Molecular phylogenetic analyses of nuclear and plastid DNA sequences support dysploid and polyploid chromosome number changes and reticulate evolution in the diversification of Melampodium (Millerieae, Asteraceae)

Chromosome evolution (including polyploidy, dysploidy, and structural changes) as well as hybridization and introgression are recognized as important aspects in plant speciation. A suitable group for investigating the evolutionary role of chromosome number changes and reticulation is the medium-sized genus Melampodium (Millerieae, Asteraceae), which contains several chromosome base numbers (x = 9, 10, 11, 12, 14) and a number of polyploid species, including putative allopolyploids. A molecular phylogenetic analysis employing both nuclear (ITS) and plastid (matK) DNA sequences, and including all species of the genus, suggests that chromosome base numbers are predictive of evolutionary lineages within Melampodium. Dysploidy, therefore, has clearly been important during evolution of the group. Reticulate evolution is evident with allopolyploids, which prevail over autopolyploids and several of which are confirmed here for the first time, and also (but less often) on the diploid level. Within sect. Melampodium, the complex pattern of bifurcating phylogenetic structure among diploid taxa overlain by reticulate relationships from allopolyploids has non-trivial implications for intrasectional classification.     

32种杜鹃花属植物亚属间杂交的可育性研究

为探索杜鹃花属植物亚属间杂交的可育性规律,该文对常绿杜鹃亚属(subgen. Hymenanthes)、杜鹃亚属(subgen. Rhododendron)及马银花亚属(subgen. Azaleastrum)、映山红亚属(subgen. Tsutsusi)和羊踯躅亚属(subgen. Pentanthera)的亚属间杂交进行了研究,共涉及杜鹃花属植物5亚属15亚组32种,杂交组合118个。结果表明:(1)杜鹃花属植物的亚属间杂交存在明显的生殖障碍,其可育性水平与亚属及其类群组合有关,高、中、低与不育比例为2∶16∶8∶92,可育比例仅20.0%,杜鹃亚属与马银花亚属等4个亚属级组合杂交未显现可育性。(2)亲本杂交组合方式对亚属间杂交有不同程度的影响,一些类群组合有明显的向性。以杜鹃亚属做母本与常绿杜鹃亚属的云锦杜鹃亚组杂交的可育组合比高于反交,且在有关大王杜鹃、粘毛杜鹃、露珠杜鹃和马缨花的杂交中也是如此,但与银叶杜鹃亚组杂交正好相反;另外,12对单向可育组合,分布于常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属等4类亚属级杂交组合中。(3)杜鹃花属的亚属间杂交不亲和与败育现象明显,不可育组合百分率占80%,不能坐果是败育的主要表征,所有可育组合的绿苗率比值和单位种子数比值无一例达到相应母本的自然授粉水平。(4)双亲系统分类上的关系对亚属间可交配性具有重要影响并与可育程度一致,染色体倍性也有一定的作用。(5)有关研究为探索和认识杜鹃花属植物亚属间进化遗传联系提供了新的证据和思考,银叶杜鹃亚组可能是解释常绿杜鹃亚属与杜鹃亚属进化遗传联系的重要类群,杜鹃亚属的多鳞杜鹃可能与常绿杜鹃亚属具有广泛的血亲关系,其中多鳞杜鹃与岷江杜鹃彼此为生态相邻种并有可能在长期的演化过程中有遗传渗透,百合花杜鹃和毛肋杜鹃分别与映山红亚属、腺果杜鹃与马银花亚属,越峰杜鹃和繁花杜鹃分别与映山红亚属,大白杜鹃与羊踯躅亚属间的联系均需要深入研究。     

青藏高原长花马先蒿的细胞地理学研究

对青藏高原长花马先蒿9个居群的核型及细胞地理学进行研究,所有居群的染色体数目均为2n=16,染色体基数为x=8。现有的细胞学资料表明:分布于云南中甸的居群可能为较原始的类群,而分布于西藏日土和青海门源的居群较为进化。长花马先蒿的9个居群均为二倍体,并未出现多倍化现象,可能是由于在末次冰期青藏高原存在广泛的避难所,二倍体得到很好的保存,冰期对它们的影响不是很大; 也可能是对环境的选择压力造成的。     

Exceedingly high chromosome number in Strasburgeriaceae, a monotypic family endemic to New Caledonia

We present the first report on the chromosome number of Strasburgeria robusta, which is confined to montane forests of New Caledonia and is the only known species in Strasburgeriaceae. The species has 2n = 500, which is an exceedingly high chromosome number in angiosperms. Within Crossosomatales, molecular evidence has indicated that S. robusta is sister to Ixerba brexioides, which is endemic to New Zealand and is the sole species in Ixerbaceae. Comparisons to the chromosome number of I. brexioides (2n = 50) support a close affinity between the two species because they share the base number x = 25. It is generally accepted that an increase in ploidy is associated with the origin of novel adaptations. A high level of polyploidy (20x with x = 25) may have allowed S. robusta to survive on a fragment of Gondwana by adapting to its ultrabasic substrate.     

