高原鼠兔脑组织中精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶的作用

高原鼠兔对高原低氧环境有很强的适应性。研究发现,精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-C4)基因在高原鼠兔脑组织中表达,为阐明LDH-C4在高原鼠兔脑组织中的作用,应用荧光定量PCR和Western blot方法,测定了Ldh-c基因在高原鼠兔脑组织中的表达水平;应用对精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-C4)特异性的抑制剂(N-isopropyl oxamate),通过肌肉注射后,研究抑制剂对高原鼠兔脑组织中LDH比活力、乳酸和ATP含量的影响。结果表明,在mRNA和蛋白水平,Ldh-c基因在高原鼠兔脑组织中均有表达,相对表达水平分别为0.38±0.05和0.74±0.13;当肌肉注射1 m L 1 mol/L的抑制剂30 min后,血液中抑制剂浓度为0.08 mmol/L;与对照组相比,抑制剂组脑组织中LDH比活力、乳酸和ATP含量显著下降,抑制剂对LDH、乳酸和ATP的抑制率分别为30.78%、46.47%和21.04%。结果表明,精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶基因在高原鼠兔脑组织中表达。LDH-C4通过催化无氧糖酵解过程,为其脑组织生命活动提供至少20%的ATP,可能使高原鼠兔减小在低氧环境中对氧气的依赖,增强对低氧环境的适应能力。     

高原鼠兔组织中精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶的作用机理

高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae具有很强的高原低氧适应能力。前期研究发现,精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-C4)在高原鼠兔体细胞中表达。为阐明LDH-C4在高原鼠兔组织中的作用机理,应用RNA干扰技术沉默高原鼠兔心肌、肝脏和脑组织中的Ldh-c基因;应用荧光定量PCR和Western Blot方法,测定Ldh-c基因在心肌、肝脏和脑组织中的表达水平;应用生物化学方法测定沉默Ldh-c基因后,心肌、肝脏和脑组织中LDH比活力、乳酸和ATP的含量。结果表明,腹腔注射腺病毒p MultiRNAi-Ldhc能极显著降低高原鼠兔组织中Ldh-c基因的表达水平,在mRNA和蛋白水平,心肌中Ldh-c基因的表达分别下降48.11%和19.27%;肝脏中Ldh-c基因的表达分别下降70.16%和25.82%;脑中Ldh-c基因的表达分别下降49.08%和25.36%。沉默Ldh-c基因表达后,高原鼠兔心肌、肝脏和脑组织中LDH比活力、乳酸和ATP的含量也显著降低,分别下降25.58%、41.94%和21.23%,28.16%、15.90%和24.66%以及16.65%、12.78%和18.50%。这些结果说明,高原鼠兔在低氧环境中,其心肌、肝脏和脑组织通过LDH-C4催化无氧糖酵解获得部分ATP,增强对低氧环境的适应能力。     

腹腔注射腺病毒pMultiRNAi-Ldhc对高原鼠兔骨骼肌Ldhc基因的沉默效果

腹腔注射是一种简单且方便给药的方式,为了验证腹腔注射腺病毒pMultiRNAi-Ldhc对高原鼠兔(Ochotonacurzoniac)骨骼肌Ldhc基因沉默的可行性,将27只高原鼠兔分为干扰组、空壳组和空白对照组,每组各9只个体,干扰组和空壳组分别注射0.65ml腺病毒pMultiRNAi-Ldhc和腺病毒pMultiRNAi-NS,空白对照组注射等量生理盐水,注射后7d检测骨骼肌中Ldhc基因mRNA和蛋白的表达水平,测定了乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性和乳酸(LD)及三磷酸腺苷(ATP)的含量。结果表明,与空白对照组相比,干扰组在mRNA和蛋白水平上,Ldhc基因表达分别降低了41.73%和15.76%;乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活性、乳酸(LD)和ATP含量分别降低了23.98%、51.08%和19.29%。结果说明,腹腔注射腺病毒pMultiRNAi-Ldhc能有效沉默骨骼肌中Ldhc基因表达。     

高原鼠兔乳酸脱氢酶同工酶对低氧环境的应答

用聚丙酰胺凝胶薄层电泳和紫外光谱法,研究与分析高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)在天然及模拟低氧条件下,心脏、肝脏、肾脏及骨骼肌4种组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶的酶谱和其酶活力的变化。     

