩散。其中,有65次扩散可确认扩散群的类型;60次可确认扩散群准确的个体数。结果显示:(1)雄性麋鹿较雌性更倾向于扩散。雄性群的扩散频次高于雌性群和混合群;50%的雄性扩散群仅由单一成年雄体组成。(2)雄性麋鹿的扩散能力最强,雄性群、混合群和雌性群的平均扩散距离分别为(13.73±8.74)km、(11.05±4.16)km和(8.95±2.16)km,但三者之间的差异不显著(χ2=1.896,df=2,P=0.387)。雌性群和混合群的扩散距离均短于25km,而5.88%的雄性群扩散距离长于25 km。(3)雄性群的平均个体数与混合群的差异显著(F=5.324,df=24,P=0.000.05),与雌性群的差异不显著(F=9.830,df=35,P=0.813),而混合群与雌性群之间的差异显著(F=48.085,df=55,P=0.000.05)。(4)50.00%的雄性群和53.57%的混合群选择芦苇草地作为扩散目的地的生境。洞庭湖区自然野化麋鹿种群与其他野生鹿科动物一样,也存在"雄鹿较雌鹿更倾向于扩散"的现象,雄性的扩散能力比雌性强,雌性的扩散可能依赖于雄性。以上结果对麋鹿的野外放归和自然野化种群的管理与保护具有重要的意义。     

青海省都兰县藏狐家域范围及重叠度

2006年9月21日至10月21日、2007年1月14～20日、2月6～12日和3月13日至4月8日,应用无线电追踪技术对青海省都兰县沟里乡3只藏狐(2雄,1雌)进行追踪定位,采用Kernel方法计算了3只藏狐的家域面积,确定了该物种的核域,并探讨了不同藏狐个体间家域及核域的重叠状况.结果表明,沟里乡藏狐平均家域面积为6.4±0.4 km2,平均核域面积为1.6±0.2 km2,核域约占家域总面积的1/5～1/4.3只藏狐总体家域面积相差不大,藏狐家域及核域均有一定程度的重叠,家域重叠程度约为50%～60%,核域重叠程度则远远减小,约为7%～20%.     

华西蟾蜍年龄结构、体长和生长率的研究

本研究利用骨龄学方法研究了青藏高原东缘横断山脉区一个华西蟾蜍种群的年龄结构、体长、年生长率及性成熟年龄。采集的74个成体个体中(雄性47只,雌性27只),均能够在趾骨切片中观察到受抑制生长线。结果表明:两性的体长和年龄都成正相关关系(雌性:F1,26=4.87,r=0.40,P=0.04,雄性:F1,46=4.48,r=0.30,P=0.04)。雌性初始繁殖年龄为4龄,寿命至少为11龄;雄性分别为3龄和11龄。雌性和雄性的平均年龄存在显著差异(Z=2.27,P<0.01),雌性为(8.4±1.8)龄,雄性为(6.2±1.8)龄。雌性平均体长大于雄性(t=2.348,P<0.01),雌性为91.9 mm±7.2 mm,雄性为74.8 mm±5.5 mm。另外,雌性和雄性具有不同的生长模式,雌性生长率(r=2.48)大于雄性(r=2.32)。年龄和生长率对华西蟾蜍的性二型的解释有重要意义。     

蜡皮蜥的两性异形和繁殖输出

为研究蜡皮蜥(Leiolepis reevesii)两性异形和繁殖输出,于2002、2003年4月下旬从海南乐东一种群捕获423头蜡皮蜥。经检测得到繁殖雌体的最小体长为89．0mm,据此判定≥89．0mm的个体为性成熟。研究结果表明：①蜡皮蜥具有两性异形,雄性大于雌性且具有较大的头部。成体雄性头长和头宽随体长的增长速率大于雌性,幼体头长和头宽随体长的增长速率无显著的两性差异。以性别和年龄(成、幼体)为因子的双因子ANOVA比较两性头长和头宽与体长的回归剩余值发现,雄性头部大于雌性,幼体头部相对大于成体。②饲养于实验室的母体中有42头于2002、2003年5月22日～7月16日产出正常卵,这些繁殖雌体具有年产多窝卵的潜力。窝卵数和卵重的变异系数分别为0．18和0．13,前者变异度大于后者。窝卵数、窝卵重和卵重均与母体体长无关。卵重与相对生育力之间无显著的负相关性,表明蜡皮蜥缺乏卵数量与卵大小之间的权衡。相对窝卵重与母体体长呈显著的负相关,表明较小的母体具有相对较大的繁殖输出。因雌体繁殖会滞缓其生长,小母体具有相对较大的繁殖输出,至少部分地解释了雌性蜡皮蜥的成体为什么个体较小。     