国产驴蹄草的细胞地理学研究

为探讨国产毛茛科(Ranunculaceae)驴蹄草属(Caltha)两种植物的演化,该文利用传统染色体压片技术和流式细胞术,并结合前人染色体研究结果,对我国驴蹄草23个居群和花葶驴蹄草10个居群进行了细胞学研究。结果表明:驴蹄草是由四倍体(2n=4x=32)、六倍体(2n=6x=48)和八倍体(2n=8x=64)构成的多倍体复合群,花葶驴蹄草具有四倍体(2n=4x=32)和八倍体(2n=8x=64)两种倍性水平。驴蹄草和花葶驴蹄草均是四倍体较为常见,目前尚未见有二倍体报道。由于驴蹄草和花葶驴蹄草大部分居群采自中国青藏高原地区,可能在冰期时存在古二倍体,其适应性较弱,逐渐被其他的倍性取代,这是由于不同细胞型对环境适应性的结果。驴蹄草可能存在两条进化路线:一条是从甘肃到达云南;另一条是从西藏到达云南。前期分子系统学研究显示花葶驴蹄草与驴蹄草的亲缘关系较近,该研究结果中花葶驴蹄草染色体比驴蹄草要小,花葶驴蹄草可能比驴蹄草相对进化。目前花葶驴蹄草只有10个居群,还需进一步增加居群量来解析其演化路线。     

Additional chromosome numbers inPelargonium (Geraniaceae)

Mitotic chromosome counts were made from field collected and subsequently cultivated plants of 61Pelargonium species from 14 sections. The 33 new results are presented. 47 of the species have a basic number of x = 11, nine spp. of x = 9 and five spp. of x = 8. 17 spp. are polyploid. In two sections species with different basic numbers occur, which is of interest for the subgeneric classification. The size of the chromosomes varies between the investigated species. Most but not all species with x = 11 have short, those with x = 8, 9 large, and only exceptionally short chromosomes. Within sections chromosome size is not always uniform. The relationship between the different basic chromosome numbers is discussed.     

我国入侵植物薇甘菊(菊科)的细胞学研究

为了解入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)的细胞学特性,研究了薇甘菊在我国广东东南部4居群和台湾2居群的染色体数目和染色体形态。结果表明,所有居群的薇甘菊染色体数目均为2n=36,第一对染色体为近中部着丝粒染色体,其长臂中部具有次缢痕,显著大于其余染色体。广东深圳大学和深圳水库居群的核型公式为2n=20m+14sm+2st;广东汕头、阳江和台湾屏东居群为2n=22m+12sm+2st;台湾宜兰居群为2n=18m+16sm+2st。此前有报道薇甘菊深圳大学居群的染色体数目为2n=38,推断为制片过程中第一对染色体从次缢痕处断裂而导致的计数错误。因此,薇甘菊虽存在非整倍性和多倍性变化,但在广东东南部和台湾的入侵居群中目前仅发现基于x=18的二倍体(2n=36),该种在这些地区的成功入侵与多倍性无关。     

高粱属植物的地理分布

为探讨高粱属(Sorghum Moench)的系统发育关系,通过野外调查及查阅标本和文献资料,对高粱属植物的地理分布进行了整理和研究。高粱属植物约有29种,分布于全世界热带到温带地区,其中澳大利亚22种,亚洲15种,非洲9种,欧洲3种,地中海2种,美洲6种。中国有5种,分布在东北、西南到华南各省(区)。高粱属有5亚属,仅高粱亚属(subgen.Sorghum)延伸至新世界,其他亚属均分布在旧世界,高粱亚属覆盖非洲并扩散到全世界热带到温带地区;拟高粱亚属(subgen.Parasorghum)分布在非洲、亚洲、澳大利亚;有柄高粱亚属(subgen.Stiposorghum)主要分布在澳大利亚,个别种分布到亚洲;多毛高粱亚属(subgen.Chaetosorghum)分布在澳大利亚;异高粱亚属(subgen.Heterosorghum)分布在澳大利亚和亚洲。这表明澳大利亚东北部是高粱属的现代分布中心和多样化中心,非洲东北部和热带亚洲是否是高粱属的起源地尚需确证。     

Phoradendron olae Kuijt, a new species from Mexico pivotal in the taxonomy of the genus, with comments on P. californicum Nutt.

