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1.
Indirect interactions between populations of different species can be important in structuring natural communities. Indirect
effects are either mediated by changes in population densities (trophic or density-mediated effects) or by changes in the
behavior of species that are not trophically connected (behavioral or trait-mediated effects). We reviewed the literature
on aphids and their parasitoids to explore the various possible indirect interactions that can occur in such communities.
The review was motivated by our study of a particular aphid–parasitoid community in a natural (i.e., nonagricultural) habitat,
and by the wealth of information that exists about aphid–parasitoid systems in agricultural settings. We focused our review
on aphid–parasitoid interactions, but considered how these were influenced by the other aphid natural enemies and also by
aphid mutualists and host plants. We conclude that indirect effects are likely to have a major effect in structuring aphid–parasitoid
communities, and that the latter are a valuable model system for testing ideas about community interactions.
Received: December 20, 1998 / Accepted: January 12, 1999 相似文献
2.
We introduce inhomogeneous, substrate dependent cell division in a time discrete, nonlinear matrix model of size-structured
population growth in the chemostat, first introduced by Gage et al. [8] and later analysed by Smith [13]. We show that mass conservation is verified, and conclude that our system admits one
non zero globally stable equilibrium, which we express explicitly. Then we run numerical simulations of the system, and compare
the predictions of the model to data related to phytoplankton growth, whose obtention we discuss. We end with the identification
of several parameters of the system.
Received: 9 February 2000 / Revised version: 10 October 2001 / Published online: 23 August 2002
RID="*"
ID="*" Present address: Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Victoria, B.C., Canada. e-mail: jarino@math.uvic.ca
Key words or phrases: Chemostat – Structured population models – Discrete model – Inhomogeneous division size 相似文献
3.
Knowing the parameters of population growth and regulation is fundamental for answering many ecological questions and the
successful implementation of conservation strategies. Moreover, detecting a population trend is often a legal obligation.
Yet, inherent process and measurement errors aggravate the ability to estimate these parameters from population time-series.
We use numerical simulations to explore how the lengths of the time-series, process and measurement error influence estimates
of demographic parameters. We first generate time-series of population sizes with given demographic parameters for density-dependent
stochastic population growth, but assume that these population sizes are estimated with measurement errors. We then fit parameters
for population growth, habitat capacity, total error and long-term trends to the ‘measured’ time-series data using non-linear
regression. The length of the time-series and measurement error introduce a substantial bias in the estimates for population
growth rate and to a lesser degree on estimates for habitat capacity, while process error has little effect on parameter bias.
The total error term of the statistical model is dominated by process error as long as the latter is larger than the measurement
error. A decline in population size is difficult to document as soon as either error becomes moderate, trends are not very
pronounced, and time-series are short (<10–15 seasons). Detecting an annual decline of 1% within 6-year reporting periods,
as required for the European Union for the species of Community Interest, appears unachievable. 相似文献
4.
P. Zeman 《Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata》1993,67(1):31-39
A computer model was applied to simulate responses of German cockroach populations to feeding on juvenoid baits during an
equilibrium, exponential, and the earliest phase of population growth. The simulations show that the renewal potential of
the cockroach populations will be exhausted when about 80% or more adults become sterile. The attainment of this activity
threshold will be preceded by a lag time with no apparent control effect. The time delay appears substantially shorter for
both growing populations (30–60 days) than for the equilibrious one (90–120 days), but, the former ones will continue growing
throughout this lag. The simulations predict that even a worse baits' performance can give sufficient control effect in the
field if the baits are laid in an early phase of population growth. Thus, optimum tactics should integrate administration
of juvenoid baits with an introductory reduction of cockroach population. 相似文献
5.
This paper deals with the spatio-temporal dynamics of a pollinator–plant–herbivore mathematical model. The full model consists
of three nonlinear reaction–diffusion–advection equations defined on a rectangular region. In view of analyzing the full model,
we firstly consider the temporal dynamics of three homogeneous cases. The first one is a model for a mutualistic interaction
(pollinator–plant), later on a sort of predator–prey (plant–herbivore) interaction model is studied. In both cases, the interaction
term is described by a Holling response of type II. Finally, by considering that the plant population is the unique feeding
source for the herbivores, a mathematical model for the three interacting populations is considered. By incorporating a constant
diffusion term into the equations for the pollinators and herbivores, we numerically study the spatiotemporal dynamics of
the first two mentioned models. For the full model, a constant diffusion and advection terms are included in the equation
for the pollinators. For the resulting model, we sketch the proof of the existence, positiveness, and boundedness of solution
for an initial and boundary values problem. In order to see the separated effect of the diffusion and advection terms on the
final population distributions, a set of numerical simulations are included. We used homogeneous Dirichlet and Neumann boundary
conditions. 相似文献
6.