Reliability of Analyses of Hg,Fe, Ca,K, P,pH, Alkalinity,Conductivity, Hardness and Colour from Lakes

The aim of this report has been to present results concerning analytical quality controls of Hg analysis of fish and sediment, analyses of Fe, Ca, total-P, K, pH, alkalinity, conductivity, colour and hardness (Ca + Mg) of lake water samples. Despite the fact that these are standard parameters in many regular water control programs, there are major differences in the reliability with which these parameters can be determined. The focus here is on an overall inter-laboratory comparison between the parameters. Six laboratories have been involved in the analysis. Selected results: pH gives the lowest (average) relative standard deviation (error), about 2 %; conductivity gives an error of about 5–7 %; alkalinity yields an average error of as much as 13–25 %, which is the largest among the parameters studied here; colour also gives a high error, 9–15 %; hardness gives a relative standard deviation of about 6–7 %. Of the other parameters (i. e., Hg, Fe, Ca and P), Hg gives the best reliability and Fe and P the lowest. To have knowledge of the reliability of the analytical data is of paramount importance in most control programs and research projects.     

Distribution of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,S, Zn,Fe, Mn and Cu in groundnut

Summary Concentration of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S in summer groundnut crop was higher than in kharif while Zn, Fe, Mn and Cu contents were higher in summer crop. Kernel's N, P and Zn; Leaflet's Ca and Mn; Stem's K and Fe; Root's S and Cu and Petiole's Mg contents were highest. Shell's N, P, K, Mg, S, Zn and Cu; Kernel's Ca, Fe and Mn contents were the least. N, P, K, S, Zn and Cu concentrations decreased linearly as the crop grew. Ca, Mg, Fe and Mn concentrations did not display any distinct pattern. Ca concentration was positively correlated with pod yield in both the seasons.     

Uniform hypothesis of cell behavior--movement, contact inhibition of movement, adhesion, chemotaxis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, division, contact inhibition of division, fusion.

The cell has been represented as a charged liquid drop. Contrary to the DLVO-theory, the effect of the surface potential upon the value of the interfacial tension of the cell membrane has also been taken into consideration. The cell membrane has visco-elastic properties and its constituents may move against each other. Cell movement is caused by the appearance of a small number of the electrically charged constituents of the cell membrane on the leading edge of the cell. This produces a local decrease in the surface tension and the cell membrane expansion. At the moment of contact between two cells proton transfers occur between the strongly negatively charged microvilli of one cell and the body of the other, analogous to a condenser breakdown. This, through the effect on the surface tension, causes contact inhibition of movement. The distribution of the proton dissociable groups modifies the interaction between the cells (differentiation) and between the cell and the substratum (adhesion). Adsorption of the charged compounds at the surface of the cell membrane, decreasing the surface potential and increasing the surface tension, causes the phenomena of chemotaxis, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. Cell division, considered in the terms of the surface energy, requires an adequate supply of considerable quantities of energy inversely proportional to the surface potential value. In case of a reduction of the distance between the cells, their surface potential and the energetic barrier of the cell division processes increases, and causes contact inhibition of cell division. Due to their high charge, division of neoplastic cells is inhibited much later than division of normal cells, or is completely ininhibited due to geometric conditions. Fusion of the cell membrane in the intra-cellular and intercellular processes is a reverse process in relation to the cell division.     

The effect of malathion,diazinon, and various concentrations of zinc,copper, nickel,lead, iron,and mercury on fish

Acute and chronic toxicity tests for malathion, diazinon, copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), nickel (Ni), and iron (Fe) were conducted. Mortalities ofBarilius vagra andCyprinus carpio (common carp) were variable but LC50-96 hr were similar for pesticides. AdultB. vagra seem to be more sensitive to malathion than juvenile carp. Both juvenile carp and adultB. vagra were extremely sensitive to diazinon. Long-term exposure to pesticides modified morphology and behavior. The LC50-96 values for Cu, Hg, and Pb were 0.3, 0.16, and 0.44, respectively, for smaller fish and 1.0, 0.77, and 1.33, respectively, for larger fish. Replicate LC50 values for Zn, Ni, and Fe were somewhat variable, and for these metals, the size of the fish seemed to affect response because LC50 values increased as fish size increased. Cooper, Pb, Zn, and Fe residues following exposure to sublethal concentrations of these metals for 15 d were significantly greater in whole juvenile common carp than in controls.     

