胶质细胞源性神经营养因子研究进展

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子是１９９３４上发现并克隆的神经营养因子,对巴金森氏病和运动神经元性疾病的治疗可能具有潜在的应用价值。本文对价值蛋白质的性质,基因结构,分布以及其在生理,病理情况下作用进行了简要的综述。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子受体

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子能够促进多种神经细胞特别是多巴胺能神经元及运动神经元存活。胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的信号传递受体是ＲＥＴ受体酪氨酸激酶,受体α亚基是它与ＲＥＴ相互作用的媒介。胶质细胞源性神经营养因子生物学活性的发挥需要ＲＥＴ与受体α亚基同时存在。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子对疼痛的调节作用

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)属转化生长因子β超家族成员,其成熟蛋白由134个氨基酸残基组成,而GDNF受体广泛分布于外周和中枢神经系统。GDNF不仅可以促进多巴胺能神经元、运动神经元的存活,对交感、副交感以及感觉神经元具有营养作用,还能够影响神经元的发育、分化并对非神经系统的发育也具有重要作用。近年来随着人们对疼痛认识的深入,疼痛的机制也不再限于神经元功能的改变,还受胶质细胞活化、多种营养因子、细胞因子及相应受体、离子通道等多方面因素的影响。为此,本文就近年来GDNF参与疼痛调节的相关研究进展做一简要综述。     

胶质细胞源神经营养因子

胶质细胞源神经营养因子陈哲宇何成王成海（第二军医大学神经生物教研室,上海２００４３３）关键词胶质细胞源神经营养因子多巴胺能神经元运动神经元神经营养因子是指能够促进神经细胞存活、生长和分化的一类蛋白质。胶质细胞源神经营养因子（ＧＤＮＦ）,因其最初从大鼠...     

胶质细胞源神经营养因子研究进展

叙述了新近纯化的胶质细胞源神经营养因子（ＧＤＮＦ）的生物功能及其在鼠胚胎的分布,着重介绍了该因子对损伤的多巴胺能神经元及运动神经元促进存活,修复损伤及再生的活性。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子在不同年龄大鼠小脑及海马中的表达差异

目的观察胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（GDNF）在青年和老年大鼠小脑和海马中的表达特征。方法采用免疫组织化学方法显示GDNF在青年及老年大鼠小脑和海马的分布变化。应用计算机图像分析系统对免疫组织化学反应切片进行检测。结果青年组小脑蒲肯野细胞GDNF阳性反应明显强于老年组;但在青年和老年大鼠海马区,GDNF免疫细胞反应的差别并不明显。结论GDNF在蒲氏细胞内含量的增龄性变化提示它影响蒲肯野细胞及小脑其它神经元的功能与存活,对于小脑神经细胞的老化有重要意义。     

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子引发精原干细胞自我更新的信号通路

胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)是TGF-β超家族的一个相关成员。哺乳动物睾丸曲细精管内支持细胞分泌的GDNF,能促进精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)的自我更新与增殖。SSCs去分化诱导产生的多能干细胞已被广泛应用于再生医学领域,且SSCs在制作转基因动物、男性不育治疗和体外实施精子发生过程等方面,具有极大的应用价值。所以,GDNF引发SSCs自我更新的作用机理非常值得探索。通过对GDNF引发SSCs自我更新的信号通路进行系统梳理,我们发现了如下的作用过程:GDNF与GFR-α1特异性结合,活化Ret蛋白酪氨酸激酶,随后激活Ras/ERK1/2、PI3K-Akt和SFK信号通路,促进SSCs的自我更新;同时,在该过程中还存在信号通路间的交联对话现象。     