高原鼢鼠、鼠兔及大鼠心肌和骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶活力及同工酶谱

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和鼠兔的低氧适应机理,用紫外分光光度法测定了高原鼢鼠、鼠兔及大鼠心肌和骨骼肌乳酸脱氢酶(Lactate Dehydrogenase,LDH)的活力,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳分离了LDH同工酶.结果显示:鼢鼠、鼠兔、大鼠心肌LDH活力分别为16.90±2.00 U/mg pro,20.55±2.46 U/mg pro,38.26±6.78 U/mg pm,鼢鼠和鼠兔差异不显著(P>0.05),大鼠与鼠兔差异显著(P<0.05),大鼠与鼢鼠差异极显著(P<0.01);骨骼肌LDH活力,鼢鼠、鼠兔、大鼠分别为39.34±3.74 U/mg pro,78.33±9.54 U/mg pro,67.80±10.89 u/mg pr0,大鼠和鼠兔差异不显著(P>0.05),二者均极显著高于鼢鼠(P<0.01).高原鼠兔与鼢鼠LDH同工酶M亚基的迁移率较为相近,而H亚基差别较大;鼢鼠和大鼠H亚基的迁移率较为相近,而M亚基差别较大.鼢鼠和鼠兔心肌LDH同工酶亚基组成以H亚基为主,M亚基含量较低,而骨骼肌LDH同工酶亚基组成以M业基为主,H业基含量较低.大鼠心肌和骨骼肌LDH同工酶H亚基和M亚基含量均很丰富.说明高原鼢鼠和鼠兔虽然生活在极其缺氧的环境中,但它们的组织并不缺氧;高原鼢鼠和鼠兔以不同的策略适应高原缺氧.     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔骨骼肌糖酵解和肝脏乳酸代谢的差异(英文)北大核心CSCD

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniac)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是青藏高原地区特有的土著动物。本文旨在探讨高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠骨骼肌糖酵解和肝脏乳酸代谢的不同生理机制。我们克隆出两种动物肝脏中的丙酮酸羧化酶(pytuvate carboxy-lase,PC)基因的部分序列;应用real-timePCR法测定两种动物肝脏和骨骼肌中PC、LDH-A和LDH-BmRNA的表达水平;使用苹果酸偶联法测定肝脏中PC酶活力,并测定两种动物骨骼肌和肝脏中乳酸含量、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力;用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳观察肝脏和骨骼肌LDH同工酶谱。结果显示:(1)高原鼢鼠骨骼肌LDH-BmRNA的表达量极显著高于高原鼠兔(P<0.01),而LDH-AmRNA的表达量没有差异(P>0.05);(2)高原鼠兔肝脏中PC、LDH-A和LDH-BmRNA的表达量都极显著高于高原鼢鼠(P<0.01);(3)高原鼠兔肝脏和骨骼肌中LDH和乳酸含量以及肝脏中PC活力均极显著高于高原鼢鼠(P<0.01);(4)LDH同工酶谱显示,高原鼠兔骨骼肌以LDH-A4、LDH-A3B、LDH-A2B2为主,而高原鼢鼠骨骼肌以LDH-AB3、LDH-B4为主;在高原鼠兔肝脏中LDH以LDH-A3B,LDH-A2B2,LDH-AB3和LDH-B4为主,而高原鼢鼠肝脏只有LDH-A4。以上结果表明,高原鼠兔通过提高骨骼肌无氧糖酵解的水平为其快速奔跑提供能量,通过提高肝脏中糖异生水平快速将骨骼肌运动所产生的乳酸转化为葡萄糖和糖原,所以减少了在低氧环境中对氧的依赖,而高原鼢鼠尽管生活在低氧的地下洞道,它通过提高骨骼肌有氧糖酵解的水平,为其持续的挖掘活动提供能量。     

