帽儿山地区秋季食果实鸟类的食性与迁徙

野外研究于2002和2003年秋季在帽儿山地区进行。帽儿山地区秋季可供鸟类取食的肉质果植物种类繁多,黄檗(Phellodendronamurense)和山荆子(Malusbaccata)是最主要的两种植物。帽儿山地区迁徙性食果实鸟类共9种,包括夏候鸟和旅鸟5种,冬候鸟4种。主要的食果实鸟类是斑鸫(Turdusnaumanni)、灰背鸫(T.hortulorum)和北朱雀(Carpodacusroseus),前两种为食果肉鸟类,后一种是食种子鸟类。斑鸫主要取食黄檗果实,灰背鸫主要取食山荆子果实,北朱雀主要取食黄檗种子。食果实鸟类在秋季也捕食一些动物性食物。3种主要食果实鸟类的迁徙日期不同。灰背鸫最先迁离,斑鸫稍晚,北朱雀最后到此越冬。果实丰歉年对鸟类的迁徙有一定的影响。     

4种雀形目鸟消化道形态特征

鸟类消化系统的形态结构与其食性密切相关。本文对红点颏(Luscinia calliope)、红喉姬(Ficedula parva)、栗(Emberiza rutila)和普通朱雀(Carpodacus erythrinus)4种雀形目鸟类的消化道形态特征进行了比较研究。实验结果显示,4种鸟的总消化道长度和各消化器官的长度(胃长度除外),消化道总重量和各消化器官的重量均存在明显的种间差异。植食性鸟(普通朱雀)具有相对较长的消化道,而食虫鸟(红点颏和红喉姬)则具有相对较高的消化道重量。实验证明,鸟类不同的食性特征塑造了不同的消化道适应对策。     

Slovakian Pupils' Knowledge of,and Attitudes toward,Birds

ABSTRACT

As the world's biodiversity is being destroyed, costs for nature protection activities increase. One proposed way to increase people's pro-environmental attitudes is to increase their knowledge base. It has been suggested that knowledge and attitudes are related, but no consensus in this field yet exists. Thus, the investigation of the relationship between attitudes and knowledge has valuable implications for nature protection programs. In this paper, we investigated relationships between Slovakian grammar school pupils' attitudes to, and knowledge of, birds (n = 402 participants aged 10–19 years). We found that factual knowledge about birds was positively related to pupils' attitudes toward birds. Interestingly, younger pupils had better knowledge of birds than older pupils. Regarding attitudes, higher scores were registered for the Concern for Birds and Avoidance of Birds dimensions than the Interest in Birds dimension. Females showed more positive attitudes in the Avoidance of Birds dimension compared with males, and bird owners scored higher in the Interest in Birds dimension and lower in the Concern for Birds dimension compared with non-bird owners. Implications for nature protection programs are discussed.     

Strategies of spatial learning for food storing in scrub jays

Western scrub jays (Aphelocoma californica) hide food and rely on spatial memory to recover their caches at a later date. To do this cache-and-recovery, they can use both spatial and site-specific cues. I examined these cues in an experimental setting. The experiment established that scrub jays, like other food storers, prefer to rely on the location of the caching tray rather than tray-specific cues. They could modify their preference for spatial cues through training in which spatial cues were made irrelevant. Even after such training, the spatial cues controlled the jays behaviour when the spatial and site-specific cues gave competitive information about the cached sites. Thus, the global spatial cues have priority but the jays use the local site-specific cues when the spatial cues do not give enough information about the cached site.     

