共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 9 毫秒
1.
Fisheries management is a crucial issue worldwide, but it is proportionally more crucial in developing countries that rely heavily on inland fisheries. Management requires proper knowledge of fish behaviour and habitat use, as can be achieved through telemetry techniques, although these are most rarely used in tropical regions. Here we report briefly on the outcomes of a pilot workshop and training course aiming at improving technology transfer and capacity building, laying the stress on strengths and weaknesses of this approach, as evaluated by trainees. 相似文献
2.
The aim of this paper is to show that any process of benefit sharing that does not guarantee the representation and participation of women in the decision-making process, as well as in the distribution of benefits, contravenes a central demand of social justice. It is argued that women, particularly in developing countries, can be excluded from benefits derived from genetic research because of existing social structures that promote and maintain discrimination. The paper describes how the structural problem of gender-based inequity can impact on benefit sharing processes. At the same time, examples are given of poor women's ability to organise themselves and to achieve social benefits for entire communities. Relevant international guidelines (e.g. the Convention on Biodiversity) recognise the importance of women's contributions to the protection of biodiversity and thereby, implicitly, their right to a share of the benefits, but no mechanism is outlined on how to bring this about. The authors make a clear recommendation to ensure women's participation in benefit sharing negotiations by demanding seats at the negotiation table. 相似文献
3.
H. W. Doelle 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1996,12(5):445-450
All technological developments are aimed at improving the quality of life of a community of people. Biotechnology is a technology which allows the exploitation of microorganisms, plants and animal cells to take place within an economic framework. Developing countries are looking for programmes achieving sustainable, economical growth conducive to a higher per capita income of the community. Any joint venture which promises social advances and economic benefits will have to be rural-based. This presentation discusses the need for a change in fermentation industry attitudes to allow joint venture capital investment in clean technologies together with the problems developing countries face for the implementation of such technologies.The author is with MIRCEN-Biotechnology Brisbane and the Pacific Regional Network, Department of Microbiology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia 相似文献
4.
Andrew J. Prendergast 《Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences》2015,370(1671)
Malnutrition contributes to an estimated 45% of deaths among children under 5 years of age in developing countries, predominantly due to infections. Malnourished children therefore stand to benefit hugely from vaccination, but malnutrition has been described as the most common immunodeficiency globally, suggesting that they may not be able to respond effectively to vaccines. The immunology of malnutrition remains poorly characterized, but is associated with impairments in mucosal barrier integrity, and innate and adaptive immune dysfunction. Despite this, the majority of malnourished children can mount a protective immune response following vaccination, although the timing, quality and duration of responses may be impaired. This paper reviews the evidence for vaccine immunogenicity in malnourished children, discusses the importance of vaccination in prevention of malnutrition and highlights evidence gaps in our current knowledge. 相似文献
5.
The product of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) may be generically suitable for four types of investigations: Discovery PCR, Analytical PCR, Modification by PCR, and Synthetic PCR. Despite the potential problem of contamination with extraneous DNA, PCR is relatively simple and inexpensive, and thereby offers opportunities for laboratories from smaller or developing countries to invest limited resources in competitive global research and development, or in applications of economic and social value in health, agriculture and other sectors.The authors are with the Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Department of Pathology, University of Malta, MSIDA MSD 06, Malta, and Life Sciences and Biotechnology Network, Malta Council for Science and Technology, Valletta, Malta. 相似文献
6.
J. M. Grainger 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1996,12(5):451-456
A plenary discussion session on Biotechnology education and training programs at the Xth International Conference on The global Impacts of Applied Microbiology in 1995 gave an opportunity to identify current priorities for biotechnology in developing countries. The discussion focused on three major areas: the nature of the skills required; education and training for the various categories of staff; the role of the scientific community in informing the decision makers about biotechnology and its prospects. Comparable discussions are taking place in Europe and elsewhere in the industrialized world. They are exemplified by developments arising from a White Paper on Growth, Competitiveness, Employment published by the European Commission in 1993 which included a reinforcement of the work of the European Initiative for Biotechnology Education (EIBE) for teachers in schools. There are also widespread anxieties about the effects of deficiencies in the amount of attention being given to microbiology in undergraduate courses.The author is with the National Centre for Biotechnology Education, The University of Reading. Whiteknights, PO Box 228, Reading RG6 6AJ,UK 相似文献
7.
