静注人免疫球蛋白中白喉抗体效价对其Fc段生物学活性检测结果影响的分析

目的分析静注人免疫球蛋白(IVIG)中白喉抗体效价对其Fc段生物学活性检测的影响。方法检测20批IVIG的白喉抗体效价水平和Fc段生物学活性结果,进一步探讨白喉抗体效价与Fc段生物学活性的关系。结果20批IVIG中白喉抗体效价水平均符合中国药典的要求,在3~60 HAU/g之间,其中有两批IVIG的白喉抗体效价水平相对较高,其他18批IVIG的白喉抗体效价水平变化趋势不明显。20批IVIG的Fc段生物学活性均较高,在60%~140%之间。白喉抗体效价水平高者,其Fc段生物学活性并非高,反之亦然。结论 IVIG的Fc段生物学活性与其白喉抗体效价水平无明显的相关性。     

Antibody response to sulfolipids in experimental tuberculosis

Live Mycobacterium tuberculosis H₃₇Rv, when injected into guinea pigs, induced antibodies to sulfolipids whereas antibodies were not detected in animals injected with heat killed cells. The antibody titre was found to be related to the degree of infection. A significant decrease in the titre was noted after streptomycin treatment, suggesting that antibodies were produced in response to an increasing bacterial load that occurred as the infection progressed.     

Artificial immunization of pigeons against Argas polonicus (Ixodoidea, Argasidae)

Two subcutaneous injections of salivary gland antigen (SGA) or larval homogenate (LH) at 2-week intervals induced a resistance in pigeons to Argas (Argas) polonicus Siuda, Hoogstraal, Clifford and Wassef larvae and induced anti-tick antibodies. The number of larvae rejected after LH immunization was significantly higher compared to SGA immunization but lower than the number of larvae rejected after two natural infestations at 2-week intervals. The antibody titre reached a peak on day 6 following the first inoculation of LH, and 11-13 days after SGA inoculation. The maximum antibody titre was recorded 6 days after a second challenge for both antigens. The highest antibody titre was reached after the first inoculation with LH but only after the second inoculation with SGA. The sera of pigeons immunized either with SGA or LH cross-reacted with the other antigen as demonstrated by ELISA. SDS-PAGE and immunoblot studies demonstrated several differences in the protein profiles of these antigens, the presence of 34 and 35 kdal proteins in SGA and their absence in LH.     

Complement-fixing antibodies against rotaviruses in healthy children in the Czech Socialist Republic and People's Democratic Republic of Yemen

Levels of complement-fixing antibodies against rotaviruses were evaluated in the sera of 900 healthy children aged 1-9 years 300 sera were collected in the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in September-October 1985, 300 sera were obtained in the Czech Socialist Republic in the same period and another 300 also in the Czech Socialist Republic in September-October 1986. The latter two groups were investigated in the framework of immunological surveys. A complement-fixation antigen was prepared from a simian strain of the rotavirus type SA-11 in a tissue cell line MA-104. The sera from Yemen featured lower mean titres in the age groups and thus the lowest overall titre. As the antibody titre increased, the portion of seropositive sera from Yemen declined by far more rapidly than in the Czech children, where it remained virtually the same. The sera from Yemen showed the lowest negative rate and lowest ratio of high titres. The antibody titre of 1:64 and higher was not detected in children from Yemen, while they occurred in the two groups of Czech children. There was no correlation between antibody titres and probands' sex, nor was there linear dependence of titre magnitude on age. The mean positivity rate in each group as assessed by the antibody titres was the lowest in the sera from Yemen. The percentage of positive sera in all age groups was higher in the Czech children with the exception of children from Yemen aged 6 and 9 years. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antibody status in infant populations and thus expand knowledge of rotavirus epidemiology.     

Effect of immunization on reproducvive performance, embryo quality and progesterone in Rasa Aragonesa ewes actively immunized against androstenedione or passively immunized against testosterone

A total of 217 Rasa Aragonesa ewes were used to test two immunization treatments: 1.Active immunization against androstenedione: ewes immunized in previous matings (androstenedione, reimmunized; AR groups, n=58) or not (first immunization; AF groups n=64) were boosted either 2 or 4 wk before mating. 2.Passive immunization against testosterone: antisera were injected either at sponge withdrawal (zero time; T0 group, n=21) or 1 wk previously (Tl group, n=22). We used 52 ewes as controls (C group). Half of each group was used either to record reproductive performance or to embryo viability assessment. Prolificacy was significantly increased in ewes which reached a moderate antibody level, independently of the treatment. Fertility was lower in AR ewes that attained a high antibody titre (P<0.01). The percentage of viable embryos recovered was lower in AF ewes (P<0.01), and in ewes whose testosterone antibody titre was high (P<0.05), compared to C group. It was proven that similar or lower antibody levels were more harmful for ewes from AF and Tl than for ewes from AR or T0 groups. The proportion of nonfertilized recovered ova was not significant. Progesterone levels were notably increased in AR ewes (P<0.001) independently of ovulation rate and were positively correlated to antibody titre at mating (P<0.01) but these events were not observed in T ewes. These findings indicate that after androgen immunoneutralization, only those ewes having antibody titres within a limited range at mating had improved reproductive performance. Further research is needed in order to understand the role that progesterone plays in immunized ewes.     

Development of ELISA for the detection of Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato: its application in seed health testing

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia (formerly Pseudomonas) solanacearum is worldwide in distribution. It is one of the most destructive bacterial diseases of economically important crops. The serological assays so far developed for the detection of R. solanacearum were able to provide information as to the presence or absence of the pathogen in soil and plant materials. However, they could not discriminate between virulent and avirulent strains of the pathogen and were not specific to strains and races. In the present investigation, virulent bacterial cells (encapsulated with mucin) from tomato seeds were used as antigen and polyclonal antisera were developed in rabbit using a classical immunization protocol. Antisera thus developed were examined for the antibody titre, sensitivity, specificity, rapidity and the efficacy of the antibody in identifying the virulent and avirulent strains of the pathogen and the potential for application of this assay to the screening of infected plant materials and seeds. Our results indicate that the anti-tomato R. solanacearum: (i) has a good antibody titre of 1:10,000; (ii) can detect as few as 100 bacterial cells/ml; (iii) is tomato-specific (it reacted with tomato R. solanacearum, and not with isolates from chilli or eggplant); (iv) is reactive to all isolates of R. solanacearum from tomato; (v) is not cross-reactive with non-pseudomonads; (vi) is virulent strain-specific as it recognizes the virulent exopolysaccharide component as an antigenic determinant; (vii) reactivity could be correlated well with the degree of infection in tomato seeds and plant materials. The enzyme linked immunosorbent assay developed is sensitive, specific and rapid, therefore suitable for the detection of R. solanacearum isolates from tomato seeds during routine assays.     

Estimation of post-vaccination antibody titre against goat pox and determination of protective antibody titre

Goats maintained in farm/under rural condition by individual owners with definite history of vaccination were vaccinated with Freeze Dried Tissue Culture Goat Pox Vaccine and antibody titre was determined up to 1 year post-vaccination period. A few experimental goats were vaccinated and subsequently challenged with isolated virulent field virus and antibody titre of vaccinated animals observed at different intervals was compared with the antibody titre observed in the experimental goats. Post-vaccination serum neutralizing antibody titre was 1:32 at 1 year post-vaccination. All the vaccinated experimental goats withstood virulent field virus challenge on 21st day with serum neutralizing antibody titre of 1:16.     

