MTHFR、MTRR和MTR基因多态性与唐氏综合征发生的相关性研究

应用PCR-RFLP方法分析31例唐氏综合征（Down＇s syndrome, DS）患儿母亲和68例正常生育女性叶酸代谢相关基因：MTHFR 677C〉T、MTRR 66A〉G和MTR 2756A〉G多态性,探讨其与唐氏综合征DS发生的关系。采用Pearson χ^2 检验基因和基因型频率分布,并分析各基因之间的相互作用,计算比值比评价相对危险度。MTHFR基因T等位基因频率在病例组和对照组中具有显著性差异（P〈0.05）,而MTRR和MTR基因G等位基因频率在病例组和对照组中的差异无显著性。MTHFR TT基因型母亲生育DS风险显著增加（OR=3.51,95 %CI=1.04-11.85,P〈0.05）。MTRR GG基因型生育DS的风险增加3.57倍（OR=3.57,95 %CI=1.19-10.73,P〈0.05）。MTR突变基因型AG和GG与生育DS的风险无显著关系。MTHFR （CT＋TT）/MTRR GG、MTHFR （CT＋TT）/MTR AA和MTRR GG/MTR AA联合基因型与DS发生风险显著相关。结果表明,MTHFR 677C〉T、MTRR 66A〉G位点变异是生育DS的独立风险因子,尚不能认为MTR 2756A〉G多态与DS发生相关。基因与基因多态位点之间存在交互和修饰效应。     

胆囊收缩素及受体基因多态性与精神分裂症的相关性研究

目的：探讨胆囊收缩素（cholecystokinin,CCK）基因、胆囊收缩素A受体（cholecystokininAreceptor。CCKAR）基因和胆囊收缩素B受体（cholecystokinin A recepmr,CCKBR）基因多态性与精神分裂症之间的相关性。方法：采用聚合酶链式反应．限制性片段长度多态性方法,对420例精神分裂症患者（病例组）和455例健康个体（对照组）三个基因的6个单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphism,SNPs）位点（rs11571842、rs13069836、rs1800908、rs1800857、rs1042047、rs4758092）的多态性进行检测。并比较两组人群中基因型和等位基因频率分布的差异。结果：对照组6个SNPs位点的基因型频率分布均符合Hardy-Weinbere平衡（P〉0．05）;CCKAR基因rs1800857位点基因型频率分布在精神分裂症组与正常对照组间存在显著性差异（P〈0．000）,病例组T等位基因频率显著高于对照组（P〈0．01）。结论：CCKAR基因多态性与精神分裂症相关,携带T等位基因的个体可能更容易患精神分裂症。     

贵州荔波封闭人群MTHFR基因多态性研究分析

目的 对贵州汉族、布依族亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase,MTHFR）基因多态性进行研究,为贵州少数民族基因多态性数据库的建立提供相关数据。方法 应用聚合酶链式反应及限制性片段长度多态性检测贵州荔波汉族90例、布依族119例MTHFR基因两个单核苷酸（677及1298位）多态位点的基因频率及基因型频率。结果 汉族、布依族MTHFR 677位T等位基因的分布频率分别是22、8％,16．1％,x^2=1．561,P〉0．1;MTHFR 1298位C等位基因的分布频率分别是28．9％,39、1％,x^2=2．075,P〉0．1;677CT／1298AC双杂合子的分布频率分别是16．66％,22．7％。结论 MTHFRC 677T和A1298C多态性在中国南方和北方人群存在群体差异;贵州汉族与布依族此两位点无显著性差异。贵州荔波布依族MTHFR 1298位有较高的C等位基因频率。     

猪Pitx2c基因4个SNPs的鉴定及其与肉质性状的关联分析

为研究猪Pitx2c基因与肉质性状的关系,在猪Pitx2c基因中共发现了8个SNPs位点,对其中的4个SNPs位点在4个商业猪种及8个中国地方猪种进行了等位基因频率检测,并在大白×梅山猪F2资源家系中进行了性状关联分析.结果显示,位点c.474C〉T（P〈0.01）及c.636C〉T（P〈0.05）与肉色（MCV1）存在显著或极显著相关;位点c.＊37G〉A及c.＊47G〉A与滴水损失（DLR）、系水力（WHC）及肉色（MCV1）均存在显著相关（P〈0.05）.连锁不平衡分析表明,临近的位点两两之间存在连锁不平衡（LD）.单倍型分析显示,存在两种主要单倍型,并且两拷贝的单倍型-CCGG-有利于肉质的改善.     

亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶基因C677T、G1793A单核苷酸多态性与散发性乳腺癌易感性的关系

目的：研究亚甲基四氢叶酸还原酶（MTHFR）基因C677T、G1793A位点单核苷酸多态性与散发性乳腺癌易感性关系。方法：采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）方法,对200例乳腺癌患者及200例正常对照者MTHFR基因C677T、G1793A位点单核苷酸多态性进行分析,logistic回归分析不同基因型与乳腺癌风险的关系。结果：乳腺癌组MTHFR 677TT基因型频率为25.00%显著高于正常对照组的10.50%（X2=14.401,P=0.001）,CT基因型频率为44.50%低于正常对照组的54.50%,CC基因型频率在乳腺癌组和正常对照组中无差别;MTHFR 1793GA基因型频率为18.50%显著高于正常对照者的8.50%（X2=8.563,P=0.003）。乳腺癌患者MTHFR 677T和1793A等位基因频率分别为47.25%、9.25%,显著高于对照组中的37.75%、4.25%。MTHFR 677TT基因型携带者罹患乳腺癌的风险是677CC基因型携带者的2.732倍（95%CI=1.418～5.051,P=0.001）,MTHFR1793GA基因型携带者罹患乳腺癌的风险是1793GG基因型携带者的2.444倍（95%CI=1.325～4.505,P=0.003）。另外,乳腺癌组中MTHFR C677T基因多态性与肿瘤大小相关（x2=7.431,P=0.024,MTHFR G1793A基因多态性与淋巴结转移情况（x2=8.939,P=0.011）、癌组织学分级（x2=9.983,P=0.007）相关。结论：MTHFR C677T、G1793A基因多态性与散发性乳腺癌的易感性相关。     

β-LG基因外显子2多态性对荷斯坦牛乳成分的影响

目的：为了研究中国荷斯坦奶牛的β乳球蛋白（β-lactoglobulin,β-LG）基因外显子2多态现象对乳产量及成分影响。方法：本实验采用单链构象多态（PCR-SSCP）技术对中国荷斯坦奶牛β-LG基因（NCBI登录号：DQ489319）外显子2进行克隆及多态性研究。结果：8种SSCP带型：ab,abc,abed,abd,abe,abcde,abce和abde型,带型频率分别为：0．14,0．10,0．27,0．23,0．05,0．04,0．11和0．06（P〈0．05）;6个单核苷酸位点：位点1C〉T,位点2T〉C,位点3C〉T,位点4C〉G,位点5C〉A,位点6A〉T或C,且它们的遗传多态信息含量处于中度或高度多态（PIC〉0．25）。结论：中国荷斯坦奶牛β-LG基因外显子2区具有单核苷酸多态,单个核苷酸的改变影响奶牛的生产性能（牛乳产量、乳蛋白和脂肪含量等）。     

鸡Myostatin基因单核苷酸多态性的群体遗传学分析

肌肉生长抑制素是控制骨骼肌生长发育的重要细胞因子,采用PCR－SSCP和测序的方法发现了5个位于Myostatin基因5′－和3′－调控区的单核苷酸多态性位点,对北京油鸡、白耳鸡、石歧杂、矮小黄鸡、小型黄鸡、惠阳胡须鸡、隐性白羽鸡、海兰、AA鸡等不同鸡种的该单核苷酸多态性分析结果表明：Myostatin基因的5′调控区引物P60／P61扩增片段多态性是由3个核苷酸的改变而产生的[分别是G→A（304位）、A→G（322位）、G→（344位）],引物P93／P94扩增片段的多态性是由G→A（167位）突变造成的,引物P117。P118PC扩增片段多态性是由T→C（177位）造成的。3′调控我引物P80／P81扩增片段多态性是由第7263位A突变为T造成的,引物P76／P77扩增片段多态性是由A→G（6935位）造成的。不同鸡种群体遗传学分析表明,5′－调控区引物60／P61扩增片段多态性片段多态性是由A→G（6935位）造成的。不同鸡种群体遗传学分析表明,5′－调控区引物P60／P61扩增片段多态性位点在北京油鸡的基因型频率分布与其他的品种有很大的差异,其BB型频率为0．700,AA基因型频率仅为0．033,而其他鸡种中以A基因优势;对于引物P93／P94,品种间的基因型频率差异极显著（P＜0．01）,北京油鸡和AA鸡的EE型频率鸡种中以A基因占优势;对于引物P93／P94,品种间的基因型频率差异极显著（P＜0．01）,北京油鸡和AA鸡的EE型频率低于其他品种,白耳鸡和海兰蛋鸡以EE型为主,其频率高于其他品种;3′－调控区引物P80／P81多态怀位点在9个鸡种中都是等位基因C占优势。引物P76／P77,总体上MM型的频率较低,杂合子MN型的频率较高。     

miR-146aC〉G,miR-149T〉C基因多态性与缺血性脑卒中易感性的研究

目的：探讨中国汉族人群中miR-146aC〉G,miR-149T〉C基因多态性与缺血性脑卒中易感性的关系。方法：利用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性（PCR-RFLP）的方法检测196例缺血性脑卒中患者和205例健康对照中miR-146aC〉G,miR-149T〉C的基因型,统计学方法比较两组间基因型及等位基因分布差异。结果：miR-146aC〉G位点各基因型在病例组和对照组分布无明显差异,但等位基因G会增加缺血性脑卒中的患病风险;miR-149T〉C位点各基因型在病例组和对照组分布无明显差异。在分层分析中,miR-146aC〉G会增加女性和非高血压患者缺血性脑卒中的患病风险,miR-149T〉C会增加非高血压患者缺血性脑卒中的患病风险。结论：miR-146aG等位基因,miR-149C等位基因与汉族人群缺血性脑卒中易感性有一定的相关性。     

