纤维二糖脱氢酶的纤维素降解中的作用研究

裂褶菌纤维二糖脱氢酶（ｃｅｌｌｏｂｉｏｓｅ ｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｓｅ,ＣＤＨ）可以提高纤维素酶对纤维素的降解。以纤维二糖为电子供体,ＣＤＨ作用于羧甲基纤维可降低其溶液的粘度,作用纤维素ＣＦ１１和磷酸膨胀纤维素,分别使其悬浊液的浊度提高７％和１４．４％。ＣＤＨ与纤维二糖水解酶或切纤维素酶在降解棉花纤维素时没有表现出协同作用。但若棉花事先在纤维二糖存在下用ＣＤＨ预处理,则变得易于被水解。     

纤维二糖脱氢酶在纤维素降解中的作用研究*

裂褶菌纤维二糖脱氢酶（ｃｅｌｌｏｂｉｏｓｅ ｄｅｈｙｄｒｏｇｅｎａｓｅ, ＣＤＨ）可以提高纤维素酶对纤维素的降解。以纤维二糖为电子供体, ＣＤＨ作用于羧甲基纤维素可降低其溶液的粘度,作用于纤维素 ＣＦ１１和磷酸膨胀纤维素,分别使其悬浊液的浊度提高７％和１４．４％。ＣＤＨ与纤维二糖水解酶或内切纤维素酶在降解棉花纤维素时没有表现出协同作用。但若棉花事先在纤维二糖存在下用ＣＤＨ预处理,则变得易于被水解。     

纤维二糖脱氢酶生成羟自由基和还原各种自由基的研究

利用电子顺磁共振（ＥＳＲ）技术和硫代巴比妥酸（ＴＢＡ）反应研究了纤维二糖脱氢酶（ＣＤＨ）生成·ＯＨ和还原各种自由基的能力．以纤维二糖为电子供体时,ＣＤＨ可以生成·ＯＨ．·ＯＨ生成量与ＣＤＨ、Ｆｅ３＋和Ｏ２的浓度有关．加入过氧化氢酶可使·ＯＨ的生成明显减少．ＣＤＨ可以还原自旋加合物［ＰＢＮ－ＯＨ］·、氮氧自由基和天然木素分子中的自由基．结果表明,ＣＤＨ具有生成·ＯＨ和还原各种自由基的能力．对该酶在木质纤维素降解中的作用进行了探讨     

裂褶菌纤维二糖脱氢酶吸附纤维素性质

纤维二糖脱氢酶（ＣＤＨ）可以吸附棉花、微晶纤维素和酸处理纤维素,４ｍｉｎ便都达到平衡。与纤维素酶明显不同,该酶的Ｓｃａｔｃｈａｒｄ吸附曲线都是一条直线,为典型的单结合位点模型（ｏｎｅ－ｂｉｎｄｉｎｇ－ｓｉｔｅ ｍｏｄｅｌ）。观察到ｐＨ值、温度、乙二醇和ＮａＣｌ对ＣＤＨ吸附微昌纤维素有影响,并进行了讨论。     

纤维二糖抑制外切纤维素酶水解作用机理的分析

纤维二糖是纤维素分子的结构单元, 也是纤维素酶水解纤维素时的主要产物. 它能强烈抑制纤维素酶的水解作用, 但并不影响酶对纤维素的吸附. 红外、荧光、圆二色谱分析表明, 纤维二糖可结合在外切纤维素酶活性部位附近的色氨酸残基上形成“位阻效应”, 从而阻止纤维素分子链进入活性中心. 同时, 结合纤维二糖后, 外切纤维素酶分子构象发生了较大变化, 致使吸附纤维素后不能导致微纤维的分离, 为“无效吸附”.     