高原鼠兔血清中N-isopropyl oxamate的RP-HPLC检测方法的建立

目的:探索N-isopropyl oxamate和血清蛋白结合水平,建立高原鼠兔血液中精子型乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-C4)特异性抑制剂N-isopropyl oxamate的高效液相色谱(HPLC)检测方法。方法:取体重150~200 g高原鼠兔20只,随机分为对照组和抑制剂组(n=10)。通过外源性加入不同浓度的N-isopropyl oxamate,检测其与血清蛋白的结合水平。采用将血清先用胰蛋白酶酶解,再加入三氯乙酸的前处理法进行HPLC检测。结果:当空白高原鼠兔血清加入抑制剂标准品达到血清中浓度为0.05 mmol/L、0.1 mmol/L、1 mmol/L、10 mmol/L、16.7 mmol/L、33.3 mmol/L、100 mmol/L时,抑制剂与血清蛋白的结合率分别为100%、100%、100%、86.84%、54.11%、40.10%、20.18%。在本文建立的方法下,回收率、精密度、稳定性均良好。N-isopropyl oxamate在0.0125~0.25 mmol/L内浓度与峰面积线性关系好。空白血清加入标准品达到终浓度为0.15 mmol/L、0.3 mmol/L和1 mmol/L时,平均回收率分别为98.05%、98.98%、98.12%;精密度相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.17%、0.92%、0.83%;稳定性RSD分别为1.38%、1.40%、0.88%。方法的重复性RSD为1.76%,最低定量限为0.0125 mmol/L。结论:N-isopropyl oxamate与高原鼠兔血清具有很强的亲和力,直接用三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白的前处理方法无法准确检测其浓度,而先用胰蛋白酶消化血清,再用三氯乙酸沉淀蛋白的方法可实现血液中HPLC的精确检测。     

青藏高原高原鼠兔Na+,K+-ATP酶β2亚基基因编码区的克隆与分析

目的:克隆青藏高原高原鼠兔Na ,K -ATP酶β2亚基(ATP1B2)的基因编码区,并分析其序列特征,以揭示高原鼠兔低氧适应的分子基础。方法:采用RT-PCR技术从高原鼠兔脑组织中扩增出ATP1B2基因编码区cDNA序列并进行序列测定,采用生物信息学技术对其进行分析。结果:ATP1B2基因编码区由873bp组成,编码290个氨基酸残基。序列分析结果显示,高原鼠兔ATP1B2编码区的核酸序列与兔、人、牛、大鼠、小鼠及狗分别有99%、93%、91%、91%、90%和90%的同源性。结论:克隆出青藏高原高原鼠兔ATP1B2基因编码区,为进一步了解高原鼠兔低氧适应的分子机制提供了基础。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应机制,以Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠为对照,测量三者的心脏/体重比(HW/BW)、右心室/(左心室 室间隔)重量比[RV/(LV S)];应用免疫组织化学方法测定心肌微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD);通过显微体视学技术比较线粒体的面数密度(NA,单位面积中线粒体数目)、体密度(Vv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体的体积密度)、面密度(Sv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体外膜的面积密度)、比表面(δ,线粒体外膜面积与其自身体积的比);用分光光度法测定心肌中的肌红蛋白(myoglobin, Mb)含量、乳酸(lactic acid, LD)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活力;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳观察LDH同工酶谱.结果显示:高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔HB/WB显著大于SD大鼠(P<0.05), RV/(LV S)显著小于SD大鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠心肌MVD和线粒体NA依次递减(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠线粒体Vv显著低于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05),高原鼠兔与SD大鼠之间没有明显差异;高原鼢鼠线粒体Sv显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05),与高原鼠兔相比无明显差异;高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的线粒体δ无显著差异,但均明显低于高原鼢鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心肌Mb含量显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠心肌LD含量显著高于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05);两种高原动物心肌LDH活力显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05).同工酶谱显示,高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的LDH中H亚基所占比例依次递减.以上结果提示,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔通过增加心肌线粒体Sv、MVD以及Mb含量提高其在低氧环境获取氧的能力;同时,由于生境和习性上的不同,两者线粒体指标又表现出差异性.     

常氧下高原鼠兔HIF-1αmRNA的表达

低氧诱导因子—1(HIF—1)是一种由低氧诱导因子—1α(HIF—1α)和芳香烃核受体转录因子(ARNT)组成的二聚体转录因子,在生物体氧平衡调节中起关键作用。高原鼠兔(Dchotorua curzoniae)是生活在青藏高原海拔3000m以上区域,有着极强的低氧、低温耐受能力的特有自然种群。它通过高的基础代谢率和高的氧利用率来适应高原低温、缺氧环境。将高原鼠兔带到北京,常氧室温条件下适应7d。RT—PCR扩增高原鼠兔HIF—1α cDNA片断,^32P标记作为特异性探针,Northern杂交检测了常氧条件下高原鼠兔HIF—1α的组织特异性表达。结果显示,HIF—1α mRNA在高原鼠兔多种组织中均有表达,并且表现出明显的组织差异性。其中脑的表达量最大,肾其次,心、脾和肝的表达相对较少。     