The Effect of Age and Gender on Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, P, S, Sr, V, and Zn Contents in Rib Bone of Healthy Humans

The effect of age and gender on major, minor, and trace element contents in the intact rib bone of 80 relatively healthy 15–55-year-old women and men was investigated. Contents or upper limit of contents of 16 chemical elements in the rib bone were determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). Mean values (M?±?SΕΜ) for the mass fraction of Ba, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Na, P, S, Sr, and Zn (milligram per kilogram of dry bone) were as follows: 2.54?±?0.16, 171,400?±?4,050, 1.35?±?0.22, 140?±?11, 1,874?±?71, 0.049?±?0.011, 2,139?±?38, 5,378?±?88, 75,140?±?1,660, 1,881?±?51, 291?±?20, and 92.8?±?1.5, respectively. The upper limits of contents of Al, B, Mn, and V were <7.20, <0.65, <0.36, and <0.03, respectively. Statistically significant tendency for the Ca, Mg, and P content to decrease with age was found in the human rib bone, regardless of gender. The mass fraction of Fe in the male rib bone increases with age. It was shown that higher Ca, Mg, Na, P, and Sr mass fractions as well as lower Fe content were typical of female ribs as compared to those in male ribs.     

Further studies of the sieve-element plastids of theCaryophyllales includingBarbeuia,Corrigiola, Lyallia,Microtea, Sarcobatus,andTelephium

The sieve-element plastids of 69 species of theCaryophyllales were investigated by transmission electron microscopy. All contained the specific subtype-P3 plastids characterized by a peripheral ring of protein filaments. The presence or absence of an additional central protein crystal and their shape being either polygonal or globular as well as the average sizes of the sieve-element plastids are useful features in the characterization of some families.—Barbeuia contains sieve-element plastids that confirm its placement within thePhytolaccaceae. Lyallia differs fromHectorella by including small starch grains in their sieve-element plastids, which otherwise by their globular crystals negate a closer connection to theCaryophyllaceae. The lack of a central protein crystal in its form-P3fs plastids placesMicrotea best within theChenopodiaceae. Sarcobatus, a so far uncontested member of theChenopodiaceae, contains form-P3cf plastids, i.e., including a central crystal not found elsewhere in this family.Telephium andCorrigiola, shifted back and forth betweenMolluginaceae andCaryophyllaceae, have form-P3cf(s) plastids with a polygonal crystal which favor their placement within theCaryophyllaceae.     

Definitions,measurements, and classifications of stimuli,situations, and environments

A review is presented of issues relevant to the definition, measurement, and classification of stimuli, situations, and environments. Problems such as the lack of adequate definitions of concepts, error and bias in measurement procedures, confusion between measurement of a concept and measurement of its behavioral effects, and the lack of agreement among alternative measures are emphasized. It is suggested that concepts be defined in terms of objective characteristics while allowing for the study of the transactional relationship between organism and environment. The work of the ethologists in defining stimuli while studying their relationship to different organismic states and situational contexts is emphasized in this regard. Following Brunswik, it is also suggested that wherever possible there be a representative sampling of variables in natural settings. Note from the editors: From time to time, Human Ecology will publish a review article. Our first in this series is a review by a psychologist of basic definitional and conceptual problems in environmental studies.This paper was prepared while the author was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Educational Testing Service. The support of ETS and my colleagues in the Division of Psychological Studies is gratefully acknowledged. The review was also supported in part by a grant from the Rutgers University Research Council.     

Simultaneous measurement of the trace elements Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum and their reference ranges by ICP-MS

The goal of this article was to establish reference ranges of the concentration of trace elements in human serum and to compare these results with those reported by other authors. We describe the sample preparation and measurement conditions that allow the rapid, precise, and accurate determination of Al, As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Rb, Se, Sr, and Zn in human serum samples (n=110) by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Accuracy and precision were determined by analyzing three reconstituted reference serum samples by comparison with other methods and by the standard addition procedure. The advantages of the ICP-MS method include short time of analysis of the elements mentioned, low detection limit, high precision, and high accuracy. Disadventages include a high risk of contamination due to the presence of some of the elements of interest in the environment, the relatively delicate sample handling, and the high cost of the equipment.