裂褶菌产纤维二糖脱氢酶条件优化及部分酶学性质研究*

研究了裂褶菌Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｐｈｙｌｌｕｍ　ｃｏｍｍｕｎｅＡＳ　５．３９１产纤维二糖脱氢酶的条件。该酶是诱导酶,棉花是最好的诱导底物。培养基中加入琥珀酸钠缓冲液和土温８０利于酶的合成。而木素相关物质黎芦醇或愈创木酚对酶的生成没有影响。该酶在ｐＨ３．５～１０．５和４５℃以下保持稳定,其最适作用温度为３０℃,最适ｐＨ为４５。Ｚｎ(２＋)和Ａｇ＋对该酶活性有很大的抑制作用,而叠氮化钠和氰化钾对酶活力没有影响。     

固定化纤维二糖酶的研究

黑曲霉 (AspergillusnigerLORRE 0 12 )的孢子中富含纤维二糖酶 ,将这些孢子用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋后 ,可以方便有效地固定纤维二糖酶。固定化后的纤维二糖酶性能稳定 ,半衰期为 38d ,耐热性和适宜的pH范围均比固定化前有所增加 ,其Km 和Vmax值分别为 6 .0 1mmol L和 7.0 6mmol (min·L)。利用固定化纤维二糖酶重复分批酶解10g L的纤维二糖 ,连续 10批的酶解得率均可保持在 97%以上 ;采用连续酶解工艺 ,当稀释率为 0 .4h- 1 ,酶解得率可达 98.5 %。玉米芯经稀酸预处理后 ,其纤维残渣用里氏木霉 (Trichodermareesei)纤维素酶降解 ,酶解得率为6 9.5 % ;通过固定化纤维二糖酶的进一步作用 ,上述水解液中因纤维二糖积累所造成的反馈抑制作用得以消除 ,酶解得率提高到 84.2 % ,还原糖中葡萄糖的比例由 5 3 .6 %升至 89.5 % ,该研究结果在纤维原料酶水解工艺中具有良好的应用前景。     

固定化纤维二糖酶的研究

黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger LORRE 012）的孢子中富含纤维二糖酶,将这些孢子用海藻酸钙凝胶包埋后,可以方便有效地固定纤维二糖酶。固定化后的纤维二糖酶性能稳定,半衰期为38 d,耐热性和适宜的pH范围均比固定化前有所增加,其K_m和V_max值分别为6.01 mmol/L和7.06 mmol/(min·L)。利用固定化纤维二糖酶重复分批酶解10 g/L的纤维二糖,连续10批的酶解得率均可保持在97%以上;采用连续酶解工艺,当稀释率为0.4 h^-1,酶解得率可达98.5%。玉米芯经稀酸预处理后,其纤维残渣用里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）纤维素酶降解,酶解得率为69.5%;通过固定化纤维二糖酶的进一步作用,上述水解液中因纤维二糖积累所造成的反馈抑制作用得以消除,酶解得率提高到84.2%,还原糖中葡萄糖的比例由53.6%升至89.5%,该研究结果在纤维原料酶水解工艺中具有良好的应用前景。     

纤维二糖在纤维素生物降解中调控作用的探讨*

对纤维二糖在真菌纤维素酶类合成中的诱导和阻遏作用机制、水解活性的抑制作用等的研究进展做了简要评述。根据对纤维素酶分子的纤维结合结构域的研究结果,提出了外切纤维素酶的主要功能是破坏纤维素的结晶结构,为β-1,4糖苷键的水解提供条件的论点。提出了经济有效转化纤维性材料的新策略。     

纤维二糖磷酸化酶和纤维寡糖磷酸化酶的研究与应用

自然界中一些厌氧的纤维素降解菌能够产生纤维二糖磷酸化酶(Cellobiose Phosphorylase,CBP)和纤维寡糖磷酸化酶(Cellodextrin Phosphorylase,CDP)磷酸化裂解纤维二糖和纤维寡糖.CBP和CDP属于糖苷水解酶94家族(Glycoside Hydrolase Family 9...     

竹材木素降解菌发酵条件优化及竹材降解红外光谱分析

目的:对所筛选菌株进行发酵条件的优化,以期找到适合该菌的最佳培养条件。方法:通过单因素试验及正交试验,得到最佳培养条件,并且对降解后的竹材结构进行红外光谱分析。结果:得到最佳培养条件:培养温度35℃,初始pH5.5,摇瓶装量40mL,摇床转速160r/min时,该菌株具有较高的酶活力。Mnp和Lip酶活力分别达到631U/L和340U/L,比原发酵条件提高了45.9%、49.3%。红外光谱分析后发现竹材中的木质素结构被严重破坏,难降解的大分子长键烃被切断成易降解的小分子短键烃。结论:所筛选菌株对竹材木质素有选择性降解能力,确定其发酵条件后为进一步试验奠定基础。     