新疆维吾尔族、汉族阿尔茨海默病Neprilysin基因单核苷酸多态性研究

摘要目的：探讨新疆地区维吾尔族、汉族脑啡肽酶（Neprilysin,NEP）基因单核苷酸多态性与阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’SdiseaseAD）的关系。方法：对新疆地区维吾尔族、汉族≥50岁8284名人群进行AD流行病学调查,参照ADRDA．NINCDS的标准,选取散发性阿尔茨海默病（sporadicAlzheimer’s disease,SAD）患者209例（AD组）与正常对照220例（对照组）,应用聚合酶链反应一限制性片段长度多态性技术（PCR）检测NEP基因多态性,采用病例一对照的关联分析方法对NEP基因rs3736187位点进行基因型和等位基因频率分析。结果：（1）新疆维吾尔族、汉族两民族AD组与对照组间NEP基因基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。携带T等位基因个体出现AD的危险性高于携带c等位基因的个体（0R=1．981,P〈0．05）。（2）新疆维吾尔族、汉族不同民族之间比较NEP基因基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而在同一民族中AD组和对照组之间比较NEP基因等位基因频率分布差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（3）两个年龄分段（〈65岁及≥65岁）之间NEP基因基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）,而在同一年龄段内部AD组与对照组间等位基因频率分布差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。（4）男性、女性之间NEP基因基因型频率和等位基因频率分布差异均无统计学意义,而在女性AD组与对照组间等位基因频率分布差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论：NEP基因rs3736187位点基因型频率和等位基因频率在新疆维吾尔族、汉族两民族间的分布相似;NEP基因的T等位基因是SAD的危险因素,在新疆维吾尔族、汉族两民族及女性SAD的发病中起重要作用。     

浙江地区汉族人群Toll样受体2基因Arg753Gln多态性和肺结核病相关性

应用聚合酶链反应-序列特异性引物方法(polymerase chain reaction with sequence specific primer,PCR-SSP),研究浙江地区汉族人群中Toll样受体2(Toll-like receptor2,TLR2)Arg753Gln(G2408A)单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism,SNP)分布及其与肺结核病的易感性的关系。分析了170名肺结核病患者和199名正常献血者TLR2基因Arg753Gln位点的基因型分布频率。结果表明,在170名肺结核病患者和199名正常献血者中,TLR2 Arg753Gln位点G/G基因型频率分别为58.23%和84.2%,G/A基因型频率分别为41.77%和15.8%,两种基因型在两组中相比较,差异显著,P<0.001。两组人群中均未发现有A/A基因型存在。TLR2基因Arg753Gln位点在浙江地区汉族人群中有其独特的分布规律,这个位点的多态性分布对肺结核病的发展有潜在的危险影响。     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Prostaglandin and thromboxane production by human and guinea-pig macrophages and leucocytes

The ability of partially purified human and guinea-pig haematogenous cell populations, when cultured in vitro, to metabolise arachidonic acid (AA) has been studied. Supernatants from 24 hour cell culture have been subjected to analysis for products of AA metabolism by gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.The cell types studied were human peripheral blood monocytes (both glass adherent and non-adherent), neutrophils, eosinophils and leukemic leucocytes; thoracic duct lymphocytes and lung alveolar macrophages. From the guinea-pig, induced and non-induced macrophage or neutrophil enriched peritoneal exudate populations, lymph node cells, peritoneal eosinophils and peripheral blood platelets were examined. Supernatants were assayed for the presence of PGE₂, PGD₂, PGF_2α, TXB₂ and 6-keto-PGF_1α. In all types studied PGE₂ and TXB₂ were the major products formed. The identification of PGE₂ and TXB₂ was confirmed by GC/MS with multiple ion monitoring.The results have been compared with other reports and their possible significance discussed in relation to the proposed role of prostaglandins as mediators and modulators in immunopathology.     

Chemokines and cytokines: axis and allies in asthma and allergy

Allergic asthma can be precipitated by many factors. For the atopic person, fungus, pollen, dust mites, cockroach antigens, and diesel exhaust are all agents that may trigger an allergic attack. Cytokines and chemokines are integral mediators of fungal asthma. From the earliest time points, they recruit and activate the cells required for the clearance of fungus as well as being critical factors involved in the immunopathology of this disease. In the final analysis, it is clear that these mediators can act to the benefit or the detriment of the host.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.