Problems of ergonomics in Bali, Indonesia.

Development in Indonesia, particularly in Bali, has been planned and done through several stages of the Five-Year Development Programs, which started in 1969, and emphasized intensification of agriculture and extensification of industries related to potential resources available in the region. In the process, industrialization, being regarded as a prerequisite to higher living standards, brought with it problems concerning safety, health, and work conditions, especially with respect to transfer of technology. As examples, experiences and data, related particularly to ergonomics in the sectors of agriculture, hotel business, textile mills, transportation, and others in Bali, Indonesia, are reported. In dealing with such possible consequences of development, efforts to find fundamental solutions should be given the highest priority. It is necessary to make use of all the existing institutions having potential functions and roles in the policy of development planning, and to take into consideration the factors of safety, health, and work conditions in specifying technical and financial development projects for industrialization.     

Helcogramma melanolancea,a new triplefin (Perciformes: Tripterygiidae) from Bali,Indonesia

Ichthyological Research - The new triplefin Helcogramma melanolancea sp. nov. (Perciformes: Tripterygiidae), described from five specimens collected from Bali, Indonesia, most closely resembles...     

Evaluation of the genetic profile of the Pulawska breed

An assessment was made of the genetic variation of the Pulawska pig through the determination of polymorphism of 6 genes and 14 microsatellite sequences. The examinations covered 52 gilts included in a preservation breeding project. The identification of the alleles at microsatellite loci was performed in an ABI PRISM 310 GENETIC ANALYZER. Gene polymorphism was established by the PCR-RLFP method. On the basis of the variation of 6 genes and 14 microsatellites the mean value of the heterozygosity coefficient was estimated at 0.61, while the value of the corresponding PIC coefficient (polymorphism information content) amounted to 0.55. The probability that the genotypes of two randomly chosen individuals in a population are identical was: 6.95 x 10(-3) (based on gene allele frequency) and 1.23 x 10(-14) (based on microsatellite allele frequency).     

Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Building Materials from the Island of Bali,Indonesia

Ethnobotanical Study of Traditional Building Materials from the Island of Bali, Indonesia. Local knowledge of plant-based building materials has long been part of Balinese tradition. In order to better understand this particular tradition, we carried out a comprehensive ethnobotanical study of 13 aga villages. The data were obtained through semi-structured interviews and questionnaires. Seventy-eight species of plants were identified, comprising 63 genera and 34 families, of which 46% are native to the Flora Malesiana floristic region, 20% to the Indian floristic region, and 17% to the Indochinese floristic region. Ninety-one percent were trees. The most frequently used part was the stem (88%). The main use categories reported for building materials were houses (58%), religious uses (Balinese Hindu temple; 35%), stables (5%), and barns (2%). Thirty-eight percent appeared in more than one use category. Arenga pinnata (Wurmb) Merr. and Magnolia champaca (L.) Baill. ex Pierre were the two species that possessed the highest values in the preference ranking for use value (UV) followed by Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam. Species richness differed substantially between villages according to their different levels of traditional knowledge preservation. Despite the impact of the fast-growing tourist industry and the decline of local knowledge, the Balinese who live in the study areas still depend on locally available indigenous plant species for their building materials. The cultivation of these indigenous plants is in a period of crisis, especially with regard to conservation.     

Designing Programs for Eliminating Canine Rabies from Islands: Bali,Indonesia as a Case Study

Background

Canine rabies is one of the most important and feared zoonotic diseases in the world. In some regions rabies elimination is being successfully coordinated, whereas in others rabies is endemic and continues to spread to uninfected areas. As epidemics emerge, both accepted and contentious control methods are used, as questions remain over the most effective strategy to eliminate rabies. The Indonesian island of Bali was rabies-free until 2008 when an epidemic in domestic dogs began, resulting in the deaths of over 100 people. Here we analyze data from the epidemic and compare the effectiveness of control methods at eliminating rabies.

Methodology/Principal Findings

Using data from Bali, we estimated the basic reproductive number, R ₀, of rabies in dogs, to be ∼1·2, almost identical to that obtained in ten–fold less dense dog populations and suggesting rabies will not be effectively controlled by reducing dog density. We then developed a model to compare options for mass dog vaccination. Comprehensive high coverage was the single most important factor for achieving elimination, with omission of even small areas (<0.5% of the dog population) jeopardizing success. Parameterizing the model with data from the 2010 and 2011 vaccination campaigns, we show that a comprehensive high coverage campaign in 2012 would likely result in elimination, saving ∼550 human lives and ∼$15 million in prophylaxis costs over the next ten years.