Degradation of a Lignin–Carbohydrate Substrate by Soil Fungi Producing Laccase and Cellobiose Dehydrogenase

The growth of nonsporulating mycelial fungi INBI 2-26(+), a producer of laccase; INBI 2-26(–), a producer of cellobiose dehydrogenase; and their mixed culture on lignin–carbohydrate substrates under conditions of submerged fermentation was studied. The degrees of degradation of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose of cut straw over 23 days amounted to 29.8, 51.4, and 72% for the laccase producer; 15.8, 33.9, and 59.1% for the cellobiose dehydrogenase producer; and 15.8, 39.4, and 64.5% for the mixed culture, respectively. The laccase activity in the medium when strain 2-26(+) was cultivated individually reached its maximum on day 28; the activity of cellobiose dehydrogenase of strain 2-26(–), on days 14–28. A method for determining cellobiose dehydrogenase activity in the presence of laccase was developed. In the mixed culture, both enzymes were formed; however, the level of laccase synthesis was 1.5-fold lower compared to that of strain 2-26(+), while synthesis of cellobiose dehydrogenase was similar to that of the corresponding producer. Cellobiose dehydrogenase failed to boost the action of laccase while degrading the lignin of straw.     

Isolation of Bacterial Strain from Sediment Core of Pulp and Paper Mill Industries for Production and Purification of Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) Enzyme

Five bacterial strains were isolated and purified (CSA101 to CSA105) from the sediment core of the effluent released from the Century Pulp and Paper Mill Ltd., India. These strains were grown in minimal salt medium (MSM) containing pulp (10% as a carbon source). The production of lignin peroxidase, CMCase, Fpase, and xylanase together with protein and reducing sugar by all bacterial strains was observed. All of the bacterial isolates responded differently with respect to growth and ligninocellulolytic enzyme production. The maximum lignin peroxidase (LiP) was obtained from the cell extract of Bacillus sp. (CSA105) strain, which was used for purification, fractionation and characterization. The culture filtrate from Bacillus sp. (CSA105) was purified with ammonium sulfate precipitation. Crude protein was desalted by dialyzing with Tris buffer. The lignolytic enzyme produced in the liquid medium was fractionated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. In the present study, 12.4-fold purification of LiP enzyme was obtained and 35.85% yield of lignin peroxidase was achieved in the cell extract of Bacillus sp. (CSA105). Lignin peroxidase enzyme plays an important role in lignin degradation process. The ligninolytic enzymes were produced by all of the bacterial strains but maximum lignin peroxidase activity was found in cell extract of CSA105. On the basis of the results obtained, the bacterial strain (CSA105) was found most suitable for the purification of the LiP enzyme.     

Optimization of cellobiose dehydrogenase production by Schizophyllum commune and effect of the enzyme on kraft pulp bleaching by ligninases

The effects of various parameters on cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) production by Schizophyllum commune AS 5.391 were investigated. Among different carbon and nitrogen sources tested, dewaxed cotton powder and diammonium hydrogen phosphate produced the highest titers of CDH. S. commune AS 5.391 produced CDH only when grown on cellulosic substrates but the lignin-related compounds veratryl alcohol and guaiacol had no effect on CDH production. The optimum pH for CDH production was 4.5. Addition of succinate and Tween 80 to the medium significantly improved the enzyme yield. Optimized culture conditions were obtained and the highest level of CDH was 150 U/l. CDH could facilitate kraft pulp lignin degradation by ligninases. The influence of CDH on kraft pulp bleaching by ligninases was also studied.     

耐高温木质素降解菌筛选及降解效果研究

为提高育苗基质中废弃物木质素降解速率,在废弃物堆腐生产育苗基质高温阶段取样,筛选耐高温木质素降解菌,并对菌种进行鉴定,同时测定其对秸秆木质素和菌糠木质素的降解效果。获得了1株较好的木质素高温降解菌HZ11,鉴定为解淀粉芽胞杆菌（Bacillus amyloliquefaciens）,结果显示,该菌株对秸秆木质素和菌糠木质素降解效果较好,50 ℃条件下,20 d木质素降解率分别为46.7%和42.4%。菌株HZ11在降解秸秆和菌糠方面具有很好的应用潜力,为利用农业废弃物生产育苗基质提供更加丰富的菌种资源,具有重要的参考价值。     

Degradation of sulfonated azo dyes by the purified lignin peroxidase from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brevibacillus laterosporus</Emphasis> MTCC 2298

Lignin peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.14) was purified from the Brevibacillus laterosporus MTCC 2298 by ion exchange chromatography. The K_m value of the purified lignin peroxidase (using n-propanol as substrate) was 1.6 mM. The MW of purified enzyme determined with the help of MW-standard markers was approximately 205 kDa. Purity of the enzyme was confirmed by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and the activity staining using a substrate L-DOPA. Sulfonated azo dyes such as Methyl orange and Blue-2B were degraded by the purified lignin peroxidase. Degradation of the dyes was confirmed by HPLC, GC-MS, and FTIR spectroscopy. The mainly elected products of Methyl orange were 4-substituted hexanoic acid (m/z = 207), 4-cyclohexenone lactone cation (m/z = 191), and 4-isopropanal-2, 5-cyclohexa-dienone (m/z = 149) and for Blue-2B were 4-(2-hexenoic acid)-2, 5-cyclohexa-diene-one (m/z = 207; M − 1 = 206) and dehydro-acetic acid derivative (m/z = 223).     

平菇(Pleurotus ostreatus)对稻草中木质素的生物降解及降解产物分析

变色圈试验证明平菇可以选择性优先降解稻草中的木质素,培养15d后,平菇对稻草中的木质素降解率为17.86%,对综纤维素降解率为2.44%,选择性指数为9.79。生料栽培平菇后,稻草中的木质素被降解50.24%。用气—质色谱(GC/MS)和红外光谱(IR)对木质素降解产物分析结果表明,平菇对稻草中木质素的降解效果十分明显,降解产物中检测出了大量含有苯环的小分子,证明木质素聚合体的降解首先发生在单体的侧链及单体间的连键上,发生Cα-Cβ、β-O-4等断裂,形成了单体。在进一步的降解过程中,平菇表现了其自身特有的降解机制,取代苯环单体上的甲氧基为甲基,而后发生苯环的开裂,这与报道的白腐菌降解过程有所不同。红外光谱分析中,平菇对木质素的降解明显,降解产物中含有很多木质素单体所特有的基团,如紫丁香基、愈创木基等,说明木质素的降解首先发生的是侧链的氧化反应。     

Inhibition of Zinc Metallopeptidases by Flavonoids and Related Phenolic Compounds: Structure-Activity Relationships

Abstract

Flavonoids and other benzopyrone substances, having an appropriate hydroxylation profile, may inhibit the metalloenzymes leucine aminopeptidase (LAP), aminopeptidase M (AP-M), and carboxypeptidase A (CP-A). A structural feature that evidently favours the interaction between flavonoids and the three metalloenzymes is the 2,3-double bond conjugating the A and B rings and conferring a planar structure. This can be considered virtually indispensable for inhibition of the three metallopeptidases, though the hydroxylation profile required differed for each of the enzymes, and the interaction mechanism and behaviour also differed. The inhibitory effect of flavonoids on LAP was reversible, and to be effective the flavonoid had to have conjugated A and B rings and or tho-dihydroxylation on at least one of the aromatic rings. This same requirement was essential for inhibition by coumarins and was attributed to a catechol-like mechanism of interaction. The inhibitory effects on AP-M were due to inactivation of the enzyme, irreversibly altered by flavonoids with a 2,3-double bond and a minimum of one hydroxyl substituent on each of the aromatic rings. With CP-A, conjugation of the A and B rings enhanced the inhibitory effect of flavonoids, though it was not strictly required. The interaction between the polyphenolic substances tested and the two zinc aminopeptidases was not reversed by adding zinc to the reaction medium, indicating that the inhibition is not due to the coordination of the phenolic hydroxyl groups with the catalytical zinc of active site, though the presence of zinc affected the interaction behaviour differently according to each substance's hydroxylation profile.