The fruits of selectivity: how birds forage on Goupia glabra fruits of different ripeness

Although many studies have been published on avian fruit selection, few have addressed the effects of fruit scarcity on the patterns of fruit choice. Here, we compared the consumption of seven bird species for six simultaneously present maturation stages of Goupia glabra fruits. Ripe G. glabra fruits contain more lipids, carbohydrates and energy, and fewer phenols, than unripe fruits. All bird species selected from among ripening stages and removed a higher proportion of ripe fruits than of intermediate or unripe fruits. Importantly, however, fruit choice was flexible in all species. Whether birds preferred or avoided fruits of intermediate ripeness depended on the overall fruit supply. When ripe fruits were scarce, birds showed a higher acceptance of fruits of intermediate ripeness, but still rejected the least ripe fruit stages. In a foraging bout, most birds fed on fruits of the same ripeness. By doing so, birds maximised instantaneous energy gain per time, because search time was longer for riper fruits while energy intake was lower for less ripe fruits. The results suggest that birds select fruits based on fine-scale differences in profitability, but accept less profitable fruits during low fruit abundance. If environmental factors such as overall fruit availability influence avian fruit choice, we suggest that the potential for directional selective pressures on fruit compounds is restricted.     

北京城市鸟类对食源植物利用规律

园林植物为城市生活的鸟类提供重要食物资源,园林中的植物配置会影响城市中鸟类的种类、数量和群落结构.研究城市鸟类与食源植物的关系,可明确鸟类对食源植物的取食关系,为提高城市鸟类多样性提供技术支撑.2017至2019年,在北京市范围内,以直接观察法和野外照片识别法记录鸟类取食的食源植物种类和数量.共选取6个研究地点,每个研...     

Strengthened insectivory in a temperate fragmented forest

Habitat fragmentation modifies ecological patterns and processes through changes in species richness and abundance. In the coastal Maulino forest, central Chile, both species richness and abundance of insectivorous birds increases in forest fragments compared to continuous forest. Through a field experiment, we examined larvae predation in fragmented forests. Higher richness and abundance of birds foraging at forest fragments translated into more insect larvae preyed upon in forest fragments than in continuous forest. The assessed level of insectivory in forest fragments agrees with lower herbivory levels in forest fragments. This pattern strongly suggests the strengthening of food interactions web in forest fragments of coastal Maulino forest.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at and is accessible for authorized users.     

布氏田鼠对主要贮草种类的选储嗜好

布氏田鼠 (Ｍｉｃｒｏｔｕｓｂｒａｎｄｔｉ)为内蒙古典型草原区的主要害鼠 ,其危害主要表现在与牲畜争夺牧草资源[1,3 ,5,6,9] 。该鼠属不冬眠种类 ,冬季主要以洞群贮草仓库中的贮草为食 ,因此 ,研究其秋季集群的贮草习性 ,对于分析和了解该鼠的越冬生态特征具有一定的意义。有关布氏田鼠的贮草习性 ,已有一些报道[4 ,7] 。研究表明 ,在羊草 冷蒿 隐子草草场 ,布氏田鼠的越冬贮草以蒿属 (Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ)植物为主 ,其中冷蒿 (Ａ .ｆｒｉｇｉｄａ)与黄蒿 (Ａ .ｓｃｏｐａｒｉａ)占贮草比例超过 90 % [2 ] ,但上述研究均未涉及布氏田鼠…     

The influence of ethanol on feeding in the frugivorous yellow-vented bulbul (Pycnonotus xanthopygos)