Deterministic extinction effect of parasites on host populations 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Experimental studies have shown that parasites can reduce host density and even drive host population to extinction. Conventional
mathematical models for parasite-host interactions, while can address the host density reduction scenario, fail to explain
such deterministic extinction phenomena. In order to understand the parasite induced host extinction, Ebert et al. (2000)
formulated a plausible but ad hoc epidemiological microparasite model and its stochastic variation. The deterministic model,
resembles a simple SI type model, predicts the existence of a globally attractive positive steady state. Their simulation
of the stochastic model indicates that extinction of host is a likely outcome in some parameter regions. A careful examination
of their ad hoc model suggests an alternative and plausible model assumption. With this modification, we show that the revised
parasite-host model can exhibit the observed parasite induced host extinction. This finding strengthens and complements that
of Ebert et al. (2000), since all continuous models are likely break down when all population densities are small. This extinction
dynamics resembles that of ratio-dependent predator-prey models. We report here a complete global study of the revised parasite-host
model. Biological implications and limitations of our findings are also presented.
Received: 30 October 2001 / Revised version: 11 February 2002 / Published online: 17 October 2002
Work is partially supported by NSF grant DMS-0077790
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 34C25, 34C35, 92D25.
Keywords or phrases: Microparasite model – Ratio-dependent predator-prey model – Host extinction – Global stability – Biological control 相似文献
7.
We formulate a non–linear system of differential equations that models the dynamics of dengue fever. This disease is produced
by any of the four serotypes of dengue arbovirus. Each serotype produces permanent immunity to it, but only a certain degree
of cross–immunity to heterologous serotypes. In our model we consider the relation between two serotypes. Our interest is
to analyze the factors that allow the invasion and persistence of different serotypes in the human population. Analysis of
the model reveals the existence of four equilibrium points, which belong to the region of biological interest. One of the
equilibrium points corresponds to the disease–free state, the other three equilibria correspond to the two states where just
one serotype is present, and the state where both serotypes coexist, respectively. We discuss conditions for the asymptotic
stability of equilibria, supported by analytical and numerical methods. We find that coexistence of both serotypes is possible
for a large range of parameters.
Received: 7 July 1998 / Revised version: 12 July 2002 / Published online: 26 September 2002
Keywords or phrases: Dengue fever – Primary and secondary infections – Serotype – Coexistence – Threshold – Basic reproduction number – Persistence 相似文献
8.
9.
Early development and quorum sensing in bacterial biofilms 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Ward JP King JR Koerber AJ Croft JM Sockett RE Williams P 《Journal of mathematical biology》2003,47(1):23-55
We develop mathematical models to examine the formation, growth and quorum sensing activity of bacterial biofilms. The growth
aspects of the model are based on the assumption of a continuum of bacterial cells whose growth generates movement, within
the developing biofilm, described by a velocity field. A model proposed in Ward et al. (2001) to describe quorum sensing, a process by which bacteria monitor their own population density by the use of quorum
sensing molecules (QSMs), is coupled with the growth model. The resulting system of nonlinear partial differential equations
is solved numerically, revealing results which are qualitatively consistent with experimental ones. Analytical solutions derived
by assuming uniform initial conditions demonstrate that, for large time, a biofilm grows algebraically with time; criteria
for linear growth of the biofilm biomass, consistent with experimental data, are established. The analysis reveals, for a
biologically realistic limit, the existence of a bifurcation between non-active and active quorum sensing in the biofilm.
The model also predicts that travelling waves of quorum sensing behaviour can occur within a certain time frame; while the
travelling wave analysis reveals a range of possible travelling wave speeds, numerical solutions suggest that the minimum
wave speed, determined by linearisation, is realised for a wide class of initial conditions.
