尖喙牻牛儿苗繁殖体外部形态特征

尖喙牻牛儿苗(Erodium oxyrrhynchum)是古尔班通古特沙漠短命植物层片优势物种,其繁殖体能够在生物结皮上成功定居,借助扫描电镜等方法对其繁殖体形态进行了观察。结果表明:尖喙牻牛儿苗繁殖体表皮附属毛具4种不同类型,在保持水分和固定繁殖体等方面发挥作用,是对散布和定居的一种适应;果实与芒连结部位存在过渡区和分裂缝隙;芒吸湿后与种子长轴夹角逐渐减小,表皮细胞发生形变,是吸湿运动的形态基础,这种形态变化可以促使繁殖体在地面"行走",遇到适宜的生境时,推动种子钻入土壤而定居。本研究为揭示该种定居适应机制提供了形态学依据。     

中国东北牻牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)种子形态特征及其分类学意义

本文对中国东北牛儿苗科(Geraniaceae)二属(太阳花属Erodium, 老鹳草属(Geranium)计14种(species)1变种(Variety)和1变型(form)植物的种皮亚显微结构(SEM)及种子形态进行了研究.结果表明, 太阳花属与老鹳草属植物无论从种子形状, 长宽比, 还是种皮初级雕纹及次级雕纹形态都表现出明显差异。在老鹤草属下种及种下等级的鉴定和划分上, 种皮微形态及种子形态特征提供了大量有价值的信息。     

水葫芦苗(Halerpestes cymbalaris)的生长特征研究

以调查统计的方法在中国科学院海北定位站研究了高寒湿地植物水葫芦苗无性系的生长特征、形态特征以及能量分配规律。结果表明：匍匐茎只有1条的水葫芦苗最多,占35．29％,匍匐茎有4条的水葫芦苗只占8．82％。同一水葫芦苗无性系中,随着匍匐茎数目的增多,分株数、间隔子数、茎总长和匍匐茎比节问重变小。分株一般在第一级最高,末级较低;第1条匍匐茎的间隔子较长。随水葫芦苗匍匐茎数目的增多,用于无性繁殖的分株干重比例逐渐增加,用于有性繁殖的花的干重比例下降。水葫芦苗无性系这种生长特征、形态特征以及能量分配规律是其生物—生态学特性和所处高寒湿地生境共同决定的。     

西藏拉果错卤虫的繁殖特征与成体形态特征

在标准培养条件下研究了西藏拉果错卤虫的繁殖特征和成体形态特征。发现西藏拉果错卤虫与山西解池卤虫及美国大盐湖卤虫在性成熟时间上有较大不同 ,表现为最早抱对时间和最早产F1 代时间均出现较晚 ,且两者间隔时间较长 ,这是对该地区寒冷气候条件的适应。描述了拉果错卤虫雌雄成体的形态特征 ,其中雄性成体选取了 1 2个特征 ,雌性成体选取了 1 3个特征 ,并与世界上几个主要两性生殖卤虫种的成体形态特征做了比较 ,结果显示西藏拉果错卤虫的雌雄成体属于较大的类型 ,但并不像其卵和无节幼体那样显著大于其它品系。聚类分析的结果表明拉果错卤虫的雄性成体和雌性成体均与山西解池卤虫距离最近 ,与伊朗乌尔米湖卤虫距离最远     