中脑星形胶质细胞源性神经营养因子

中脑星形胶质细胞源性神经营养因子（mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor, MANF）是一种新型保守的神经营养因子,其结构和作用形式与传统的神经营养因子存在差异。MANF具有独特的三维结构,包含N端saposin样结构域和C端SAP（SAF-A/B, Acinus and PIAS, SAP）结构域,决定其特殊的作用形式。表达MANF的组织在哺乳动物体内分布广泛。在细胞内,MANF主要位于内质网腔,对于维持内质网稳态具有重要意义。在细胞外,MANF作为一种分泌蛋白质,不仅具有保护和促进多巴胺能神经元修复的功能,对包括胰岛β细胞、心肌细胞、视网膜神经节细胞等其他细胞类型也具有保护作用。此外,MANF还可通过调节炎症相关通路抑制炎症反应。研究显示,MANF在多种疾病中呈现出潜在的临床价值。本文将对MANF的结构、生理功能及其研究进展进行综述。     

胶质细胞源神经营养因子治疗帕金森病的研究

胶质细胞源神经营养因子治疗帕金森病的研究唐剑闻（华东师范大学生物系,上海２０００６２）刘健郑仲承（中国科学院上海生物化学研究所,上海２０００３１关键词胶质细胞源神经营养因子帕金森病基因治疗帕金森病（Ｐａｒｋｉｎｓｏｎ＇ｓｄｉｓｅａｓｅ,ＰＤ）是一种常...     

重组人胶质细胞源性神经营养因子的生物学活性研究

从人星形胶质细胞瘤BT-325细胞中克隆胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF) cDNA序列.以大肠杆菌作为表达系统,GDNF蛋白在大肠杆菌JM103中获得了高效表达;表达产物经纯化、复性后,以8日龄鸡胚背根节（DRG）、14日龄胎鼠脊髓前角运动神经元以及新生大鼠大脑皮层胶质细胞作为实验材料,研究了GDNF的生物学活性,结果表明： rhGDNF可有效地促进DRG突起的生长,rhGDNF对体外培养的运动神经元表现出明显的促突起生长作用,并可显著提高体外培养运动神经元的存活率,rhGDNF 对体外培养的胶质细胞具有促增殖作用.     

GDNF对精原干细胞增殖及其分化的调控机制

阐述了胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(GDNF)及其受体与精原干细胞增殖和分化的关系。GDNF能够促进未分化的精原细胞增长,并且可以调节精原干细胞自我更新与分化的微环境,参与其分化的第一步,是精原干细胞存活的重要营养因子。     

Characterization of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family receptor alpha-1 in peripheral nerve Schwann cells

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family receptor alpha-1 (GFRalpha-1) is a receptor component of GDNF that associates with and activates the tyrosine kinase receptor Ret. To further understand GDNF and its receptor system in the PNS, we first characterized the expression of GFRalpha-1 in bovine peripheral nerve in vivo. GFRalpha-1 immunoreactivity was localized adjacent to the outermost layer of myelin sheath, as well as in the endoneurium and axoplasm. In a fractionation study, GFRalpha-1 was recovered mostly in the soluble fraction, although a small amount was recovered in the membrane fraction. A substantial amount of GFRalpha-1 in the membrane fraction was extractable by detergent and alkaline conditions. To further clarify the expression of GFRalpha-1 in Schwann cells, we examined cultured rat Schwann cells and the Schwannoma cell line RT4. Schwann cells expressed GFRalpha-1 in both the soluble/cytosolic and membrane fractions, and the membrane form of GFRalpha-1 was expressed at the outer surface of the Schwann cell plasma membrane. We also confirmed the secretion of the soluble form of GFRalpha-1 from Schwannoma cells in a metabolic labeling experiment. These data contribute to our knowledge of the production, expression and functions of GFRalpha-1 in the PNS.     

