The genera of Aphelinidae (Hymenoptera) of The world

Abstract A key is given to the world genera of the chalcidoid family Aphelinidae. Forty-four genera are accepted as valid, including three described as new, Encarsiella (type-species E.noyesi sp.n.), Hirtaphelinus (type-species H.smetanai sp.n.) and Samariola (type-species S.camerounensis sp.n.). The key is followed by a synopsis of the world genera, which includes: (1) citations of valid genera and their synonyms in chronological order; (2) total or approximate number of described species; (3) distribution in the six zoogeographical regions; (4) references mainly to major works and revisions; and (5) comments, especially on the new synonymies introduced in the present paper. The following new synonymies are proposed (the senior synonyms (valid names) are noted in parentheses): Aleurodiphilus DeBach & Rose ( Encarsia Foerster); Aneristus Howard, Ataneostigma Girault, Heptacritus De Santis ( Coccophagus Westwood); Artas Howard (Pteroptrix Westwood); Plastocharella Girault, Turmidiscapus Girault ( Centrodora Foerster); Encyrtophyscus Blanchard, Physculus Jasnosh, Physcus Howard ( Coccobius Ratzeburg); Mesidia Foerster ( Aphelinus Dalman); Paranthemus Girault ( Cales Howard); Primaprospaltella DeBach & LaSalle ( Coccophagoides Girault). The following genera are regarded as of doubtful position: Mesopirene Girault, Neocales Risbec, Paulianaphelinus Risbec and Verekia Risbec.     

Chalcid wasps of the family pteromalidae (hymenoptera,chalcidoidea) of the Kuril Islands

A list of Pteromalidae wasps of the Kuril Islands includes 84 species belonging to 47 genera of 6 subfamilies. Four genera [Seladerma Walker (Miscogasterinae), Caenacis Foerster, Isocyrtus Walker, and Synedrus Graham (Pteromalinae)] and 36 species are recorded for the first time for the Russian fauna; 8 species are new to the Russian Far East. Seladerma leleji sp. n. and Synedrus kasparyani sp. n. are described. The males of Semiotellus takadai Kamijo and Isocyrtus reticulatus Xiao et Huang are described for the first time.     

New subgenus of the genus Schizoprymnus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from Japan, having a unique abdominal carapace structure

A new subgenus of the genus Schizoprymnus Foerster is described and figured from Honshu, Japan. The subgenus, Ibarakius subgen. nov., comprises three species, S. (I.) gotoi sp. nov. (type species), S. (I.) kaizawus sp. nov., and S. (I.) honshuensis sp. nov. A pair of long, curved posteroventral processes on the carapace is unique to Ibarakius subgen. nov. The variability of frontal protuberances and sutures of the carapace in the brachistine genera Triaspis Haliday and Schizoprymnus Foerster is discussed.     

An analysis of the classification of the Ophion genus-group (Ichneumonidae)

Abstract. The generic classification of the Ophion genus-group is revised following consideration of the basis of the present classificatory system and the results of analyses of fifty-nine characters in sixty-nine species representing nineteen nominal genera. Results are presented in the form of an average linkage dendrogram, a nearest neighbour plot, a principal coordinate plot, generic diagnoses and a key to the twelve genera here recognized: Afrophion gen.n., Agathophiona Westwood, Alophophion Cushman, Eremotylus Foerster (= Boethoneura Cushman, Chilophion Cushman, Chlorophion Townes, Clistorapha Cushman, Genophion Felt syn.n.), Hellwigiella Szépligeti, Ophion Fabricius (= Apatophion Shestakov, Apomesus Townes, Mecetron Townes, Platophion Hellén syn.n.), Rhopalophion Seyrig, Riekophion Gauld, Sclerophion gen.n ., Sicophion gen.n., Trophophion Cushman, Xylophion gen.n.     

A new species of Paxillibracon Quicke (Insecta, Hymenoptera, Braconidae) from Tanzania

Paxillibracon inornatus sp.n. from Tanzania is described, illustrated and distinguished from Paxillibracon tessmanni (Szépligeti), the only other known species of the genus. The scapus, antennal sockets, features of the venation and metasomal sculpture of P. inornatus sp.n. reinforce the earlier interpretation that Paxillibracon is derived from close to the base of the Atanycolus Foerster group of genera.     

