Analyses of virus-induced homomeric and heteromeric protein associations between IRF-3 and coactivator CBP/p300

Cellular genes including the type I interferon genes are activated in response to viral infection. We previously reported that IRF-3 (interferon regulatory factor 3) is specifically phosphorylated on serine residues and directly transmits a virus-induced signal from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, and then participates in the primary phase of gene induction. In this study, we analyzed the molecular mechanism of IRF-3 activation further. The formation of a stable homomeric complex of IRF-3 between the specifically phosphorylated IRF-3 molecules occurred. While virus-induced IRF-7 did not bind to p300, the phosphorylated IRF-3 complex formed a stable multimeric complex with p300 (active holocomplex). Competition using a synthetic phosphopeptide corresponding to the activated IRF-3 demonstrated that p300 directly recognizes the structure in the vicinity of the phosphorylated residues of IRF-3. These results indicated that the phosphorylation of serine residues at positions 385 and 386 is critical for the formation of the holocomplex, presumably through a conformational switch facilitating homodimer formation and the generation of the interaction interface with CBP/p300.     

Selective DNA binding and association with the CREB binding protein coactivator contribute to differential activation of alpha/beta interferon genes by interferon regulatory factors 3 and 7

Recent studies implicate the interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF) IRF-3 and IRF-7 as key activators of the alpha/beta IFN (IFN-alpha/beta) genes as well as the RANTES chemokine gene. Using coexpression analysis, the human IFNB, IFNA1, and RANTES promoters were stimulated by IRF-3 coexpression, whereas the IFNA4, IFNA7, and IFNA14 promoters were preferentially induced by IRF-7 only. Chimeric proteins containing combinations of different IRF-7 and IRF-3 domains were also tested, and the results provided evidence of distinct DNA binding properties of IRF-3 and IRF-7, as well as a preferential association of IRF-3 with the CREB binding protein (CBP) coactivator. Interestingly, some of these fusion proteins led to supraphysiological levels of IFN promoter activation. DNA binding site selection studies demonstrated that IRF-3 and IRF-7 bound to the 5'-GAAANNGAAANN-3' consensus motif found in many virus-inducible genes; however, a single nucleotide substitution in either of the GAAA half-site motifs eliminated IRF-3 binding and transactivation activity but did not affect IRF-7 interaction or transactivation activity. These studies demonstrate that IRF-3 possesses a restricted DNA binding site specificity and interacts with CBP, whereas IRF-7 has a broader DNA binding specificity that contributes to its capacity to stimulate delayed-type IFN gene expression. These results provide an explanation for the differential regulation of IFN-alpha/beta gene expression by IRF-3 and IRF-7 and suggest that these factors have complementary rather than redundant roles in the activation of the IFN-alpha/beta genes.