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor-induced signaling in Schwann cells

Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), a known survival factor for neurons, has recently been shown to stimulate the migration of Schwann cells (SCs) and to enhance myelination. GDNF exerts its biological effects by activating the Ret tyrosine kinase in the presence of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked receptor, GDNF family receptor (GFR) alpha1. In Ret-negative cells, the alternative transmembrane coreceptor is the 140-kDa isoform of neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) associated with a non-receptor tyrosine kinase Fyn. We confirmed that GDNF, GFRalpha1 and NCAM are expressed in neonatal rat SCs. We found that GDNF induces an increase in the partitioning of NCAM and heparan sulfate proteoglycan agrin into lipid rafts and that heparinase inhibits GDNF-signaling in SCs. In addition to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and phosphorylation of cAMP response element binding protein, we found that cAMP-dependent protein kinase A and protein kinase C are involved in GDNF-mediated signaling in SCs. Although GDNF did not promote the differentiation of purified SCs into the myelinating phenotype, it enhanced myelination in neuron-SC cocultures. We conclude that GDNF utilizes NCAM signaling pathways to regulate SC function prior to myelination and at early stages of myelin formation.     

Exercise-dependent regulation of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) expression in skeletal muscle and its importance for the neuromuscular system

The focus of this review is to highlight the importance of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) for the motor nervous system. GDNF is the most potent survival factor for motor neurons, where it enhances maintenance and survival of both developing and mature motor neurons in vivo and in vitro. GDNF aids in neuromuscular junction formation, maintenance, and plasticity, where skeletal muscle-derived GDNF may be responsible for this phenomenon. Increased levels of physical activity can increase GDNF protein levels in skeletal muscle, where alterations in acetylcholine and acetylcholine receptor activation may be involved in regulation of these changes observed. With inactivity and disuse, GDNF expression shows different patterns of regulation in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Due to its potent effects for motor neurons, GDNF is being extensively studied in neuromuscular diseases.     

骨髓间充质干细胞移植对急性脊髓损伤脱髓鞘病变的保护作用

骨髓间充质干细胞(Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs)已被广泛应用于治疗脊髓损伤,但目前对其治疗机制了解甚少。BMSCs被移植至脊髓钳夹损伤模型大鼠,以研究其保护作用。通过LFB(Luxol fast blue)染色、锇酸染色、TUNEL(Td T-mediated d UTP nick-end labeling)染色和透射电镜对白质有髓神经纤维进行观察。免疫印迹检测BMSCs移植对脑源性神经营养因子(Brain derived neurotrophic factor,BDNF)和caspase 3蛋白表达的影响。通过脊髓损伤后1、7、14 d三个时间点移植BMSCs并进行后肢运动评分(Basso,beattie and bresnahan;BBB评分)和CNPase(2′,3′-cyclic-nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase)、髓鞘碱性蛋白(Myelin basic protein,MBP)、caspase 3蛋白水平的检测。免疫荧光观察BMSCs移植到受损脊髓后分化情况及CNPase-caspase 3~+共表达情况。骨髓间充质干细胞移植7 d后,部分移植的BMSCs可表达神经元和少突胶质细胞标记物,大鼠后肢运动能力和髓鞘超微结构特征均明显改善。骨髓间充质干细胞移植后BDNF蛋白表达水平增加,caspase 3蛋白表达水平则降低。相对于脊髓损伤后1 d和14 d,7 d移植BMSCs后MBP和CNPase蛋白表达水平最高;caspase 3蛋白表达水平则最低。骨髓间充质干细胞移植后CNPase-caspase 3~+细胞散在分布于脊髓白质。结果表明,急性脊髓损伤后,BMSCs移植到受损脊髓有分化为神经元和少突胶质细胞的倾向,并促进BDNF的分泌介导抗少突胶质细胞凋亡而对神经脱髓鞘病变有保护作用,且最佳移植时间为脊髓损伤后7 d。     

A non-peptidyl neurotrophic small molecule for midbrain dopaminergic neurons

Abstract A small organic molecule (CUR-162590) that selectively enhances survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons was identified by screening small molecule compound libraries. In embryonic midbrain cultures, CUR-162590 increased dopamine uptake and the number of dopaminergic neurons without altering the number of total neurons or astroglia or the uptake of GABA or serotonin. CUR-162590 reduced apoptosis of cultured dopaminergic neurons and protected against death induced by toxins such as MPP(+). Several synthetic analogs of CUR-162590 also had similar bioactivities. CUR-162590 thus represents a new class of neurotrophic small molecules that may have utility in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, which is marked by degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons.