小型哺乳动物个性的生态适应、生理和遗传响应机制研究进展

近年来,大量的研究表明,动物的个性与其行为、生理、遗传以及生态适应有关。然而,动物的个性研究大多集中于非哺乳动物当中,而哺乳动物尤其是小型哺乳动物的研究尚未得到很好的开展。在此,我们回顾了动物个性概念的起源和研究方法的形成与确立,从生态适应角度归纳了动物个性在小型哺乳动物觅食、繁殖、扩散和集群生活以及生理和遗传响应等方面的研究进展;并概述了当前动物个性进化适应机制的“生活节奏综合征假说”和“状态-行为反馈假说”的研究现状;最后展望了小型哺乳动物个性研究未来的发展趋势。     

我国哺乳动物生理生态学的一些进展和未来发展的建议

本文简要论述了我国哺乳动物生理生态学(主要是啮齿动物)的几个主要领域(方向)的研究进展,如
对环境的适应和瘦素的生理功能。根据国际发展动态,对未来一些可能的发展方向提出了建议。     

内质网应激与哺乳动物雄性生殖

内质网应激 (endoplasmic reticulum stress,ERS) 激活未折叠蛋白反应,维持哺乳动物细胞的胞内稳态,过度持续的ERS导致细胞凋亡。最新研究表明,ERS对哺乳动物雄性生殖有重要的调节作用,包括对精母细胞、睾丸结构及精子发生的影响。ERS是研究生殖细胞生存和凋亡的新通路。雄性不育可能是由过度ERS引起的。本文通过简述ERS的最新研究进展,分析雄性生殖与ERS的关系,并从ERS调控雄性生殖角度提出新的理解和展望。     

生长抑素的生理作用及其与哺乳动物冬眠启动的关系

生长抑素(somatostatin, SS)是一种具有抑制性作用的脑肠肽,在哺乳动物的中枢神经系统及消化系统中广泛分布,具有抑制多种垂体激素的分泌、维持胃肠道功能等重要作用。冬眠是一种低体温和低代谢状态,以全身多器官功能暂时"休止"为特征,依据生长抑素特殊的"刹车"作用,推测其与冬眠启动过程相关。本文综述了生长抑素的生理作用及其与哺乳动物冬眠启动的关系。     

植物次生代谢物对植食性哺乳动物营养和生理生态特征的影响

植物次生代谢物对植食性哺乳动物的营养和生理生态效应是动植物相互关系研究中的一个重要方面。本文简要介绍了植食性哺乳动物处理植物次生代谢物的一般途径,着重阐述了植物次生代谢物对植食性哺乳动物的营养和生理特征的限制方式,并对决定植食性哺乳动物处理植物次生代谢物能力差异性的相关因素进行了探讨。最后,结合国际上的研究趋势,论述了国内开展此类研究的方向和重点。     

哺乳动物FSHR基因选择压力分析

FSHR基因正常表达是卵巢获得促性腺激素反应能力的关键,其与哺乳动物的繁殖性状有密切的关系,且该基因不同基因型与绵羊等多胎性状相关。对33种哺乳动物的FSHR基因选择压力进行分析,FSHR基因转录本最长ORF序列正选择位点有19个,但只有1个位点P>95%;鲸豚类动物为前景枝,比较M0和M2,差异显著,且二者均为0<ω<1。研究结果表明,哺乳动物的FSHR基因较保守,主要受净化选择作用。鲸豚类动物FSHR基因存在加速进化,推测长江江豚等鲸豚类动物抚幼要求高,难度大,一般1胎1仔,FSHR基因加速进化可能有助于其实现“优育”繁殖适应。     

哺乳动物低氧应激代谢成因的研究进展

氧气是哺乳动物机体代谢稳态维持的物质基础,若代谢过程中氧气供给不足,可造成低氧应激。目前,环境低氧、代谢性低氧和携氧细胞功能障碍是造成动物低氧应激的重要成因。目前,低氧对动物机体代谢和组织功能的影响研究主要集中于肺脏、肝脏、消化道、肌肉和乳腺等部位。若处于低氧状态的哺乳动物形成了适应低氧的代谢模式,则可维持其代谢稳态;相反,若动物无法维持低氧状态下的代谢稳态,则会导致机体氧化应激甚至病变。目前,低氧应激在家畜方面的研究主要集中于高原动物代谢适应机制;然而,泌乳期动物机体代谢速率、氧气消耗和自由基水平均较高,但氧在泌乳动物代谢应激形成中的作用及其对泌乳性能的影响,仍有待探索。综述了哺乳动物产生低氧应激的代谢成因与作用结果,旨在探讨哺乳动物低氧应激生物学基础,为进一步从低氧应激调控角度为泌乳动物的健康状况维持提供理论依据。     