Materials are presented to the effect thatPhoradendron californicum Nutt., the nomenclatural type of the genusPhoradendron (Viscaceae), is related to southern, cataphyllous species, not to northern, acataphyllous ones. The evidence consists of the frequent occurrence of basal cataphylls in the species, variation in basal phyllotaxy, and a basically biseriate arrangement of flowers on fertile internodes. The suggestion of this southern, cataphyllous affinity is supported by the recent discovery of a strictly cataphyllous Mexican species,P. olae Kuijt, which shows median basal phyllotaxy and is in many features extremely similar toP. californicum. The nomenclatural consequences of this discovery would lead to subgen.Boreales (Trel.) Engler (and probably subgen.Aequatoriales (Trel.) Engler) being synonymized under subgen.Phoradendron, characterized by basal cataphylls (though not in all species). However, no generic subdivision of any sort is supported at this time.     

基于ITS序列的中国外来苋属植物系统关系分析

通过ITS序列对21种中国外来苋属植物进行系统进化关系研究。通过ITS序列种间、种内遗传距离分析,发现苋属种间变异为0~0.055 1,种内变异为0~0.009 2。使用TAXON DNA软件分析ITS序列种间、种内变异的分布图看出规律,结果表明苋属ITS序列的种间变异适中,种间变异明显大于种内变异。采用最大似然法(ML)构建的系统树将中国苋属分为5或6个进化支(根据自展支持率取值不同)。异株苋亚属长芒苋和苋亚属刺苋聚类在一起,西部苋和糙果苋单独成为一个进化支。苋亚属中苋组苋亚组反枝苋和绿穗苋亚组鲍氏苋有着更近的亲缘关系,苋组苋亚组尾穗苋和绿穗苋亚组绿穗苋、繁穗苋等亲缘关系更近。白苋亚属分为2或3个类群,根据自展支持率取值不同,合被苋可以和白苋、北美苋并为一支,也可以单独成为一支。综上所述,该文认为苋属经典分类体系中3亚属或2~3组的分类地位不成立,建议中国苋属采取5组2亚组或6组2亚组的分类体系。5组2亚组分别由长芒苋组、糙果苋组、苋组(苋亚组和绿穗苋亚组)、白苋组和凹头苋组组成。其中,合被苋也可从白苋组分出,单独构成1组,形成6组2亚组的分类体系。表明该序列对苋属大部分种类分类效果较好,对西部苋和糙果苋复合群,绿穗苋复合群以及白苋亚属的分类价值不高。     

Seven new calochroid and fulvoid species of Cortinarius

We describe seven new European species of Cortinarius. All species are based on analyses of morphological and DNA sequence data. They all belong to a well-supported clade comprising most species traditionally treated in Cortinarius subgenus Phlegmacium sections Fulvi and Calochroi (i.e. the/Calochroi clade). All taxa are either fulvoid (containing anthraquinoid pigments) or calochroid (without these pigments). Morphological and ecological data are presented for all species and compared with similar species. A dichotomous key is presented for C. calochrous and similar species, including all six newly described calochroid species. The calochroid species C. albertii, C. chailluzii, C. cisticola, C. sancti-felicis, C. selandicus and C. vesterholtii spp. nov., and the fulvoid species C. langeorum sp. nov. are described.     

横断山区六种八居群鼠尾草属植物的核型分析

鼠尾草属(Salvia)是唇形科(Lamiaceae)最大的属,属下多种为民间常用草药,亦有供观赏的种类。为探究横断山区物种在细胞学水平的进化方式,讨论形态分类学与分子系统学之间的分类关系,该研究通过广泛收集染色体文献资料,采用植物常规压片法对采集自横断山地区6种8居群鼠尾草属植物进行核型分析,并构建了中国地区分布的鼠尾草属植物叶绿体系统发育树。统计结果表明:(1)全世界范围内报道了约23%的鼠尾草属植物染色体数据,其中分布在中国地区的鼠尾草属植物染色体报道率为32.10%,分布在横断山地区的鼠尾草属植物报道率为40.54%,(2)鼠尾草属植物染色体基数以x=8和x=11为主,分布在中国地区的鼠尾草属植物染色体基数均为x=8。实验结果表明:(1)西藏鼠尾草(S. wardii)核型数据为首次报道。(2)雪山鼠尾草(S. evansiana)首次在云南德钦地区发现二倍体居群。将细胞学数据结合叶绿体进化树开展染色体进化关联分析,论证多倍化可能不是鼠尾草属物种适应高海拔环境的主要机制,表明多倍体不是该属物种形成的主要进化途径而是以二倍体水平为主,推测染色体组的加倍可能是物种在形态学与分子系统学上分类关系不一致的原因之一。该研究丰富了横断山区鼠尾草属植物的染色体核型数据,结合区域分子系统树探讨染色体特征的进化关系,为今后深入研究该属物种的核型进化做出了探索,为开展祖先物种染色体基数推演分析补充了基础数据。     