高榕的3类雌花形态及其繁殖特征

榕树(Ficus spp.)及其传粉榕小蜂(Agaonidae)之间经过长期的协同进化, 已形成了高度专一的互惠共生关系。在雌雄同株的榕树中, 同一个榕果内既繁殖种子, 又繁殖榕小蜂, 雌花资源在繁殖种子和榕小蜂之间是怎样分配的?该研究选择广泛分布于西双版纳地区的高榕(F. altissima)及其传粉榕小蜂系统来回答这个问题。高榕果内的雌花柱头形态变异较大, 有3种类型的柱头——球型、弯钩型和火炬型, 它们分别占到雌花总量的54.00%、36.93%和9.07%。3种类型柱头的雌花分别具有不同长度的花柱, 球型柱头雌花的平均花柱长度最短, 火炬型柱头次之, 弯钩型柱头雌花的平均花柱长度最长。在高榕果内, 有传粉者Eupristina altissima和欺骗者Eupristina sp.两类小蜂进入榕果内繁殖, 前者的产卵器长度比96.01%以上的雌花花柱长, 后者的产卵器也要长于85.73%的雌花花柱, 从产卵器长度和雌花花柱长度的匹配情况看, 它们应该可以利用绝大多数雌花产卵繁殖后代。然而, 繁殖榕小蜂的雌花主要是短花柱的雌花, 其中60.64%是球型柱头的雌花; 而繁殖种子的主要是花柱较长的弯钩型柱头和火炬型柱头的雌花。显然, 繁殖榕小蜂和种子的雌花不仅花柱长度有差异, 柱头也分化出了不同的形态, 变异的柱头形状也是调节榕树-榕小蜂繁殖平衡的手段之一。     

塔里木河下游21种荒漠植物繁殖体形态特征及对环境的适应

以塔里木河下游分属于9科16属的21种荒漠植物为对象,调查了它们的植冠种子库情况以及繁殖体的附属物、形状(三维方差)、大小(三维之和)及质量(百粒重)等形态特征,并探讨了各种繁殖体的生态适应对策.结果表明:(1)13种荒漠植物可利用植冠种子库来躲避环境干扰:7种繁殖体具绢毛,2种繁殖体具翅,1种繁殖体具芒,3种繁殖体具冠毛,可利用风力实现传播与定居,而且它们可利用有水时期的速萌特性来适应当地生态输水这一辅助措施;5种繁殖体形状远离球形(三维方差≥0.126),6种繁殖体形状接近圆球形(三维方差＜0.06).(2)5种具速萌特性的繁殖体(形状圆筒形、圆锥形和蝌蚪形)与8种具有持久土壤种子库的繁殖体(三维方差较小≤0.1且三维之和≤2.75 mm)利用它们互补的生态适应对策使其在研究区成功定居与繁衍; 13种以r-型生活史对策为主且粒小质轻的繁殖体(三维之和≤2.75 mm,单粒重<1 mg)与4种粒大质重的繁殖体(三维之和≥4.8 mm,单粒重＞3.3 mg)利用其互补式繁殖对策将研究区生物多样性维持于一定水平.(3)7～9月份为一年生草本、多年生草本、(半)灌木植物及乔木同时落种的时期,可将人工输水集中于这一时期以实现研究区种子最大数量地萌发.     

峨眉姜花离体培养与快速繁殖(简报)

以峨眉姜花地下茎茎尖为外植体,在MS+6-BA 8.0~10.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L培养基上可诱导不定芽,在MS+6-BA 4.0 mg/L+NAA 0.2 mg/L+3%蔗糖培养基上进行增殖培养,在1/2 MS+IBA 0.5 mg/L+2%蔗糖培养基上进行生根培养后移栽入珍珠岩:泥炭(1:1)的混合基质中,成活率达87%。     

两种集合繁殖体形态及间歇性萌发特性——以蒺藜和欧夏至草为例

集合繁殖体(synaptospermy)是荒漠植物为适应恶劣环境条件而演化出的关键性特征,其作为植物生活史特性之一,有助于了解在荒漠环境下集合繁殖体植物的适应策略。蒺藜(Tribulus terrestris)和欧夏至草(Marrubium vulgare)分别为一年生及多年生草本植物,蒺藜扩散单位由一朵花发育而成的集合繁殖体组成,欧夏至草扩散单位由多朵花发育的集合繁殖体和种子组成,以这两种植物为材料,对其集合繁殖体形态、活力、吸水及萌发特性进行初步研究。结果显示:(1)蒺藜集合繁殖体依照发育成熟先后位置在质量、附属物刺的长度、附属物占质量百分比、种子数、活力、吸水量、萌发率及萌发速率均存在显著差异;欧夏至草集合繁殖体质量及吸水量明显大于种子,而活力、萌发率及萌发速率不存在显著差异。(2)萌发位置上,蒺藜集合繁殖体仅在长刺端位置的种子萌发,属非随机萌发,而欧夏至草集合繁殖体萌发不具有规律性,属随机萌发;萌发时间上,蒺藜和欧夏至草集合繁殖体在当季下均只萌发部分种子,具间歇性萌发特性。(3)对不同生活型植物而言,其集合繁殖体附属物对种子的保护、保水、扩散及萌发行为的功能相同,但一年生草本植物的萌发行为侧重于种群繁衍,因此蒺藜集合繁殖体在当季萌发率及萌发速率较高;多年生草本植物的萌发行为侧重于种群扩散,因此欧夏至草扩散单位多样化,且萌发率及萌发速率较低。     