Background: The doctrine of informed consent (IC) exists to protect individuals from exploitation or harm. This study into IC was carried out to investigate how different researchers perceived the process whereby researchers obtained consent. It also examined researchers’ perspectives on what constituted IC, and how different settings influenced the process. Methods: The study recorded in‐depth interviews with 12 lecturers and five doctoral students, who had carried out research in developing countries, at a leading school of public health in the United Kingdom. A purposive, snowballing approach was used to identify interviewees. Results: Although the concept and application of the doctrine of IC should have been the same, irrespective of where the research was carried out, the process of obtaining it had to be different. The setting had to be taken into consideration and the autonomy of the subject had to be respected at all times. In areas of high illiteracy, and where understanding of the subject was likely to be a problem, there was an added responsibility placed on the researcher to devise innovative ways of carrying out the study, taking into consideration the peculiarities of the environment. Conclusion: The ethical issues for IC were the same, irrespective of where the research was conducted. However, because the backgrounds, setting, and knowledge of populations differed, there was the need to be similarly sensitive in obtaining consent. The problems of obtaining genuine IC were not limited to developing countries. 相似文献
8.
Biotechnology in a globalizing economy involves the participation of all countries–industrialized, developing and least developed, in the interconnected web of trade liberalization in closed and open-market economies. The various geopolitical or geocultural regions show striking approaches to the application of biotechnologies for development and the safeguarding of intellectual property rights. The generally held view that developing countries are doomed to being marginalized in a globalizing economy is, seemingly, in need of revision. 相似文献
9.
3 Correspondence address. E-mail: hnsallam{at}link.net Assisting developing countries in establishing infertility servicesis not a uniform exercise and depends on the stage of developmentof each country. Three levels of assistance are suggested: providingbasic (level 1), advanced (level 2) or tertiary referral infertilityservices (level 3). At each of these levels, four activitiesare needed: equipping the clinics, training the staff, educatingthe public and running the services. Basic (level 1) clinicscan be equipped by international donors, whereas level 2 and3 clinics can be funded through a partnership between an internationalscientific body (WHO, ESHRE, etc.) and an international bank(World Bank, African Development Bank, etc.). Training of themedical and paramedical staff should be the responsibility ofthe non-profit organizations (NPOs) preferably in regional trainingcenters. An awareness campaign is necessary to educate the publicand inform them of the range of treatment available in theircommunity and can also be funded by NPOs. Finally, the runningcost of the services including the staff salaries, the costof the investigations and medication should be the responsibilityof the local government, although in many countries, this hasto come from out of pocket payments. 相似文献
10.
de Armas Rodríguez Y Wissmann G Müller AL Pederiva MA Brum MC Brackmann RL Capó de Paz V Calderón EJ 《Parasite (Paris, France)》2011,18(3):219-228
Pneumocystis pneumonia (PcP) is a serious fungal infection among immunocompromised patients. In developed countries, the epidemiology and clinical spectrum of PcP have been clearly defined and well documented. However, in most developing countries, relatively little is known about the prevalence of pneumocystosis. Several articles covering African, Asian and American countries were reviewed in the present study. PcP was identified as a frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients from different geographic regions. A trend to an increasing rate of PcP was apparent in developing countries from 2002 to 2010. 相似文献
11.
R.S. Rolle 《World journal of microbiology & biotechnology》1998,14(5):611-619
The use of enzymes has the potential to increase productivity, efficiency and quality output in agro-industrial processing operations in many developing countries. Enzyme-catalysed processes generally have requirements for a simple manufacturing base, low capital investment and consume relatively small amounts of energy, when compared with other methods of food processing.This review presents an inventory of current and potential areas in which the use of enzymes may expand and diversify markets for agricultural products, facilitate agro-industrial development, improve nutrition, and reduce toxicity in foods produced and consumed in developing countries. 相似文献
12.
1 Correspondence address. E-mail: willem.ombelet{at}telenet.be
Although the consequences of the problem of childlessness aremore pronounced in developing countries when compared with Westernsocieties, local health care providers and international organizationspay little attention on this issue. The limited budgets forreproductive health care are mostly restricted to family planningand mother care. The most common misunderstanding is the overpopulation-issue.It is generally believed that the expected growth of the worldpopulation puts a real burden on the issue of infertility treatmentin resource-poor countries, although recent UN reports clearlyshow that in most developing countries the fertility rate isdropping significantly and will fall below the threshold of2.0 by 2050. It seems that the expected population growth indeveloping countries in the next decades is rather due to populationageing and not to high fertility rates. Another important issuesurrounding infertility in developing countries is the so-calledlimited resources argument. Because the problemof childlessness is a major health problem in most developingcountries, a re-arrangement of the global reproductive healthcare budget should be requested from local governments and internationalorganizations taking into account the urgent need for a go-togetherof more successful family-planning policies and affordable simplifiedART methods. 相似文献
13.