Recent advances in the study of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus replication and pathogenesis

It has now been over twenty years since a novel herpesviral genome was identified in Kaposi's sarcoma biopsies. Since then, the cumulative research effort by molecular biologists, virologists, clinicians, and epidemiologists alike has led to the extensive characterization of this tumor virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus(KSHV; also known as human herpesvirus 8(HHV-8)), and its associated diseases. Here we review the current knowledge of KSHV biology and pathogenesis, with a particular emphasis on new and exciting advances in the field of epigenetics. We also discuss the development and practicality of various cell culture and animal model systems to study KSHV replication and pathogenesis.     

The structure, reproduction and taxonomy of Vidalia and Osmundaria (Rhodophyta, Rhodomelaceae)

Comprises species occurring mostly in subtidal habitats in tropical, subtropical and warm-temperate areas of the world. An analysis of the type species, V. spiralis (Sonder) Lamouroux ex J. Agardh, a species from Australia, establishes basic characters for distinguishing species in the genus. These characters are (1) branching patterns of thalli, (2) flat blades that may be spiralled on their axis, (3) width of the blade, (4) primary or secondary derivation of sterile and fertile branchlets and (5) position of sterile and fertile branchlets on the thalli. Application of the latter two characters provides an important basic method for separation of species into three major groups. Osmundaria , a genus known only in southern Australia, was studied in relation to Vidalia , and its separation from the Vidalia assemblage is not accepted. Species of Vidalia therefore are transferred to the older genus name, Osmundaria. Two new species, Osmundaria papenfussii and Osmundaria oliveae are described from Natal. Confusion in the usage of the epithet, Vidalia fimbriala Brown ex Turner has been clarified, and Vidalia gregaria Falkenberg, described as an epiphyte on Osmundaria pro/ifera Lamouroux, is revealed to be young branches of the host, Osmundaria prolifera.     

New or rare chromosome counts in Artemisia L. (Asteraceae, Anthemideae) and related genera from Kazakhstan

Fifteen chromosome counts of six Artemisia taxa and one species of each of the genera Brachanthemum, Hippolytia, Kaschgaria, Lepidolopsis and Turaniphytum are reported from Kazakhstan. Three of them are new reports, two are not consistent with previous counts and the remainder are confirmations of very scarce (one to four) earlier records. All the populations studied have the same basic chromosome number, x = 9, with ploidy levels ranging from 2x to 6x. Some correlations between ploidy level, morphological characters and distribution are noted.     

肝癌中HBV和HCV基因和抗原的分布及意义

采用原位分子杂交方法检测HCV RNA及HBV X基因;采用免疫组织化学方法研究HCV核心抗原,非结构区C33c抗原及HBxAg在肝细胞肝癌中的定位及分布.结果表明(1)HCV RNA、HBV X基因在肝细胞肝癌组织检出率分别为40%(55/136)和82%(112/136).HCV RNA定位于癌细胞的胞浆内,阳性细胞呈散在、灶状及弥漫分布三种形式;HBV X基因在肝癌细胞中的分布呈胞浆型、核型及核浆型,阳性细胞也呈上述三种分布形式;(2)HCV C33c抗原、核心抗原在肝细胞肝癌中的阳性率为81%(133/164)及86%(141/164).C33c抗原定位于癌细胞及肝细胞的胞浆内;核心抗原既定位于癌细胞核中,又可定位于胞浆中.C33c抗原阳性细胞以灶状分布为主;而核心抗原阳性细     

Selection with two alleles and complete dominance

For a plant selection model with frequency-independent viabilities, fertilities and selfing rates, it is shown that apart from global fixation, for certain parameter combinations a protected polymorphism and facultative fixation (either allele may become fixed according to initial frequencies) may both occur. Facultative fixation requires different selling rates for the dominant and recessive type. Protection of the polymorphism requires resource allocation for male and female function. In this connection the problem of purely genetically caused population extinction is discussed.
For general frequency dependence and regular segregation, the chances for establishment of a completely recessive gene are compared to those of a completely dominant gene. It is proven that the process of establishment of the recessive gene, despite a fitness advantage, may be considerably endangered by drift effects if random mating prevails. The recessive gene may reach the same effectivity in establishment as a dominant gene, only if the recessive homozygote mates exclusively with its own type during the period of establishment.