Received: 10 February 2002 / Revised version: 29 October 2002 /
Published online: 19 March 2003
Key words or phrases: Bacterial biofilm – Quorum sensing – Mathematical modelling – Numerical solution – Asymptotic analysis – Travelling wave
analysis 相似文献
10.
Extinction risk assessments at the population and species level: implications for amphibian conservation 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
Amphibian populations are declining worldwide and this is causing growing concern. High levels of population declines followed
by the expansion of red lists are creating demands for effective strategies to maximize conservation efforts for amphibians.
Ideally, integrated and comprehensive strategies should be based on complementary information of population and species extinction
risk. Here we evaluate the congruence between amphibian extinction risk assessments at the population level (Declining Amphibian
Database––DAPTF) and at species level (GAA––IUCN Red List). We used the Declining Amphibian Database––DAPTF that covers 967
time-series records of amphibian population declines assigned into four levels of declines. We assigned each of its corresponding
species into GAA––IUCN red list status, discriminated each species developmental mode, and obtained their geographic range
size as well. Extinction risk assessments at the population and species level do not fully coincide across geographic realms
or countries. In Paleartic, Neartic and Indo-Malayan realms less than 25% of species with reported population declines are
formally classified as threatened. In contrast, more than 60% of all species with reported population declines that occur
in Australasia and the Neotropics are indeed threatened according to the GAA––IUCN Red List. Species with aquatic development
presented proportionally higher extinction risks at both population and species level than those with terrestrial development,
being this pattern more prominent at Australasia, Paleartic, and Neartic realms. Central American countries, Venezuela, Mexico
and Australia presented the highest congruence between both population and species risk. We address that amphibian conservation
strategies could be improved by using complementary information on time-series population trends and species threat. Whenever
feasible, conservation assessments should also include life-history traits in order to improve its effectiveness. 相似文献
11.
Continent-wide variation in hydrogen isotopic composition of precipitation is incorporated into animal diets, providing an
intrinsic marker of geographic location at the time of tissue growth. Feathers from migratory birds are now frequently analyzed
for stable-hydrogen isotopes (δD) to estimate the location of individuals during a preceding molt. Using known-origin birds,
we tested several assumptions associated with this emerging technique. We examined hydrogen isotopic variation as a function
of age, sex, feather type and the timing of molt in a marked population of American redstarts (Setophaga ruticilla) breeding in southeastern Ontario. We measured δD in feathers and blood from individuals that bred or hatched at our study
site during the year in which those tissues were grown. Juvenile tissues from 5- to 10-day-old birds had more negative δD
values than those from adults, which most likely reflected age-related differences in diet. Within adults, primary feathers
had more negative δD values than contour feathers. The mean δD value in adult primary feathers was relatively consistent among
years and with the value expected for our study population. However, among-individual variation in δD corresponded to an estimated
latitudinal range of 6–8° (650–900 km). We conclude that feathers sampled from recently hatched juveniles may not provide
a reliable estimate of expected local isotopic signatures for comparison with adult feathers of unknown origin. Furthermore,
we urge researchers to use caution when using δD values in feathers to infer geographic origin, and suggest that the best
approach is to assign individuals to broad geographic zones within a species’ potential molting range. 相似文献
12.
Numerous biological interactions, such as interactions between T cell receptors or antibodies with antigens, interactions
between enzymes and substrates, or interactions between predators and prey are often not strictly specific. In such less specific,
or “sloppy,” systems, referred to here as degenerate systems, a given unit of a diverse resource (antigens, enzymatic substrates,
prey) is at risk of being recognized and consumed by multiple consumers (lymphocytes, enzymes, predators). In this study,
we model generalized degenerate consumer-resource systems of Lotka–Volterra and Verhulst types. In the degenerate systems
of Lotka–Volterra, there is a continuum of types of consumer and resource based on variation of a single trait (characteristic,
or preference). The consumers experience competition for a continuum of resource types. This non-local interaction system
is modeled with partial differential-integral equations and shows spontaneous self-structuring of the consumer population
that depends on the degree of interaction degeneracy between resource and consumer, but does not mirror the distribution of
resource. We also show that the classical Verhulst (i.e. logistic) single population model can be generalized to a degenerate
model, which shows qualitative behavior similar to that in the degenerate Lotka–Volterra model. These results provide better
insight into the dynamics of selective systems in biology, suggesting that adaptation of degenerate repertoires is not a simple
“mirroring” of the environment by the “fittest” elements of population. 相似文献
13.