飞机草对热带珊瑚岛的生理生态适应性

入侵植物对环境的适应性是探究其入侵性的基础.西沙群岛为热带珊瑚岛,具有高盐、强碱、高温、强光、干旱等恶劣环境特点.近年来,西沙群岛的一些原生植物群落中出现了飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)入侵现象,可能会对当地脆弱的生态系统造成严重的危害.该文研究了西沙群岛原生植物群落林窗中和文昌市郊飞机草的叶片形态解...     

哺乳动物滑翔和飞行性状适应性演化研究进展

运动形式的适应性演化与生物的捕食、防御、繁殖和通讯等生存行为紧密相关.哺乳动物演化出的多种多样的运动方式对占领新栖息地和获取新生存资源有着举足轻重的作用,其中滑翔和飞行能力是哺乳动物为适应环境而演化出的特殊运动形式,该类群动物已成为适应性演化研究的热点模型之一.为了适应生存,滑翔和飞行哺乳动物在形态、生理和行为方面都发...     

小型哺乳动物生理生态学研究与进化思想

动物生理生态学是一门利用生理学的手段和方法研究与动物的生存和繁殖相关的生态学问题的交叉学科,
旨在阐明动物对环境适应和进化的生理机制。在近70 年的发展历程中,进化生物学的思想和理论越来越紧密地
融入到生理生态学的研究中,同时生理生态学的研究结果也在充实着进化生物学理论的发展。本文根据作者多
年的研究经历,从动物的体型和代谢特征、消化生理、生态免疫和冬眠等几个侧面,简述了小型哺乳动物生理
生态学的某些研究进展和进化思想对该领域的影响。     

野生鸟类应激反应的生理机制及其生态意义

应激反应是动物应对不利环境条件时的生理、内分泌及行为变化。该反应对动物的行为和生存力产生重要影响。突发的恶劣气候、被捕食、人类干扰等不利刺激可引起鸟类的突发应激。栖息地中长期缺乏食物、存在捕食者、季节变化以及社群中的社会性控制等生态因素可使鸟类发生慢性应激。突发应激是野生鸟类应对突发不利刺激的适应性反应,而慢性应激则可影响野生鸟类的免疫力、生殖力和体重,最终影响种群的存活力。本文综述了野生鸟类应激反应的生理机制及其生态意义,以期为我国的鸟类生态学研究提供借鉴。     

贵州大沙河国家级自然保护区鸟兽多样性的红外相机监测初探

2016年12月至2019年8月,利用红外相机技术在贵州大沙河国家级自然保护区内对陆生大中型兽类和鸟类进行调查.本次调查设置85个1 km×1 km的公里网格和114个相机位点,共计19950个相机工作日和10767张独立有效照片.鉴定出鸟兽12目35科86种,其中兽类有5目14科25种和鸟类有7目21科61种,有4种...     

Genetic and ecological differentiation in the hybridizing campions Silene dioica and S. latifolia

Ecological differentiation is a major contributor to the generation and maintenance of biological diversity. We investigated habitat differentiation between and within sites in the fully cross-fertile and hybridizing Silene dioica and S. latifolia using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLP) profiles and corresponding vegetation relevés around individual plants. Nineteen study sites in the Swiss Alps included pure sites and contact sites (both taxa present within 30 m). In pure sites and at contact sites, the two taxa showed consistently differentiated AFLP banding patterns across regions but few discriminating bands. This indicates that although the two taxa are weakly differentiated, current introgression has not led to genome-wide admixture. Only three putative early generation hybrids were detected at contact sites. The habitats of the two taxa differed between pure sites with S. dioica occurring in moister, colder, and less-disturbed sites than S. latifolia. However, asymmetric habitat overlap was evident within contact sites found in intermediate conditions that were more similar to S. latifolia sites. This situation might favor introgression from S. dioica into S. latifolia. Evidence for habitat-genotype associations within contact sites was weak making habitat-mediated selection against intermediate phenotypes of hybrids unlikely in the contact sites investigated. We suggest that other reproductive barriers together with dispersal limitation contribute to the rarity of early generation hybrids.     