中国黑粉菌属和利罗黑粉菌属

黑粉菌属是Roussel 1806年建立的,全世界记载有三百余种,主要寄生于禾本科,是经济作物及牧草的重要致病菌·长期以来,对黑粉菌的邢子使用过各种名称,如厚垣孢子,冬孢子及黑粉孢子等.本文采用黑粉孢子以区别锈菌的冬孢子. 芳’(1979)在《中国真菌总汇》中列出黑粉菌属五十种及一个变型.作者经过显微结构和超显微结构的研究,承认其中二十九种为正确名称,八种及一变型为异名,顶黑粉菌(Ustilago acrearus Berk.)由于错拼而被废弃.埃地黑粉菌(Ustilago emodensis Berk.)被转移至利罗粉菌属(Liroa).另有十一种黑粉菌因缺少标本留待今后订正.自1979年以后,杨信东(1983)增加黑粉菌属二种我国新纪录,K.范基和郭林(1986)描述一新种,四种新纪录.在本文中,作者描述一新种:鸢尾蒜黑粉(Ustilago ixiolirii Guo L) ,孢子堆生在蒴果内,不开裂,黑色,粉末状.黑粉孢子球形,近球形,稀椭圆形, 12.5-21×10-21μm,黑褐色,壁厚1-1.Sμm,纹饰脑状.是迄今生在石蒜科植物上唯一黑粉菌的种,其它几种黑粉菌均属条黑粉菌属.本文增加七种我国新纪录.共计四十九种,寄生于六科四十四属植物,主要是禾本科和蓼科.这仅是黑粉菌属研究的初步报告,在全国范围内大量采集黑粉菌标本后,作者相信会有更多新种和我国新纪录被发现.利罗黑粉菌属(Liroa)是从黑粉菌属(Ustaligo)分出的,此属为单种属.     

Suppression of maize root diseases caused by Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium moniliforme and Fusarium graminearum by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

A plant growth-promoting isolate of a fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 and two bacilli isolates MR-11(2) and MRF, isolated from maize rhizosphere, were found strongly antagonistic to Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina, causal agents of foot rots and wilting, collar rots/stalk rots and root rots and wilting, and charcoal rots of maize, respectively. Pseudomonas sp. EM85 produced antifungal antibiotics (Afa⁺), siderophore (Sid⁺), HCN (HCN⁺) and fluorescent pigments (Flu⁺) besides exhibiting plant growth promoting traits like nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and production of organic acids and IAA. While MR-11(2) produced siderophore (Sid⁺), antibiotics (Afa⁺) and antifungal volatiles (Afv⁺), MRF exhibited the production of antifungal antibiotics (Afa⁺) and siderophores (Sid⁺). Bacillus spp. MRF was also found to produce organic acids and IAA, solubilized tri-calcium phosphate and fixed nitrogen from the atmosphere. All three isolates suppressed the diseases caused by Fusarium moniliforme, Fusarium graminearum and Macrophomina phaseolina in vitro. A Tn5:: lac Z induced isogenic mutant of the fluorescent Pseudomonas EM85, M23, along with the two bacilli were evaluated for in situ disease suppression of maize. Results indicated that combined application of the two bacilli significantly (P = 0.05) reduced the Macrophomina-induced charcoal rots of maize by 56.04%. Treatments with the MRF isolate of Bacillus spp. and Tn5:: lac Z mutant (M23) of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 significantly reduced collar rots, root and foot rots, and wilting of maize caused by Fusarium moniliforme and F. graminearum (P = 0.05) compared to all other treatments. All these isolates were found very efficient in colonizing the rhizotic zones of maize after inoculation. Evaluation of the population dynamics of the fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85 using the Tn5:: lac Z marker and of the Bacillus spp. MRF and MR-11(2) using an antibiotic resistance marker revealed that all the three isolates could proliferate successfully in the rhizosphere, rhizoplane and endorhizosphere of maize, both at 30 and 60 days after seeding. Four antifungal compounds from fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85, one from Bacillus sp. MR-11(2) and three from Bacillus sp. MRF were isolated, purified and tested in vitro and in thin layer chromatography bioassays. All these compounds inhibited R. solani, M. phaseolina, F. moniliforme, F. graminearum and F. solani strongly. Results indicated that antifungal antibiotics and/or fluorescent pigment of fluorescent Pseudomonas sp. EM85, and antifungal antibiotics of the bacilli along with the successful colonization of all the isolates might be involved in the biological suppression of the maize root diseases.     