棕色田鼠种群繁殖特征及密度制约调节(英)

1992年～1994年在河南灵宝市郊黄土高源农作区春夏秋逐月捕获并解剖棕色田鼠1757只（雌性961只,雄性796只）,总性比为1．2073。全年都有繁殖鼠出现,但怀孕率、胎仔数、性比、繁殖指数有明显的季节变化,年间也有一定的差异。不同年龄组的性比、怀孕率、胎仔数、繁殖指数、睾丸下降率不同。种群密度对繁殖特征有明显的调节作用。高密度年份的棕色田鼠的性比、怀孕率和繁殖指数低于低密度年份。高密度区种群的繁殖强度受到抑制,雌鼠怀孕率、睾丸下降率低于低密度种群。     

广西大瑶山濒危物种金斑喙凤蝶(广西亚种)的形态学、生物学特征

金斑喙凤蝶Teinoplpus aureus Mell分布于亚洲东南部沿海地区,已报道有5个地理亚种。在世界保护协会(IUCN)2004年濒危物种红色名录中金斑喙凤蝶被列为DD(Data deficient)物种,在我国动物保护名录(1989)中在我国动物保护名录(1989)中被列为一级保护物种被列为一级保护物种。自从1923年以来,由于数据欠缺,尤其是生物学方面的数据,使得金斑喙凤蝶的研究工作一直难以深入开展,保护工作更是难以做到实处。作者于2003年3月至2005年11月在广西大瑶山开展了对金斑喙凤蝶(广西亚种)的自然形态学、生物学研究,通过野外实地观察、跟踪与记录等方法,结果首次揭示:在大瑶山金斑喙凤蝶1年发生2代,少数1年1代,以蛹越冬。成虫活动时间为每年的4月上旬至6月上旬和8月上旬至9月中旬,雌虫产卵方式为散产,通常为"一枝一叶一卵"式。已确认其寄主植物有两种:光叶拟单性木兰(Parakmeria nitida)与广东含笑(Michelia chapensis)。幼虫共5龄,老熟幼虫离开寄主植物,在林下层各类植物上化蛹。文章首次对金斑喙凤蝶物种在自然栖境中的形态学、生物学特征进行详尽描述。     

植物锥形繁殖体结构及其适应

植物的锥形繁殖体是具有吸湿芒和锐利尖端的一种繁殖体类型。锥形繁殖体结构的功能几乎在植物生活史的各个阶段上都有体现,然而,其最基本的功能是通过繁殖体的打钻作用将自身埋入土壤。从植物繁殖体的形态结构出发,对锥形繁殖体的各项功能进行了综述,重点阐述植物繁殖体打钻作用及其机制方面的研究进展,面临的主要问题和未来的研究方向。     

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫的形态特征和生物学特性

引进天敌越南斧瓢虫Axinoscymnus apioides Kuznetsov & Ren原产于东南亚,是烟粉虱Bemisiatabaci(Gennadius)的重要捕食性天敌之一。文章详细描述越南斧瓢虫的形态特征,并研究其基本的生物学特性。越南斧瓢虫可取食烟粉虱的卵、若虫、伪蛹等各虫态,可有效地控制烟粉虱种群,具有很好的利用价值。在(26±1)℃条件下,越南斧瓢虫捕食烟粉虱的世代平均发育历期为20.33d,世代存活率为73.04%,雌成虫寿命为143.17d,平均单雌产卵量为284.33粒。越南斧瓢虫取食烟粉虱的内禀增长率(rm)为0.0457,净增殖率(R0)为103.4050,平均世代历期(T)为99.3626,周限增长率(λ)为1.0478。     