Physiological adaptability of three mangrove species to salt stress

The impact of salinity on three arboreal mangrove plants, Sonneratia apetala (Sa), S. caseolaris (Sc) and Rhizophora stylosa (Rs), was studied. The three mangrove species were treated with different salinity levels over a three-month period. The response and adaptation of these three mangrove species to salinity were shown to be different. Net photosynthesis rate, stomata conductance and transpiration rate of leaves decreased and soluble sugar content in leaves increased, with salt concentration in all three mangrove species. The malondial dehyde (MDA) content in stems and leaves of Sa and Sc somewhat decreased when the salinity was lower than 10, but rapidly increased with increasing salt concentration. The MDA content in stems and leaves of Rs increased only when salinity was greater than 40. No changes were observed in the MDA content of roots in the three mangrove species. The adaptabilities of Sa and Sc to salt tolerance were limited. The more salt tolerant the mangrove Rs, the more likely the free oxygen radicals were eliminated through the increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results of this experiment identified salinity levels best suited for the growth and metabolism of the species, which provides information necessary for maintaining mangrove forestation along the South China coast.     

Physiological adaptability of three mangrove species to salt stress

The impact of salinity on three arboreal mangrove plants, Sonneratia apetala (Sa), S. caseolaris (Sc) and Rhizophora stylosa (Rs), was studied. The three mangrove species were treated with different salinity levels over a three-month period. The response and adaptation of these three mangrove species to salinity were shown to be different. Net photosynthesis rate, stomata conductance and transpiration rate of leaves decreased and soluble sugar content in leaves increased, with salt concentration in all three mangrove species. The malondial dehyde (MDA) content in stems and leaves of Sa and Sc somewhat decreased when the salinity was lower than 10, but rapidly increased with increasing salt concentration. The MDA content in stems and leaves of Rs increased only when salinity was greater than 40. No changes were observed in the MDA content of roots in the three mangrove species. The adaptabilities of Sa and Sc to salt tolerance were limited. The more salt tolerant the mangrove Rs, the more likely the free oxygen radicals were eliminated through the increase in activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD). Results of this experiment identified salinity levels best suited for the growth and metabolism of the species, which provides information necessary for maintaining mangrove forestation along the South China coast.     

红树植物白骨壤叶片的解剖结构及其生态适应性

运用石蜡切片的方法对红树植物白骨壤的叶片进行解剖学的观察和研究。结果表明:白骨壤的叶为异面叶;上表皮为复表皮,有厚的角质膜及下皮层;下表皮上有大量的泌盐腺毛;栅栏组织多层,约占叶肉组织的2/3,海绵组织退化;机械组织和输导组织均很发达。反映了白骨壤叶片的结构与其生活的海生环境高度相适应。     

Simulated removal trapping considered in connection with actual census data in small mammals

A record of simulated removal trapping of 50 samples drawn from N=50 under a design has been considered as to how it does contribute to practical censuses of small mammals. It follows that, for ordinary-density populations so far experienced, the removal census based on the theory may frequently lead to quite wrong estimates from single-plot data by the simplest method, and that the maximum likelihood method is doubtless better, but even this method may produce right estimates in about half of the cases, their standard error being of limited availability. Therefore pooling of data from many plots are desirous for such populations.     

五种海桑属红树植物叶片的结构及其生态适应

对海桑属五种红树植物的叶片进行解剖学的观察和研究。结果表明:海桑属红树植物的叶片上、下均有栅栏组织,栅栏组织与叶片厚的比值在0.3375～0.4349之间,属等面叶;表皮的角质膜厚1.88～7.63μm;输导组织发达;多数种类的栅栏组织中有分泌腔,而海绵组织中有单宁异细胞分布。说明了海桑属红树植物叶片的结构具有很强的耐旱及抗腐蚀能力。     

The combined role of the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems in social communication in mammals

The main olfactory and the vomeronasal systems are the two systems by which most vertebrates detect chemosensory cues that mediate social behavior. Much research has focused on how one system or the other is critical for particular behaviors. This has lead to a vision of two distinct and complexly autonomous olfactory systems. A closer look at research over the past 30 years reveals a different picture however. These two seemingly distinct systems are much more integrated than previously thought. One novel set of chemosensory cues in particular (MHC Class I peptide ligands) can show us how both systems are capable of detecting the same chemosensory cues, through different mechanisms yet provide the same general information (genetic individuality). Future research will need to now focus on how two seemingly distinct chemosensory systems together detect pheromones and mediate social behaviors. Do these systems work independently, synergistically or competitively in communicating between individuals of the same species?