Two new Fusicoccum species from Acacia and Eucalyptus in Venezuela, based on morphology and DNA sequence data

Botryosphaeria spp. are common endophytes of woody plants, and they also include some serious pathogens of Eucalyptus and Acacia species. Numerous anamorphs have been associated with Botryosphaeria, of which the species Fusicoccum are amongst the most common. Here, we characterize two new Fusicoccum species, isolated from Eucalyptus and Acacia trees in Venezuela, based on morphological features in culture and comparisons of DNA sequence data. The two taxa named Fusicoccum andinum and F. stromaticum spp. nov, reside in two well-supported clades (BS values = 100 %) based on a combined data set of the ITS of the rDNA operon and translation elongation factor 1-α (EF1- α) gene sequences. The conidia of F. andinum are unusually large amongst Botryosphaeria anamorphs, and peripherally resemble those of B. mamane and B. melanops. F. stromaticum is characterized by large conidiomata in cultures, growth at 35 °C and slightly thickened conidial walls, which is different to most other Fusicoccum spp. No teleomorphs were observed for these fungi, but DNA sequence data show that they are anamorphs of Botryosphaeria.     

杜鹃花属植物种间可交配性及其特点

该研究以杜鹃花属5亚属3组17亚组38种和共计91个可育组合及109个不育组合的杂交结果为依据,通过杂交可育指标频度分析,初步揭示该属植物种间可交配性的分布规律。结果表明:(1)根据育性等级频度的研究,可得到种间可交配性排序结果,即亚属级:常绿杜鹃亚属内杂交杜鹃亚属内杂交常绿杜鹃亚属×杜鹃亚属杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×映山红亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属常绿杜鹃亚属×马银花亚属杜鹃亚属×羊踯躅亚属;亚组级:银叶杜鹃亚组×同亚属的其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×银叶杜鹃亚组银叶杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组三花杜鹃亚组内杂交云锦杜鹃亚组×同亚属其他亚组云锦杜鹃亚组×杜鹃亚属各组常绿杜鹃亚属的其他亚组×杜鹃亚属各组。(2)种间可交配性与亲本间的亲缘关系及染色体倍性有明显的关联,与分类系统中所反映的类群亲缘关系契合,原始的杜鹃花属植物类群如常绿杜鹃亚属可能比较进化类群具有更广泛的可交配性。(3)坐果率、绿苗率、绿苗系数和单位可育种子数量及其等级频度能从不同的侧面反映杜鹃花属植物杂交可育性数量特征,但也分别存在某些局限性,建立综合评价方案和可育性等级频度指标十分重要。     

A new fungal genus, Teracosphaeria, with a phialophora-like anamorph (Sordariomycetes, Ascomycota)

The new genus and species Teracosphaeria petroica is described for a perithecial ascomycete and its anamorph occurring on decayed wood collected in New Zealand. The fungus produces immersed, non-stromatic ceratosphaeria-like perithecia in nature, with hyaline, septate ascospores produced in unitunicate, non-amyloid asci. The anamorph produced in vitro is phialophora-like with lightly pigmented phialides terminating in flaring, deep collarettes that are often noticeably brown with conspicuous periclinal thickening. Phylogenetic analysis of LSU rDNA sequence data indicates that this fungus is distinct from morphologically similar fungi classified in the Chaetosphaeriales, the Trichosphaeriales or the Magnaporthaceae. It forms a monophyletic group with recently described, chaetosphaeria-like ascomycetes, such as the pyrenomycete genus Mirannulata, and shows affinity with the anamorphic species Dictyochaeta cylindrospora. The usefulness of describing anamorph genera for morphologically reduced anamorphs, when anamorph characteristics are actually part of the holomorph diagnosis, is discussed. An apparently contradictory example of the so-called Cordana and Pseudobotrytis anamorphs of Porosphaerella spp. is also discussed.