Conclusions/Significance

The elimination of rabies from Bali will not be achieved through achievable reductions in dog density. To ensure elimination, concerted high coverage, repeated, mass dog vaccination campaigns are necessary and the cooperation of all regions of the island is critical. Momentum is building towards development of a strategy for the global elimination of canine rabies, and this study offers valuable new insights about the dynamics and control of this disease, with immediate practical relevance.     

Large-Scale Trade in Legally Protected Marine Mollusc Shells from Java and Bali,Indonesia

Background

Tropical marine molluscs are traded globally. Larger species with slow life histories are under threat from over-exploitation. We report on the trade in protected marine mollusc shells in and from Java and Bali, Indonesia. Since 1987 twelve species of marine molluscs are protected under Indonesian law to shield them from overexploitation. Despite this protection they are traded openly in large volumes.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We collected data on species composition, origins, volumes and prices at two large open markets (2013), collected data from wholesale traders (2013), and compiled seizure data by the Indonesian authorities (2008–2013). All twelve protected species were observed in trade. Smaller species were traded for <USD1.00 whereas prices of larger species were USD15.00–40.00 with clear price-size relationships. Some shells were collected locally in Java and Bali, but the trade involves networks stretching hundreds of kilometres throughout Indonesia. Wholesale traders offer protected marine mollusc shells for the export market by the container or by the metric ton. Data from 20 confiscated shipments show an on-going trade in these molluscs. Over 42,000 shells were seized over a 5-year period, with a retail value of USD700,000 within Indonesia; horned helmet (Cassis cornuta) (>32,000 shells valued at USD500,000), chambered nautilus (Nautilus pompilius) (>3,000 shells, USD60,000) and giant clams (Tridacna spp.) (>2,000 shells, USD45,000) were traded in largest volumes. Two-thirds of this trade was destined for international markets, including in the USA and Asia-Pacific region.

Conclusions/Significance

We demonstrated that the trade in protected marine mollusc shells in Indonesia is not controlled nor monitored, that it involves large volumes, and that networks of shell collectors, traders, middlemen and exporters span the globe. This impedes protection of these species on the ground and calls into question the effectiveness of protected species management in Indonesia; solutions are unlikely to be found only in Indonesia and must involve the cooperation of importing countries.     

Water Conflicts among Different User Groups in South Bali,Indonesia

The overexploitation of water resources in the region of South Bali, near one of the island’s tourist centres, is exemplified by a subak in Sanur at the tail end of an irrigation system. Tensions between the social institutions for local water management and powerful, state-backed stakeholders in water distribution from the river Ayung have caused rural–urban water conflicts for the last 10–15 years. The case presented here illustrates how water shortages are ascribed to the dominance of the tourism industry, private companies selling bottled drinking water and regional water delivery services, all of which peasants hold responsible for crop failure in dry years. I focus on the emic perspective of the subak members on water scarcity caused by a lack of coordination between privatized and previously centralized water resource management based on economic priorities for the tourism sector and urban regions and water use for agriculture.     

An account on the taxonomy of ostracodes from recent reefal flat deposits in Bali, Indonesia

We give a preliminary account on the taxonomy of ostracodes species gathered from a composite bottom sediment sample taken from recent reefal flat deposits off the East coast of Bali at a depth of about 1.50 m. A total of 34 ostracod species were recovered belonging to 24 genera. Most species identified are well known from previous investigations; however, their taxonomic range is rather confused and needs modern revision. The fauna is generally widely distributed in the tropical littoral zone of Indo-West Pacific. Only six species are shared with the Red Sea, five have also been recorded from the Caribbean area, and only one species is common with the Mediterranean.

Résumé

Cette étude préliminaire est focalisée sur la systématique des espèces d'ostracodes récoltées sur un platier récifal actuel de la côte Est de Bali, à une profondeur d'environ 1,50 m. Trente quatre espèces appartenant à 24 genres ont été identifiées. La majorité des espèces sont bien connues par les travaux antérieurs ; néanmoins, leur position taxonomique est souvent confuse et nécessite d'être révisée. Cette faune est largement répartie dans la zone tropicale littorale du domaine indo-pacifique. Seulement six espèces sont communes avec la Mer Rouge, cinq autres avec la province caribéenne, et une seule avec la Méditerranée.     