The sugars in fleshy fruits provide a rich source of energy to frugivorous animals. However, these carbohydrates also serve as a substrate for alcoholic fermentation by yeasts, ethanol being the main by-product of this process. Ethanol ingestion via frugivory thus occurs in a diverse assemblage of invertebrate and vertebrate taxa, including numerous species of birds. We tested the roles of ethanol as an odor cue for resource location by adult yellow-vented bulbuls (Pycnonotus xanthopygos) and as a possible appetite stimulant in feeding trials with artificial food. We hypothesized (1) that the odor of ethanol does not serve as a food-locating cue in diurnal frugivorous passerine birds, and predicted that the choice of food source and the mass of food eaten by such birds will not be influenced by the odor of ethanol. We further hypothesized (2) that food intake in passerine birds is affected by ingestion of ethanol according to its concentration [EtOH], and predicted that food intake will follow a bell-shaped curve in relation to [EtOH]. In accord with hypothesis (1) and its prediction, we found that the odor of ethanol did not affect food preferences, in either ethanol-naïve or ethanol-experienced yellow-vented bulbuls, when presented at concentrations found in naturally ripe fruit (0.0–1.0%); this suggests that the odor of ethanol is not a food-locating cue for the bulbuls. Hypothesis (2) was partially supported, namely at low [EtOH] (0–3%), food intake was constant and at high [EtOH] (3%) food intake decreased, following only the right half of the predicted bell-shaped response. Ethanol-naïve birds showed no preference towards any [EtOH] presented in two-way choice trials. However, daily food intake in ethanol-experienced bulbuls in single option trials decreased by an average of 36% when the artificial food contained the highest tested concentration of ethanol (3.0%). We suggest that decreasing food intake when food ethanol concentration is relatively high may be a means of avoiding intoxication and is related to the ethanol-metabolizing ability of the bird.     

Localisation ultimobranchiale et thyroidienne des cellules C (cellules à calcitonine) chez deux Columbidae: le pigeon et le tourtereau

Résumé Chez les deux Columbidae étudiés, les cellules C sont présentes à la fois dans les corps ultimobranchiaux et dans la thyroïde. Les corps ultimobranchiaux sont constitués de cordons renfermant des cellules glandulaires et des cellules bordantes. Dans certaines zones périphériques de la thyroïde, des cordons ultimobranchiaux typiques sont localisés dans les espaces interfolliculaires et sous-capsulaires. Des cellules C folliculaires basales analogues à celles de la thyroïde du mammifère sont rarement observées.Les caractères morphologiques des cellules C sont identiques quelle que soit leur localisation: ultimobranchiale, thyroidienne extrafolliculaire ou folliculaire basale. Les granules sécrétoires diffèrent légèrement par leur forme chez le pigeon et le tourtereau; leur diamètre moyen est plus variable d'une cellule à l'autre chez le pigeon.Des contacts neuroglandulaires existent au niveau des cordons glandulaires localisés dans les corps ultimobranchiaux et dans la thyroïde. Leur signification reste obscure.

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Ultimobranchial and thyroidian localization of C cells in two Columbidae: the pigeon and the turtle-doveAn electron microscopic study

Summary In the two Columbidae we studied, C cells are present both in the ultimobranchial bodies and in the thyroid. Ultimobranchial bodies consist of cords which are made up of glandular cells and limiting cells. In certain peripheral regions of the thyroid, typical ultimobranchial cords are situated in the interiollicular and infracapsular spaces. Basal follicular C cells similar to those of the mammalian thyroid are rarely observed.The morphological characteristics of the C cells are identical whatever their situation may be: ultimobranchial or thyroidian, be it extrafollicular or basal follicular. The secretory granules differ slightly by their shape in the pigeon and the turtle-dove; their medium diameter varies more from one cell to another in the pigeon.Neuroglandular contacts exist at the level of the glandular cords situated in the ultimobranchial body and in the thyroid. Their signification is not clearly understood.

     

汉江中上游湿地冬季水鸟资源调查

汉江中上游河道冬季水鸟共30种,隶属7目7科。其中,冬候鸟15种,留鸟8种,占73.3%,旅鸟7种。调查分析表明:独特的动物地理区系和优越的湿地环境使汉水中上游流域成为重要的鸟类越冬地及迁徙中转地,由此形成了该地特殊的冬季鸟类结构。     