Effect of anti-oestradiol-17B antibodies on the reproductive response of ewes superovulated with PMSG

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effect of anti-oestradiol-17B antibody titre on the oestrous and ovulatory responses of ewes to low (600 i.u.) or high (1200 i.u.) doses of pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin (PMSG). Merino ewes were treated with intravaginal sponges and were subsequently used as vehicle-treated controls or were immunized to produce reciprocal anti-oestradiol-17B antibody titres less than 1000 or greater than 1000. Ewes were then treated with PMSG and the incidence of oestrus and ovulation, ovulation rate, and yield of embryos recorded. Treatment of immune ewes with 1200 i.u. PMSG resulted in both a higher proportion of ewes ovulating and a higher ovulation rate than in immune ewes treated with 600 i.u. (86% v. 67% and 13.4 v. 6.0 respectively). As anti-oestradiol-17B titres increased there was a reduction in the proportion of ewes exhibiting oestrus. The proportion of ewes ovulating decreased as antibody increased in ewes treated with 600 i.u. PMSG but not in those treated with 1200 i.u., suggesting an increased positive feedback of oestradiol with high PMSG doses. Fertilization rates were highest at the lower PMSG dose (68% v. 42%) and increased with increasing titre. Overall, there was no increase in ovulation rate or in yield of embryos over control values from either low (less than 1000) or high (greater than 1000) antibody titres.     

Small-scale trial of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (A/Hong Kong/68).

Seventy-one men who were given live-attenuated A/Hong Kong/68 (H3N2) influenza vaccine during November 1973, and 34 men given placebo were examined for changes in antibody level. Overall, 12 of the 71 men (17%) given the vaccine showed a fourfold rise in haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titre after 14 days. No such rises were seen in the 34 men given placebo. However, 10 of the men showing a fourfold rise were from 19 who had no detectable HI antibody to this virus before vaccination, representing a conversion rate of 53%. The other two had a HI titre of 1/10 before vaccination. The absence of antibody response, at 14 days, in those with an HI titre of 1/20 or greater may indicated that this represents a protective level against infection. However, the vaccine virus was probably overattenuated and may have constituted a weaker challenge than might occur with a wild strain. No influenza virus was isolated from either group in the week after vaccination and no evidence of transmission to the placebo group was seen. Mild symptoms, chills, muscle pain, and stiffness were more frequently seen in the 12 persons showing a fourfold rise in antibody than in the rest of the volunteers.     

Evaluation of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of tularemia

The usefulness of the ELISA using as antigen prepared in our laboratory supernatant obtained after centrifugation of sonicated F. tularensis cell suspension was compared with the tube agglutination test with commercial available antigen. Paired serum specimens obtained from 6 patients with ulceroglandular syndrome of tularemia were tested in both tests. The cut-off limit of serum antibodies was set at mean antibody titre determined in the sera of 115 blood donors exceeded by three standard deviations. Antibodies to F. tularensis in diagnostically significant titre were detected in all 12 serum samples by both tests. However the titres obtained in ELISA were several times higher than in tube agglutination test. In the second serum sample the level of IgA and IgM was lower but the level of IgG higher than in the first sample. We could not observe any difference in the level of antibodies between paired serum specimens in tube agglutination test.     

Immunity to equine herpesvirus 1 infection in foals during the first year of life.

A band of 23 pregnant mares on a Thoroughbred breeding farm all had serum virus-neutralizing antibody titres to equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1). Antibody was not transferred to their foals in utero. All foals received antibody from colostrum and developed antibody titres similar to their dams. The serum virus-neutralizing antibody titres were observed in 10 of these foals for 1 year. Decay of passive immunity occurred at the rate of 3.25 two-fold dilutions in 100 days and reached zero at the mean time of 180 days. The foals were exposed to EHV-1 twice. Foals with a geometric mean titre of 1 : 25 experienced infection and a rise of titre, while those with a geometric mean titre of 1 : 76 resisted infection.     

Antibodies to rubellavirus, herpes simplex virus and Toxoplasma gondii in serial serum samples of pregnant and non-pregnant women.

By testing serial serum samples of 213 pregnant women for rubellavirus, of 196 for herpes simplex virus and of 134 for Toxoplasma gondii, it was found that during pregnancy there was a fall in the humoral antibody level. Presence and titre of antibodies were lower in sera of pregnant than of non-pregnant women. Alteration of the humoral antibody level during pregnancy may influence serological studies aimed at clarifying the role of infections in fetal malformations. Serial serum samples (4 samples from each pregnant woman involved) should be tested for obtaining reliable data regarding the frequency of infections during pregnancy.     