华卵痣木虱的形态特征及其潜在危险性分析

华卵痣木虱Macrohomotoma sinica Yang et Li是2005年首次在上海发现的地区一种新害虫。描述华卵痣木虱各虫态的形态特征。其成虫的产卵或若虫危害期与小叶榕新叶抽出期相吻合。对该虫的潜在危险性进行初步分析。     

The effect of water stress on the life cycles of Erodium crinitum Carolin and Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hérit. ex Alton (Geraniaceae)

Abstract Erodium cicutarium (L.) L'Hérit. ex Aiton (Geraniaceae) from temperate Mediterranean Eurasia is naturalized across large areas of arid and semi-arid Australia to which Erodium crinitum Carolin is native. plant size, leaf and bud numbers and fruit/plant biomass ratio were significantly lower under drought, flower and fruit number, fruit size and total mass were unaffected. In contrast, E. crinitum was largely unaffected by the drought conditions, showing only an increase in the fruit/plant biomass ratio.     

明亮熊蜂繁育室内印度谷斑螟的形态特征与生物学特性

明亮熊蜂Bombus lucorum L.是一种重要的温室果菜传粉昆虫,印度谷斑螟Plodia interpunctella(Hbner)是危害明亮熊蜂繁育的主要害虫之一。2年的研究结果表明,印度谷斑螟的形态特征与危害蜜蜂巢房的大蜡螟Gallerie mellonellaL.和小蜡螟Achroia grisella Fabricius明显不同。印度谷斑螟以饲喂熊蜂的花粉为载体传播进熊蜂繁育室,在熊蜂繁育室内可以连续繁殖,1年发生6～8代,且世代重叠。印度谷斑螟幼虫主要以蜂群内的剩花粉为食,当花粉不足时,就开始取食巢房和蜂蛹,对熊蜂的规模化繁育危害较大,每年的5～8月、11～2月为危害高峰期。印度谷斑螟的发育受环境和食物的影响很大,在温度为28℃、相对湿度为60%熊蜂繁育室内,印度谷斑螟的卵期为4d,幼虫期为19～23d,蛹期为11d,成虫期为4～20d。成虫羽化后3～4h即可进行交配,雌蛾交配后当天就开始产卵,产卵期4～10d不等,平均产卵量107.8粒。在熊蜂繁育室消毒期间,食物短缺,印度谷斑螟幼虫进入休眠状态,各龄幼虫均可发生休眠现象。印度谷斑螟不危害蜜蜂,在蜜蜂巢房中不能存活。     

Pre-mission invasion of Erodium cicutarium in California

Abstract. The California grassland is dominated by alien plant species. It is generally assumed that the invasion of aliens began with the initial introduction of livestock by Spanish missionaries in 1769. In this paper we present pollen evidence which indicates that Erodium cicutarium, a Mediterranean annual, was well established in the Santa Barbara region several years before the founding of the first California mission at San Diego in 1769. Historical evidence shows that it took the Spanish nearly a decade to develop a livestock base in California. Disturbance by livestock was therefore not a necessary prerequisite for invasion by alien plants. Historical and macrofossil evidence indicates that E. cicutarium invaded California from Baja California.     