Bacteriophage are ubiquitous in nature, yet many central aspects of host–phage biology have not been integrated into mathematical
models. We propose a novel model of host–phage population dynamics that accounts for the decreased ability of phages to lyse
hosts as hosts approach their carrying capacity. In contrast to existing predator–prey-like models, we find a parameter regime
in which phages cannot invade a host-only system but, nonetheless, can stably coexist with hosts at lower densities. The finding
of alternative stable states suggests clear linkages with observed life history strategies of phages. In addition, we solve
a limiting case of the proposed model and show that conservative predator-prey like systems do not inevitably exhibit population
cycles. Finally, we discuss possible extensions of the present model and scenarios for experimental testing. 相似文献
14.
C. T. H. Baker G. A. Bocharov C. A. H. Paul F. A. Rihan 《Journal of mathematical biology》1998,37(4):341-371
In this paper, we present a systematic approach for obtaining qualitatively and quantitatively correct mathematical models
of some biological phenomena with time-lags. Features of our approach are the development of a hierarchy of related models
and the estimation of parameter values, along with their non-linear biases and standard deviations, for sets of experimental
data.
We demonstrate our method of solving parameter estimation problems for neutral delay differential equations by analyzing some
models of cell growth that incorporate a time-lag in the cell division phase. We show that these models are more consistent
with certain reported data than the classic exponential growth model. Although the exponential growth model provides estimates
of some of the growth characteristics, such as the population-doubling time, the time-lag growth models can additionally provide
estimates of: (i) the fraction of cells that are dividing, (ii) the rate of commitment of cells to cell division, (iii) the
initial distribution of cells in the cell cycle, and (iv) the degree of synchronization of cells in the (initial) cell population.
Received: 15 September 1997/Revised version: 1 April 1998 相似文献
15.
We derive point and interval estimates for an urban population of green tree frogs (Hyla cinerea) from capture–mark–recapture field data obtained during the years 2006–2009. We present an infinite-dimensional least-squares
approach which compares a mathematical population model to the statistical population estimates obtained from the field data.
The model is composed of nonlinear first-order hyperbolic equations describing the dynamics of the amphibian population where
individuals are divided into juveniles (tadpoles) and adults (frogs). To solve the least-squares problem, an explicit finite
difference approximation is developed. Convergence results for the computed parameters are presented. Parameter estimates
for the vital rates of juveniles and adults are obtained, and standard deviations for these estimates are computed. Numerical
results for the model sensitivity with respect to these parameters are given. Finally, the above-mentioned parameter estimates
are used to illustrate the long-time behavior of the population under investigation. 相似文献
16.
Understanding of population dynamics in a fragmented habitat is an issue of considerable importance. A natural modelling framework
for these systems is spatially discrete. In this paper, we consider a predator–prey system that is discrete both in space
and time, and is described by a Coupled Map Lattice (CML). The prey growth is assumed to be affected by a weak Allee effect
and the predator dynamics includes intra-specific competition. We first reveal the bifurcation structure of the corresponding
non-spatial system. We then obtain the conditions of diffusive instability on the lattice. In order to reveal the properties
of the emerging patterns, we perform extensive numerical simulations. We pay a special attention to the system properties
in a vicinity of the Turing–Hopf bifurcation, which is widely regarded as a mechanism of pattern formation and spatiotemporal
chaos in space-continuous systems. Counter-intuitively, we obtain that the spatial patterns arising in the CML are more typically
stationary, even when the local dynamics is oscillatory. We also obtain that, for some parameter values, the system’s dynamics
is dominated by long-term transients, so that the asymptotical stationary pattern arises as a sudden transition between two
different patterns. Finally, we argue that our findings may have important ecological implications. 相似文献
17.