重组A型产气荚膜梭菌α毒素保护性抗原的制备及初步免疫保护作用研究

诱导表达重组工程菌Pbv/cpa408后,将表达菌体超声破碎,上清经80%饱和硫酸铵一次沉淀,经透析,上凝胶过滤层析柱进行分离纯化,薄层凝胶扫描结果显示,纯化的蛋白纯度达95%以上;用纯化蛋白免疫昆明小鼠,以1.0MLD100腹腔进行攻击,被免疫小鼠获得了100%的保护。     

Use of the indirect hemagglutination reaction for detecting antibodies to Pseudomonas pyocyanea in acute suppurative destructive pneumonia]

No less than 4-fold increase in the antibody titres to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the infectious process served as laboratory confirmation of its participation in the infectious process. In 49 of 91 patients hemagglutining titre exceeded the diagnostic one (1:640). In 9 patients (chiefly in infants) hemagglutinin titre remained low, but there was a rise of antibody level to Pseudomonas aeruginosa during the disease. High hemagglutinin titres were noted in 12 patients on admission to the clinic, with reduction of the antibody titres at the late periods of the disease. Antibody titres remained unchanged during the disease in 15 patients. In 3 cases the indirect hemagglutination test was assesed as negative. In the rest of the patients hemagglutinin titres varied within the range of the diagnostic titre. Thus, the indirect hemagglutination test with erythrocytic diagnostic agent permitting to determine antibodies to Pseudomonas aeruginosa could be used at the clinic in combination with bacteriological and other investigations for establishing etiology of the destructive process.     

High titres of antibody to murine leukaemia virus in lymphocyte (Ly) alloantisera

The radioimmune precipitation (RIP) assay was used to examine the antibody titres against endogenous AKR murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) in a number of antisera to lymphocyte (Ly) alloantigens. The sera from normal donor and unimmunized recipient mice used in raising the alloantisera were also examined for anti-MuLV activity. It was found that all the antisera had high anti-MuLV titres and that in all but one case alloantigen immunization augmented the anti-viral titres. The degree of augmentation did not appear to be related to the anti-MuLV titre in the donor strain sera. Three I-region antisera were also examined for anti-MuLV antibodies and were found to have lower anti-viral titres than the Ly antisera even though immunization to I-region products greatly augmented the anti-viral titre. These results caution against the use of Ly antisera in characterizing the phenotype of lymphoid tumour cells without prior virus absorption.     

Stable biocompatible adjuvants--a new type of adjuvant based on solid lipid nanoparticles: a study on cytotoxicity,compatibility and efficacy in chicken

A new type of adjuvant was tested for its ability to initiate antibody production in chickens, and its cellular and tissue compatibility were assessed. The stable biocompatible adjuvants tested are based on surface-modified solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), made from paraffin or biodegradable glycerides, and are simply admixed to the antigens before administration. The tissue-damaging potency of four formulations of the new adjuvants (H1, H2, H3 and H4) were first tested in vitro by using human foreskin fibroblasts and RAW 264.7 macrophages. The adjuvants were well tolerated by both cell types. Immunisation studies in chickens were performed by using a Mycoplasma bovis antigen and mouse immunoglobulin G (IgG). The resulting antibodies were non-invasively extracted from egg yolk. The use of the various adjuvant formulations resulted in a significant production of specific antibodies after the first and second booster immunisations. Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), considered until now to be the "gold standard" among the adjuvants, revealed the highest antibody titre against mouse IgG. SLNs with a particle size of more than 100 nm exhibited a clear adjuvant activity, whereas SLNs with a particle size below 100 nm, in various concentrations, revealed a lower adjuvant activity. Immunisation of chickens with the mouse IgG alone, dissolved in phosphate-buffered saline, resulted in a slow antibody titre development. At the end of the experiment, the chickens were examined for vaccination-associated tissue damage. In contrast to FCA, the SLN formulations caused only minor tissue irritation at the injection sites. In conclusion, SLNs seem to be a promising alternative to FCA for antibody production in chickens, and potentially in other animals.     