七种鲅亚科鱼Ag-NORs的比较研究

本文研究了红鳍鲅、青稍红鲅、蒙古红鲅、翘嘴红鲅、CAN条、团头鲂和长春鳊等7种鲅亚科鱼类的银染带。结果表明,在中期分裂相中各自的A g-NORs数在4-8个之间。综合分析比较国内已发表的鲤科银染资料,得出多数中国鲤科鱼类的Ag-NORs数为4位于两对sm染色体短臂端部。鲅亚科鱼在进化过程中NORs数目有增加的趋势。Abstract:The Ag-NORs of 7 species in Abramidinae,namely Culter erythropterus,Erythroculter dabryi,E.ilishaeformis,E.mongolicus,Hemiculter leucisclus,Megalobrama amblycephala and Parabramis pekinensis were studied.The results showed that 4~8 Ag-NORs were observed in their metaphases respectively.Based on the Ag-NORs data of Cyprinid fishes published in China,we suggested that the number of Ag-NORs in major Chinese Cyprinidae is 4,locating on the short arm tips of two pairs smchromosomes.The trend of Ag-NORs number in Abramidinae fishes is towards increasing in course of evolution.     

应用分子原位杂交技术解析小麦-天兰冰草部分双二倍体──远中2号的染色体构成

为分析普通小麦（Ｔｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍ）－天兰冰草（Ａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎｉｎｔｅｒｍｅｄｉｕｍ）部分双二倍体──远中２号（２ｎ＝５４）的染色体构成,用生物素（ｂｉｏｔｉｎ－１６－ｄＵＴＰ）标记天兰冰草染色体组ＤＮＡ作为探针,以普通小麦品种中国春染色体组ＤＮＡ为封闭ＤＮＡ（ｂｌｏｃｋｉｎｇＤＮＡ）,与远中２号的有丝分裂中期染色体ＤＮＡ进行了分子原位杂交。证明远中２号除具有普通小麦的２１对染色体外,附加了１对小麦－天兰冰草易位染色体（即天兰冰草染色体片段易位到小麦染色体的两臂端部）、５对天兰冰草染色体。说明小麦－天兰冰草部分双二倍体在形成过程中染色体行为是比较复杂的,不仅可能产生小麦－天兰冰草染色体间易位,而且小麦染色体也可能与天兰冰草染色体的３种染色休组染色体共同参与组建新的染色体组附加到小麦中去。     

The role of uropygial gland on sexual behavior in domestic chicken Gallus gallus domesticus

Recent studies have indicated that avian social behavior is influenced by olfactory cues. During the reproductive season a change in the chemical composition of uropygial gland secretion has been reported in some species and the hypothesis that olfactory signals may be produced by this gland has been proposed. To examine this hypothesis we performed two behavioral experiments to determine whether a female’s uropygial gland produce chemical signals that stimulate mating behaviors in domestic chickens. In Experiment 1 the role of the female’s uropygial gland in male mating behavior was examined by removing and examining the female’s uropygial gland. The frequency of mounts and copulations of intact male birds with sham-operated female birds was significantly higher than with uropygial glandectomized female birds. With respect to the number of waltzing that is one of the courtship displays intact males showed no significant difference between sham-operated female birds and uropygial glandectomized female birds. In Experiment 2 the relationship between male olfaction and the female’s uropygial gland was investigated using olfactory bulbectomized male birds. The number of mounts and copulations of sham-operated male birds with sham-operated female bird was significantly higher than with uropygial glandectomized female birds. In contrast olfactory bulbectomized male birds showed no significant differences in the number of mounts and copulations between sham-operated female birds and uropygial glandectomized female birds. These results indicate that intact and sham-operated male birds prefer to mate with female birds with the uropygial gland. The number of courtship waltzing of sham-operated male birds showed no significant difference. However olfactory bulbectomized male birds significantly courted to uropygial glandectomized female birds. Summarizing our results show that while anosmic males did not have any preference both intact and sham-operated male birds chose to mate with female birds having an intact uropygial gland suggesting that mate preference involves in male olfaction and that the female’s uropygial gland acts as a source of social odor cues in domestic chickens.     

New records of cestodes of New Zealand birds

Abstract

Ten species of cestodes are reported from aquatic birds in New Zealand. All are new records for the country.