Comparison of three models predicting developmental milestones given environmental and individual variation

In all organisms, phenotypic variability is an evolutionary stipulation. Because the development of poikilothermic organisms depends directly on the temperature of their habitat, environmental variability is also an integral factor in models of their phenology. In this paper we present two existing phenology models, the distributed delay model and the Sharpe and DeMichele model, and develop an alternate approach, called the Extended von Foerster model, based on the age-structured McKendrick-von Foerster partial differential model. We compare the models theoretically by examining the biological assumptions made in the basic derivation of each approach. In particular, we focus on each model’s ability to incorporate variability among individuals as well as variability in the environment. When compared against constant temperaturemountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) laboratory developmental data, the Extended von Foerster model exhibits the highest correlation between theory and observation.     

Standard and C-banded meiotic karyotypes of Psylloidea (Sternorrhyncha, Homoptera, Insecta).

Meiotic karyotypes were studied in males of Craspedolepta sonchi (Foerster, 1848), Diaphorina chobauti Puton, 1898, D. lamproptera Burckhardt, 1981, Psylla hartigii Flor, 1861, Cacopsylla palmeni (Loew, 1878), C. hippophaes (Foerster, 1848), C. melanoneura (Foerster, 1868), C. pyricola (Foerster 1848), C. moscovita (Andrianova, 1848), Bactericera salicivora (Reuter, 1876), Trioza abdominalis Flor, 1861, T. lauri = Lauritrioza alacris (Flor, 1861). Karyotypes were 2n = 25 (24 + XO) in all species except B. salicivora with 2n = 26 (24 + neo-XY). Testes consisted of two follicles each in all species but P. hartigii with four-follicular testes in males. The discussion covers the problems of chromosome numbers, sex-determining chromosome systems, B-chromosomes, patterns of C-banding, testis structure, and spermatid development in Psylloidea.     

A stability analysis of the power-law steady state of marine size spectra

This paper investigates the stability of the power-law steady state often observed in marine ecosystems. Three dynamical systems are considered, describing the abundance of organisms as a function of body mass and time: a “jump-growth” equation, a first order approximation which is the widely used McKendrick–von Foerster equation, and a second order approximation which is the McKendrick–von Foerster equation with a diffusion term. All of these yield a power-law steady state. We derive, for the first time, the eigenvalue spectrum for the linearised evolution operator, under certain constraints on the parameters. This provides new knowledge of the stability properties of the power-law steady state. It is shown analytically that the steady state of the McKendrick–von Foerster equation without the diffusion term is always unstable. Furthermore, numerical plots show that eigenvalue spectra of the McKendrick–von Foerster equation with diffusion give a good approximation to those of the jump-growth equation. The steady state is more likely to be stable with a low preferred predator:prey mass ratio, a large diet breadth and a high feeding efficiency. The effects of demographic stochasticity are also investigated and it is concluded that these are likely to be small in real systems.     

Characterization of the genus Aspilota (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)

ABSTRACT. The alysiine braconid genus Aspilota Foerster is redefined to include Dinotrema Foerster. Characters previously used to delimit both Dinotrema and species groups within Aspilota s.l. are discussed, with emphasis on difficulties in interpreting transformation series. Dinotrema amplisignata (Fischer), Dinotrema phoridarum (Goidanich) and Dinotrema nigricornis (Thomson) are returned to Aspilota.     

Rapidly converging numerical algorithms for models of population dynamics

We propose algorithms for the approximation of the age distributions of populations modeled by the McKendrick-von Foerster and the Gurtin-MacCamy systems both in one- and two-sex versions. For the one-sex model methods of second and fourth order are proposed. For the two-sex model a second order method is described. In each case the convergence is demonstrated. Several numerical examples are given.     

甘肃省长凹姬蜂属一新种记述（膜翅目：姬蜂科：短须姬蜂亚科）

本文报道长凹蜂姬属Ｄｉａｐａｒｉｓ Ｆｏｅｒｓｔｅｒ １新种：栗雪片象长凹姬蜂Ｄｉａｐａｒｉｓ ｎｉｐｈａｄｏｃｔｏｎｕｓ Ｈｅ,ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。模式标本存浙江农业大学应用昆虫研究所。     

角姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科)

角姬蜂属CosmoconusFoerster,1868隶属柄卵姬蜂亚科Tryphoninae[1]、柄卵姬蜂族Tryphonini。迄今为止,全世界已知23种,其中东洋区1种,古北区13种,新北区9种。我国已知3种[2,3]：中国角姬蜂C．chinensisKasparyan,1973分布于西藏;中角姬蜂C．meridionatorAubert,1963分布于内蒙古及欧洲;西藏角姬蜂C．tibeticusKasparyan,1971分布于西藏和甘肃。属征：前翅第2脉在中央上方强度锯齿形曲折;额中央有一个角状突或乳状突。本文报道来自沈阳的本属一新种。模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。沈阳角姬问Cosm。sshenyangensi…     