Suppression of the antibody response to sulfolipids in leprosy patients by 4,4′-diaminodiphenyl sulfone (DDS)

Antibodies to sulfolipids were demonstrated in patients suffering from lepromatous leprosy. The antibody titre was found to decrease gradually on treatment with DDS. This effect was maximum for patients undergoing treatment for more than 1 year.     

High titres of antibody to murine leukaemia virus in lymphocyte (Ly) alloantisera

The radioimmune precipitation (RIP) assay was used to examine the antibody titres against endogenous AKR murine leukaemia virus (MuLV) in a number of antisera to lymphocyte (Ly) alloantigens. The sera from normal donor and unimmunized recipient mice used in raising the alloantisera were also examined for anti-MuLV activity. It was found that all the antisera had high anti-MuLV titres and that in all but one case alloantigen immunization augmented the anti-viral titres. The degree of augmentation did not appear to be related to the anti-MuLV titre in the donor strain sera. Three I-region antisera were also examined for anti-MuLV antibodies and were found to have lower anti-viral titres than the Ly antisera even though immunization to I-region products greatly augmented the anti-viral titre. These results caution against the use of Ly antisera in characterizing the phenotype of lymphoid tumour cells without prior virus absorption.     

Human rabies immunoglobulin assayed by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test suppresses active rabies immunization

The rabies antibody content of each of ten lots of human rabies immunoglobulin was titrated by both the mouse neutralization test and the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. The two tests did not give comparable results, the antibody titres obtained by the mouse neutralization test being 1·4–9·6 times higher than those obtained by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test. This titre difference was associated with a consistently lower antibody response in human volunteers who had received post-exposure rabies vaccine treatment which included the administration of RIG assayed by the RFFIT.     

Increased ovulation rate in androstenedione-immune ewes is not due to elevated plasma concentrations of FSH

Two experiments were undertaken to determine the hormonal response of Merino ewes to immunization against androstenedione (Fecundin). In Exp. 1 peripheral concentrations of LH, FSH and progesterone were monitored in spontaneously cycling ewes (20 immunized and 21 controls). In Exp. 2 (10 immunized and 10 controls) the same hormones were measured in ewes before and after prostaglandin (PG)-induced luteolysis and, in addition, the pattern of pulsatile LH secretion was determined during the luteal (PG + 12 days), early follicular (PG + 24 h) and late follicular (PG + 40 h) phase of the oestrous cycle. Ovulation rates were measured in both experiments. The results of these experiments indicate that androstenedione-immune animals have elevated ovulation rates (0.6-0.7 greater than control animals; P less than 0.05) associated with elevated plasma concentrations of LH and progesterone. The magnitude of the increase in plasma progesterone was correlated with androstenedione antibody titre (r = 0.6, P less than 0.001). LH pulse frequency of androstenedione-immune ewes tended to be higher at all stages of the oestrous cycle, but this difference was only significant (P less than 0.05) during the luteal phase. Mean plasma concentrations of FSH did not differ significantly between immunized and control ewes at any stage of the cycle. Analysis of periodic fluctuations in FSH during the luteal phase revealed that androstenedione-immune animals had a similar number of fluctuations of a similar amplitude to those of control animals, but the nadir of these fluctuations was lower (P less than 0.05) in immunized animals. A significant (P less than 0.05) negative correlation existed between androstenedione antibody titre and the interval between FSH peaks (r = -0.49) and androstenedione antibody titre and FSH nadir concentrations (r = -0.46). It is concluded that plasma FSH concentrations are not a determinant of ovulation rate in androstenedione-immune ewes and that increased LH concentrations, or perturbation of normal intraovarian mechanisms, may be responsible for the increase in ovulation rate observed in ewes immunized against androstenedione.