Analysis of genetic variation in 28 dog breed populations with 100 microsatellite markers

Dog breeds were created by man choosing for select phenotypic traits such as size, shape, coat color, conformation, and behavior. Rigorous phenotypic selection likely resulted in a loss of genetic information. The present study extends previous dog population observations by assessing the genotypic variation within and across 28 breeds representing the seven recognized breed groups of the American Kennel Club (AKC). One hundred autosomal microsatellite markers distributed across the canine genome were used to examine variation within breeds. Resulting breed-specific allele frequencies were then used in an attempt to elucidate phylogeny and genetic distances between breeds. While the set of autosomal microsatellites was useful in describing genetic variation within breeds, establishing the genetic relatedness between breeds was less conclusive. A more accurate determination of breed phylogeny will likely require the use of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).     

Blood Characteristics of the Crab-Eating Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in Bali Island,Indonesia: Implication of Water Deficiency in West Bali

Environmental effects on blood characteristics of macaques were examined by comparing serveral blood indices of the free-ranging crab-eating monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) in two distinct regions of Bali Island, Indonesia. The total plasma protein level and concentrations of' creatinine and sodium ion were higher with macaques of Teluk Terima in the west part of Bali Island (dry area) than those in the central Bali (wet area). Results indicated that water deficiency in the dry area significantly affects the blood characteristics of macaques.     

Origin of the pork tapeworm Taenia solium in Bali and Papua,Indonesia

Global distributions of zoonotic pathogens have been strongly affected by the history of human dispersal and domestication of livestock. The pork tapeworm Taenia solium is distributed worldwide as the cause of neurocysticercosis, one of the most serious neglected tropical diseases. T. solium has been reported in Indonesia but only endemic to restricted areas such as Bali and Papua. Previous studies indicated the distinctiveness of a mitochondrial haplotype confirmed in Papua, but only one isolate has been examined to date. In this study, genetic characterization of T. solium and pigs in Bali and Papua was conducted to clarify the distributional history of the parasite. Mitochondrial haplotype network analysis clearly showed that Indonesian T. solium comprises a unique haplogroup which was the first to diverge among Asian genotypes, indicating its single origin and the fact that it was not introduced in the recent past from other area in Asia in which it is endemic. Although phylogenetic analysis based on the mitochondrial D-loop revealed multiple origins of pigs in Bali and Papua, the majority of pigs belonged to the Pacific Clade, which is widely dispersed throughout the Island Southeast Asia (ISEA) and Oceania due to Neolithic human dispersal. Given the results of our network analysis, it is likely that the Pacific Clade pigs played a key role in the dispersal of T. solium. The data suggest that T. solium was introduced from mainland Asia into Western Indonesia, including Bali, by modern humans in the late Pleistocene, or in the early to middle Holocene along with the Pacific Clade pigs. Introduction into New Guinea most likely occurred in the late Holocene through the spread of Pacific Clade pigs. Over time, T. solium has been eradicated from most of Indonesia through the middle to modern ages owing to religious and cultural practices.     

Features of genetic variability in microsatellite DNA loci in the French Bulldog dog breed

Genetic variability in microsatellite markers PEZ1, PEZ3, PEZ6, PEZ8, FHC2010, and FHC2054 from a panel recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics has been assessed for a micropopulation of dogs of the French Bulldog breed. The number and size of alleles, the number of alleles per locus, the effective number of alleles, the polymorphism index, expected and actual heterozygosity, and Wright’s fixation index have been determined to characterize each locus investigated. Deficit of heterozygous genotypes was observed in the micropopulation investigated, which is indicative of inbreeding. The relationship between the degree of homozygosity for six microsatellite loci and the degree of inbreeding has been analyzed. The results obtained point at a trend for increase of the relative abundance of homozygous loci upon an increase in the inbreeding coefficient of individuals.     