蹄盖蕨属（Athyrium Roth）分类性状观察

通过查阅馆藏标本和野外观察,对蹄盖蕨属（Athyrium Roth）的分类性状进行了比较研究,认为根状茎类型、叶上是否具刺、孢子囊群的形状、羽片基部上侧是否具耳状突起和是否具棘头状腺毛等5个形态性状较为稳定,可作为蹄盖蕨属的属下分类性状;叶或羽片的形状及羽片是否具柄等性状可作为分种性状;叶的分裂回数、鳞片和叶柄、羽轴及小羽轴的颜色、被毛多寡及裂片形状等形态性状不适合单独作为蹄盖蕨属属内分种的性状。     

Genetic diversity within and among populations of a threatened species: Erodium paularense Fern. Gonz. & Izco

Erodium paularense Fern. Gonz. & Izco (Geraniaceae) is a perennial, endemic species of central Spain. The restricted distribution of its three populations has made it necessary to consider measures for conservation. Random amplified polymorphic DNA markers were used to determine genetic variation among and within populations. Sixty-three per cent of the bands were polymorphic. No population-specific marker was identified. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's coefficient of all the individuals grouped most of them according to the present populations. Within-population variability was of a similar order in the three populations. Highly significant genetic differences between populations were detected through AMOVA . Within population diversity contributed 80–85% to the species diversity, a value typical of an outbreeding plant.     

The influence of biological soil crusts on 15N translocation in soil and vascular plant in a temperate desert of northwestern China

Aims Desert ecosystems are often characterized by patchy distribution of vascular plants, with biological soil crusts (BSC) covering interplant spaces. However, few studies have comprehensively examined the linkage between BSC and vascular plants through nitrogen (N) or element translocation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ecological roles of BSC on N translocation from soil to the dominant herb Erodium oxyrrhynchum Bieb. (Geraniaceae) in a temperate desert in China.Methods Isotopes (including 15 N-Glu, 15 N-NH 4 Cl and 15 N-NaNO 3) were used as a tracer to detect translocation of N in two types of desert soil (BSC covered; bare) to the dominant herb E. oxyrrhynchum. Three different forms of 15 N-enriched N compounds were applied as a point source to small patches of BSC and to bare soil. And we measured isotopes (14 N and 15 N) and obtained the concentration of labeled- 15 N in both vascular plants and soils at different distances from substrate applicationImportant findings Plants of E. oxyrrhynchum growing in BSC-covered plots accumulated more δ 15 N than those growing in the bare soil. Similarly, soil from BSC-covered plots showed a higher concentration of labeled-N irrespective of form of isotope, than did the bare soil. The concentration of dissolved organic N (15 N-Glu) in E. oxyrrhynchum was higher than that of dissolved inorganic N (15 N-NH 4 Cl and 15 N-NaNO 3). Soil covered by BSC also accumulated considerably more dissolved organic N than bare soil, whereas the dominant form of 15 N concentrated in bare soil was dissolved inorganic N. Correlation analysis showed that the concentration of labeled-N in plants was positively related to the concentration of labeled-N in soils and the N% recorded in E. oxyrrhynchum. Our study supports the hypothesis that BSC facilitates 15 N translocation in soils and vascular plants in a temperate desert of northwestern China.     

First Extensive Polyphenolic Profile of Erodium cicutarium with Novel Insights to Elemental Composition and Antioxidant Activity

Erodium cicutarium is known for its total polyphenolic content, but this work reveals the first highly detailed profile of E. cicutarium, obtained with UHPLC‐LTQ OrbiTrap MS⁴ and UHPLC‐QqQ‐MS/MS techniques. A total of 85 phenolic compounds were identified and 17 constituents were quantified. Overall, 25 new compounds were found, which have not yet been reported for the Erodium genera, or the family Geraniaceae. Along with methanolic extracts, the so far poorly investigated water extracts exhibited in vitro antioxidant activity according to all performed assays, including the ferric reducing/antioxidant power assay (FRAP), 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay (DPPH), 2,2′‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) assay (ABTS) and cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity assay (CUPRAC). Elemental composition analysis performed with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES) and, additionally, hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HydrEA‐ETAAS) showed six most abundant elements to be decreasing as follows: Mg>Ca>K>S>P>Na, and gave first data regarding inorganic arsenic content (109.3–248.4 ng g^?1). These results suggest E. cicutarium to be a valuable source of various phenolic compounds with substantial potential for further bioactivity testing.