寄生伊藤厚丝叶蜂的恩姬蜂属一新种：膜翅目：姬蜂科

本文报道了寄生伊藤厚丝叶蜂Ｐａｃｈｙｎｅｍａｔｕｓ ｉｔｏｉ Ｏｍｕｔａｎｉ的姬蜂科Ｉｃｈｅｕｍｏｎｉｄａｅ 一新种：辽宁恩姬蜂Ｅｎｄａｓｙｓ ｌｉａｏｎｉｎｇｅｎｓｉｓ。模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。     

Survey of ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in the urban area of Uberlândia, MG, Brazil

Uberlandia, MG, Brazil, underwent an accelerated process of urbanization with a population growth of 3,54% each year, higher than the national average. One of the problems emergent from urbanization is the use of different habitats for a great variety of insects. The objective of this study was to identify species of house-invading ants that occur in the urban area of Uberlandia. The occurrence of the house-invading species in regard to the time of urbanization, neighborhood infrastructure, age and maintenance of private houses was also assessed. The ants were collected using bait-traps in 120 residences from 12 neighborhoods which were put in three groups. Fourteen species of ants were catalogued, with Camponotus (Mayr), Monomorium (Mayr) and Tapinoma (Foerster) being the most frequent genera. Only Camponotus vittatus (Forel), Monomorium pharaonis (L.), Tapinoma melanocephalum (Fabricius) and Brachymyrmex sp. (Mayr) were collected in all three groups. The relation between the ants collected and the age and maintenance of the private houses showed that Paratrechina longicornis (Latreille) was most frequent (60%) in poorly preserved or precarious constructions. Whereas, C. vittatus and Camonotus melanoticus (Emery) occurred in all categories of maintenance. Overall, C. vittatus which had not been found in any previously published survey of urban ants, was the most frequent species in urban areas of the Cerrado.     

Diagnoses and key to the genera of the Gracilariaceae (Gracilariales,Rhodophyta)

A key to the genera of the Gracilariaceae is provided along with a short diagnosis for each genus. Features of the mature cystocarp and spermatangial configurations that separate genera are illustrated.     

Signature of ecological partitioning in the maintenance of damselfly diversity

1.?Ecological differences among co-occurring taxa are often invoked as an explanation for the maintenance of biodiversity. Whether these differences facilitate coexistence, which allows unequal competitors to remain in systems and thus maintain biodiversity, is still unclear. 2.?Here, we used observational and experimental studies to test for ecological partitioning in ways that would promote coexistence among three co-occurring damselfly genera. We evaluated two necessary conditions for coexistence: (i) that the damselfly genera differ in their abilities to engage in interactions with other damselfly genera and environmental conditions such that their relative abundances covary differently along environmental gradients and (ii) that an increase in intrageneric abundance is more detrimental to performance-related demographic features of each genus than increases in intergeneric abundances. 3.?Observational studies across 40 lakes showed that relative abundances of each genus covaried differently along an environmental gradient of lake abiotic and biotic features consistent with ecological partitioning. Field experiments in which we manipulated both intra- and intergeneric densities demonstrated that per capita growth rates of each genus are negatively density-dependent and are only limited by increases in intra- not intergeneric densities. 4.?Collectively, these results show a clear signature of ecological partitioning among each genus, which should prevent competitive exclusion and maintain each genus in this system. The results do not guarantee local coexistence among the three genera but are consistent with criteria that should promote their coexistence. Our results also suggest that a food web model coupling keystone predation and apparent competition is likely necessary to explain the ecological dynamics of persistence among these genera.     

平腹茧蜂属(膜翅目 :茧蜂科 )一新种记述(英文)

平腹茧蜂亚科DirrhopinaevanAchterberg及平腹茧蜂属DirrhopeFoerster系中国分布新记录。本文描述该属 1新种 :绍氏平腹茧蜂Dirrhopeshawi。新种模式标本存于福建农业大学益虫研究室。     

北京蹄盖蕨科孢于形态的研究I.冷蕨属、羽节蕨属、短肠蕨属

本文利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对北京产蹄盖蕨科3属4种孢子进行了详细观察,对每个种的形态特征进行了描述。讨论了各属、种间的差异,为蹄盖蕨科系统分类及孢粉学研究提供资料。