The profile of tropical alfalfa in Indonesia: A review

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), or lucerne, is a subtropical plant popularly known as the “Queen of Forages”. It has a superior nutritional profile that includes high levels of crude protein, secondary metabolites, as well as macro and micro minerals, making it one of the best feed fodders in the world. Alfalfa is also highly adaptable to both warm and cold climates in addition to being highly nutritious. These features have led to the cultivation of alfalfa in tropical areas, such as Indonesia. Studies have been conducted on the vegetative and generative aspects of alfalfa cultivation in tropical regions to increase crop yield and sustainability. Progress in the cultivation and use of alfalfa in tropical regions has been encouraging and has led to the potential emergence of a new stock, namely tropical alfalfa, which is now a high-quality green forage source in tropical regions. Cultivation of tropical alfalfa provides breeders with a high-quality feed, leading to significant improvement in the condition and health of livestock and an increase in the production of meat, milk, and eggs. This review will be very important source of information not only for researchers but also for businessman who have a concern to develop alfalfa tropic either for feed or food (growth characteristic, function and nutrient content).     

An ocular cysticercosis in Bali, Indonesia caused by Taenia solium Asian genotype

An ocular cysticercosis case of a nine-year-old Balinese girl in Indonesia is reported. She presented with redness and pain in the left eye and showed a cysticercus in the anterior chamber in December 2010. Morphological feature of the cysticercus removed from the anterior chamber indicated that it was an immature cysticercus of Taenia species with no hooklets. However, mitochondrial DNA analysis using a piece of histopathological specimen revealed it a cysticercus of Taenia solium Asian genotype. Serology by immunoblot and ELISA highly specific to cysticercosis was negative.     

Dispersal and population genetic structure of Telmatherina antoniae,an endemic freshwater Sailfin silverside from Sulawesi,Indonesia

Population genetic structure in the presence of substantial dispersal provides a unique perspective on the evolution of reproductive isolation. We sampled Telmatherina antoniae, an endemic fish species, at 10 sites in Lake Matano, Indonesia. Significant genetic structure (F_ST = 0.03) was found, despite a migration rate of 10.2% and a mean dispersal distance of 13.6 km, estimated by genotype assignment. Neither dispersal distance nor direction differed from random expectations, indicative of no dispersal barrier in Lake Matano. However, Bayesian genotype cluster assignment identified a population structure consisting of four to six clusters that did not coincide with sample site distribution, but explained two to three times more genetic variance than sample site. The mechanism for continued isolation of those genetic clusters is unknown, but assortative mating and temporal isolation are obvious candidates. Our results resolve the apparent paradox of population genetic structure coupled with frequent dispersal, and highlight the importance of considering cryptic genetic structure.     

Reproductive morphology and taxonomic reappraisal of Exophyllum wentii Weber-van Bosse (Rhodomelaceae, Rhodophyta) from Bali Island, Indonesia

The little‐known and rarely collected alga Exophyllum wentii Weber‐van Bosse is re‐described in detail from the type material, as well as from new collections from Indonesia, which for the first time reveal in detail the structure of cystocarpic and spermatangial plants and the development of tetrasporangial stichidia under culture conditions. New morphological reproductive information confirms placement of the genus Exophyllum within the Rhodomelaceae. Exophyllum is distinguished from other related genera within the Rhodomelaceae by its cartilaginous, non‐trichoblastic decumbent thallus with multiple holdfasts and its discoid spermatangial organs. Some Pacific material earlier attributed to E. wentii was found to be misidentified and re‐assigned to the Dasyaceae.     

Coastal community empowerment in processing Kappaphycus alvarezii: a case study in Ceningan Island,Bali, Indonesia

This paper reports on a project to engage researchers and seaweed farmers in an intervention to improve livelihoods as a part of coastal community empowerment in Ceningan Island, Bali, Indonesia. An easy and manageable seaweed processing technology and introduction of the processing technology was developed in order to improve income and livelihoods by improving skills and knowledge of seaweed farmers in Ceningan Island in seaweed processing technology and business plan and managerial of seaweed processing products. This project was started with a field survey and followed by two workshops. The project was started with a field survey to identify major issues or problem faced by the seaweed farmers and to determine target and segmentation of workshop participants. Two workshops then were conducted based on field data to introduce “seaweed for food” processing technology, and the second workshop was conducted to introduce business plan and managerial knowledge that can be applied by seaweed farmers. As a result of this project, 35 people became capable of producing various seaweed-based food products and continued to operate in a small-scale manner under the guidance of IDEP Foundation. The project proved to be a renaissance for Ceningan Island coastal community to realize how potential their seaweed processing could be. Windows of opportunity lie in front of them to establish small and medium enterprises on seaweed products and to build those products as souvenir icon from Ceningan Island, Bali.