Coral reef species are frequently the focus of bio-prospecting, and when promising bioactive compounds are identified there
is often a need for the development of responsible harvesting based on relatively limited data. The Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae has been harvested in the Bahamas for over a decade. Data on population age structure and growth rates in conjunction with
harvest data provide an opportunity to compare fishery practices and outcomes to those suggested by a Beverton-Holt fishery
model. The model suggests a minimum colony size limit of 7–9 years of age (21–28 cm height), which would allow each colony
2–4 years of reproduction prior to harvesting. The Beverton-Holt model assumes that colonies at or above the minimum size
limit are completely removed. In the P. elisabethae fishery, colonies are partially clipped and can be repeatedly harvested. Linear growth of surviving colonies was up to 3
times that predicted for colonies that were not harvested and biomass increase was up to 9 times greater than that predicted
for undisturbed colonies. The survival of harvested colonies and compensatory growth increases yield, and yields at sites
that had previously been harvested were generally greater than predicted by the Beverton-Holt model. The model also assumes
recruitment is independent of fishing intensity, but lower numbers of young colonies in the fished populations, compared to
unfished populations, suggest possible negative effects of the harvest on reproduction. This suggests the need for longer
intervals between harvests. Because it can be developed from data that can be collected at a single time, the Beverton-Holt
model provides a rational starting point for regulating new fisheries where long-term characterizations of population dynamics
are rarely available. However, an adaptive approach to the fishery requires the incorporation of reproductive data. 相似文献
18.
Mortality during movement between habitat patches is the most obvious cost of dispersal, but rarely it has been demonstrated
empirically. An approach is presented, which uses capture–mark–recapture data of an arboreal gecko species to determine the
effect of individual movement on local survival in a spatially structured population. Because capture–mark–recapture data
are widely available for a range of animal species, it should be possible to extend their application to other species. The
method is based on the assumption that the tendency to be a territorial animal or to be a floating animal is fixed during
the study period. The advantage of our approach is that only one additional parameter has to be estimated for describing movement
risks. We further tested the power of our approach to detect an association of movement and mortality with simulated capture
histories. The study revealed a strong negative effect of movement on local survival. Hence, animals that moved more often
between trees had a lower survival rate. Interestingly, the mean movement rate for males was significantly higher than for
females, which should lead to a biased sex ratio towards females in the population. As there was an even sex ratio in the
population, we discuss not mutually exclusive explanations for this finding like differences in emigration rates between sexes,
differences in survival rates between sexes, or a skewed sex ratio in offspring. 相似文献
19.
We consider a partially coupled diffusive population model in which the state variables represent the densities of the immature
and mature population of a single species. The equation for the mature population can be considered on its own, and is a delay
differential equation with a delay-dependent coefficient. For the case when the immatures are immobile, we prove that travelling
wavefront solutions exist connecting the zero solution of the equation for the matures with the delay-dependent positive equilibrium
state. As a perturbation of this case we then consider the case of low immature diffusivity showing that the travelling front
solutions continue to persist. Our findings are contrasted with recent studies of the delayed Fisher equation. Travelling
fronts of the latter are known to lose monotonicity for sufficiently large delays. In contrast, travelling fronts of our equation
appear to remain monotone for all values of the delay.
Received: 1 November 2001 / Revised version: 10 May 2002 / Published online: 23 August 2002
Mathematics Subject Classification (2000): 35K57, 92D25
Key words or phrases: Age-structure – Time-delay – Travelling Fronts – Reaction-diffusion 相似文献
20.
Darren Michael Green 《Population Ecology》2009,51(2):253-260
Interspecific interactions and the evolution of dispersal are both of interest when considering the potential impact of habitat
fragmentation on community ecology, but the interaction between these processes is not well studied. We address this by considering
the coevolution of dispersal strategies in a host–parasitoid system. An individual-based host–parasitoid metapopulation model
was constructed for a patchy environment, allowing for evolution in dispersal rates of both species. Highly rarefied environments
with few suitable patches selected against dispersal in both species, as did relatively static environments. Provided that
parasitoids persist, all the variables studied led to stable equilibria in dispersal rates for both species. There was a tendency
toward higher dispersal rates in parasitoids because of the asymmetric relationships of the two species to the patches: vacant
patches are most valuable for hosts, but unsuitable for parasitoids, which require an established host population to reproduce.
High host dispersal rate was favoured by high host population growth rate, and in the parasitoid by high growth rates in both
species.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献