In 1987 the National Zoological Park inaugurated a Zoo Biology training program for developing country zoos, particularly those in the tropics where the threats to biological diversity are greatest. The program last 2 to 4 weeks, is targeted to mid-level zoo managers, and aspires to improve the care and management of wildlife in zoos through in situ training. A host zoo in the foreign country is responsible for selecting and inviting trainees from other zoos in the country or region. Training activities include daily lectures, demonstrations, quizzes, problem solving exercises, and class projects. In addition, the class participates in creating an animal inventory for the host zoo, and endemic species are identified for studbook compilation and captive propagation projects. Most mid-level zoo managers in tropical developing countries are college-educated men in their thirties, and have on average less than 10 years of zoo experience. We evaluate our program, and discuss the problems confronting tropical zoos in the developing world. Finally, we suggest ways that zoos in developed countries can influence tropical conservation through training and education. 相似文献
14.
Background: Explaining technical terms in consent forms prior to seeking informed consent to recruit into trials can be challenging in developing countries, and more so when the studies are randomized controlled trials. This study was carried out to examine the opinions of researchers on ways of dealing with these challenges in developing countries. Methods: Recorded in‐depth interviews with 12 lecturers and five doctoral students, who had carried out research in developing countries, at a leading school of public health in the United Kingdom. A purposive, snowballing approach was used to identify interviewees. Results: Researchers were divided on the feasibility of explaining technical trials in illiterate populations; the majority of them held the view that local analogies could be used to explain these technical terms. Others were of the opinion that this could not be done since it was too difficult to explain technical trials, such as randomized controlled trials, even to people in developed countries. Conclusion: Researchers acknowledged the difficulty in explaining randomized controlled trials but it was also their perception that this was an important part of the ethics of the work of scientific research involving human subjects. These difficulties notwithstanding, efforts should be made to ensure that subjects have sufficient understanding to consent, taking into account the fact that peculiar situations in developing countries might compound this difficulty. 相似文献
15.
4 Correspondence address. E-mail: willem.ombelet{at}telenet.be It is generally accepted that intrauterine insemination (IUI)should be preferred to more invasive and expensive techniquesof assisted reproduction and be offered as a first-choice treatmentin cases of unexplained and moderate male factor subfertility.Scientific validation of this strategy is rather difficult becauseliterature is rather confusing and not conclusive. IUI is proveneasier to perform, less invasive and less expensive than othermethods of assisted reproduction. Effectivity has been documentedin controlled studies under the condition that the inseminatingmotile count exceeds more than 1 million motile spermatozoa.Risks are minimal, provided the multiple gestation incidencecan be reduced to an acceptable level and provided at leastone tube is patent. Therefore, in developing countries, reflectionon the implementation and use of IUI as a first-line treatmentfor most cases of non-tubal infertility seems mandatory. Thecosts are minimal, training is easy, quality control possibleand severe complications are almost non-existing. In cases ofunexplained infertility or combined male subfertility and ovulatorydysfunction, correction and/or ovarian stimulation with clomiphenecitrate (CC) is probably the best strategy from a cost–benefitpoint of view unless CC-resistancy has been proven in whichthe use of low-dose gonadotrophins is necessary. 相似文献
16.
Threats to sustainability in African agriculture: Searching for appropriate paradigms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abe Goldman 《Human ecology: an interdisciplinary journal》1995,23(3):291-334
This paper attempts to identify the main threats to and sources of sustainability in African agricultural systems by examining cases of unsustainability and resilience at various levels. Current concepts of sustainable agriculture are based mainly on the experiences and norms of western industrial nations and may not be appropriate to sub-Saharan Africa and other developing regions. The things we want to sustain comprise a hierarchy of attributes, components, and systems at increasing scales, and it is important to examine the dynamics of sustainability at each significant level as well as the impacts of events at one level on others. Cases of crop declines and of collapses of larger systems indicate that extreme perturbations, both biophysical and social, are more important as causes of unsustainability than suggested in the literature, while the significance of resource degradation or of overuse of technological inputs have been overemphasized. Survey data from Kenya and Nigeria show that the main causes of crop disappearances have been major disease or pest outbreaks, followed by changes in crop preferences. Fertility and land use stresses have been only a tertiary factor. Sources of resilience that have buffered households and larger systems from the impacts of these range from farmers' strategies of crop and income diversification and searches for resistant cultivars to interventions by national and international bodies. Numerous population and large-scale system collapses have also occurred over the past century in Africa, almost all caused by extreme social and/or biophysical perturbations. There is no evidence that land degradation or land use pressure has played a significant role in these. Increased land use pressure has led to the disappearance or alteration of many prior practices, though farmers have generally adapted to these. Resource management systems have also declined due to outmigration as regions undergo a transition from remote and relatively closed systems to more open systems. These may call for a greater rather than lower use of modern technology to enhance the income earning potential of agricultural production. 相似文献
17.
With economic growth in many developing countries, not all are making similar progress with regard to material and environmental efficiencies. This study examines material use and CO2 emission patterns and intensities from 1971 to 2015 in a typical developing country, Pakistan, and investigates national‐level and multi‐country‐level efficiency improvements using data envelopment analysis. The results are used to derive key policy insights for a sustainable economic transition with higher resource and carbon efficiencies. Results show that material intensity has reduced by 39.1% while CO2 intensity has risen by 21.5% in the country. Pakistan, when compared with its top 10 export countries, was relatively more material and CO2 intensive. National‐level efficiency was found to be low in most of the periods due to material/energy intensive agriculture and industries, low value‐added exports, etc. Insights from the national‐level efficiency analysis indicate that surging CO2 intensities have started to decline since 2010 and the economy has greatly stabilized. Multi‐country analysis revealed that the efficiency gap between Pakistan and its developed export countries (such as the United Kingdom and France) has widened during the study period. Insights from the multi‐country analysis suggest that the economic growth and industrialization improves material and environmental efficiencies to some extent, yet these improvements are not equally distributed among all countries. As a way forward, integrated policies on sustainable resource consumption, carbon mitigation, and economic growth are necessary for accruing higher benefits from rising global trade and resource connectedness. 相似文献
18.
Cheryl C. Macpherson 《Bioethics》2019,33(3):399-405
This article outlines challenges to benefitting developing countries that are hosts of international research. In the context of existing guidance and frameworks for benefit‐sharing, it aims to provoke dialog about socioeconomic factors and other background conditions that influence what constitute benefits in a given host setting, and about the proportionality between benefits to hosts and benefits to sponsors and researchers. It argues that capacity‐building for critical thinking and negotiation in many developing country governments, institutions, and communities is a benefit because it can help to overcome background conditions that impinge on equitable international research negotiations, partnerships, and benefits. Enhancing the capacity for both critical thinking and negotiation can, like other targets of capacity‐building, nurture respectful and trusting partnerships that benefit all stakeholders in international research. 相似文献
19.
20.
A. G. Mwakaje 《African Journal of Ecology》2009,47(S1):179-184
Wetlands in Tanzania are among the world's most biologically productive ecosystems and are rich in species diversity. Wetlands support family livelihoods through crop production, grazing pastures and direct resource extractions. Ecologically, wetlands are instrumental in water storage, filtration, flood control and toxic retention and are also important habitat for biodiversity both flora and fauna. The last 30 years have witnessed rapid degradation of wetlands which threatens livelihoods; disturbs ecological settings and leads into unsustainable development. In this study, an attempt has been made to describe the livelihoods and sustainability issues of the Bahi Wetlands in Central Tanzania. This is a semi-arid area and therefore the wetland plays a key role socio-economically and environmentally. Data were collected from 200 households in Ngaiti and Kitalalo villages using structured and semi-structured questionnaires. There were also focused groups interviews, key informants and Participatory Rural Appraisal methods. Findings show Bahi Wetlands to play a significant role in livelihoods, cultural and ecological functions. However, the sustainability of the wetlands is threatened by over-cultivation, overgrazing and over-extraction of natural resources directly. Livelihood diversifications through credit provision, improved extension services and strengthened local institutions, are recommended. Wetlands policy and laws should be developed and enforced. 相似文献