植物叶片中过氧化氢含量测定方法的改进

Ti（Ⅳ）-H₂O₂比色法因背景物质干扰而测得的植物叶片内H₂O₂含量偏高，5％三氯乙酸抽提，活性炭脱色，Ti（Ⅳ）-4-(2-吡啶偶氮)间苯二酚(PAR)比色法测得的H₂O₂含量偏低.萃取法有效地脱去丙酮提液中的色素，且H₂O₂的回收率在95％以上.用过氧化氢酶(CAT）处理作空白对照，利用H₂O₂与Ti（Ⅳ）-PAR的显色反应，建立了一种简便、快速、准确的植物叶片内的H₂O₂含量测定方法，H₂O₂的最低检测浓度为0.25 μmol·L^－1.用该方法测得多种植物叶片中H₂O₂的含量在0.1～0.8 μmol·g^－1.     

细胞氧化损伤时8-羟基鸟嘌呤的测定

利用H₂O₂易通过细胞膜而到达核这一特点,初步探讨了不同浓度H₂O₂对HL-60细胞DNA的氧化损伤程度.发现H₂O₂浓度在0.4 mmol/L以上时,作用8～24 h可以用气相色谱/火焰离子检测器(GC/FID)检测到氧化损伤标志产物——8-羟基鸟嘌呤(8-oh-G),并观测到在0.4～0.8 mmol/L H₂O₂作用一定时间时,8-羟基鸟嘌呤含量随H₂O₂浓度升高而升高.     

一氧化氮供体对过氧化氢引起的心肌细胞损伤的保护作用

关于一氧化氮(NO)对心肌细胞是否具有保护作用目前尚存在争议,为探讨NO对过氧化氢(H2O2)引起的心肌细胞损伤是否具有保护作用及其可能的机制,实验将体外培养的新生大鼠心肌细胞分为3组(1)阴性对照组(Normal组);(2)H2O2组H2O2(0.1mmol/L)与心肌细胞共育4h;(3)S-亚硝基-N-乙酰青霉胺(SNAP)+H2O2组NO供体SNAP(0.5mmol/L)处理心肌细胞10min后,加入H2O2与心肌细胞共育4 h.用流式细胞术检测心肌细胞凋亡率,心肌细胞损伤程度以心肌细胞存活率和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活性来表示,同时检测心肌细胞超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性和丙二醛(MDA)含量.通过激光共聚焦显微术检测在不同处理条件下心肌细胞胞内钙的变化.结果表明,正常心肌细胞LDH活性和细胞存活率分别为631.4±75.6 U/L和93.1±6.2%,细胞凋亡率为0;H2O2处理细胞后可使细胞LDH活性显著增高(1580.5±186.7 U/L,P＜0.01),细胞存活率明显下降(58.3±7.6%,P＜0.01),流式细胞仪检测到大量心肌细胞凋亡,凋亡率为26.4±5.7%;SOD活性较正常细胞19.67±0.85 NU/ml显著下降,为14.73±1.68 NU/m(P＜0.01),MDA含量较正常细胞6.95±0.83μmol/L显著增高,为15.35±3.49μmol/L(P＜0.01).SNAP预处理细胞可显著提高心肌细胞存活率(79.7±9.3%,P＜0.01),降低LDH活性和细胞凋亡率(分别为957.8±110.9 U/L和9.1±3.3%,P＜0.01);并提高细胞抗氧化能力,表现为较H2O2处理组的SOD活性增高(21.36±3.11 NU/ml,P＜0.01),MDA含量下降(9.12±1.47 μmol/L,P＜0.01).激光共聚焦显微镜检测结果表明,H2O2可升高细胞内钙,而SNAP则可降低细胞内钙,SNAP预处理细胞后可取消H2O2升高细胞内钙的作用.上述结果提示,NO供体SNAP可对抗H2O2对心肌细胞的损伤,其机制与提高心肌细胞抗氧化损伤能力和对抗H2O2引起的细胞内钙超载有关.     

玉米叶表皮短细胞发育过程的形态特征及栓质细胞作用研究

采用大田试验,直接撕表皮或对叶片进行固定处理,结合单染、复染、荧光染色等多种细胞学显色方法,利用光学显微镜、荧光显微镜和扫描电子显微镜系统观察玉米叶表皮短细胞的发生时期、发育过程、分布规律以及形态结构特征,研究K⁺和H₂O₂在栓质细胞中的分布变化与表皮其它细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的分布及气孔器开关的关系,为进一步挖掘短细胞的新功能提供细胞学依据。结果表明：（1）短细胞是同步发生在玉米多叶位新表皮组织形成过程中,所有植株从第7新生叶,大部分第6叶,极少数第5叶的基部同时开始发生短细胞,之后新生的高位叶也均发生短细胞,并随着叶位的升高叶片各部位短细胞密度均增大,所有植株的1~4叶（因不再生长）均无短细胞出现。（2）初期发育的叶表皮细胞进行不对称分裂,生成相互交替的长、短细胞,有的短表皮细胞横（垂直叶脉）分裂,形成栓质细胞和硅质细胞对;栓质细胞基部与叶肉细胞相邻,硅质细胞嵌在栓质细胞和表皮细胞间偏上。（3）有短细胞发生的叶片,宏观背面发亮且覆有蜡质层,微观表皮细胞的着色特性发生了变化;栓质细胞为面包形柱状细胞,硅质细胞为哑铃形扁细胞。（4）气孔器张开时,栓质细胞中没有K⁺和H₂O₂的积累;气孔器关闭时,栓质细胞中积累了大量的K⁺和H₂O₂,且栓质细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累始终与副卫细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累变化一致,而硅质细胞和长细胞没有K⁺和H₂O₂的积累。该研究确定了玉米叶表皮短细胞发生的时期;展示了其发育过程的形态学变化特征;发现栓质细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累随气孔器开关呈周期性变化,且与副卫细胞中K⁺和H₂O₂的积累变化保持一致。     

活性氧自由基对心肌细胞损伤效应研究

为探讨活性氧自由基对心肌细胞的影响 ,采用胰蛋白酶酶消化法分离SD乳鼠心肌细胞 ,培养于适当的条件并观察其形态学和生理学方面的特征 ;加入H_{2O2 活性氧刺激心肌细胞 ,模拟氧自由基损伤心肌细胞方式 ,构建心肌细胞缺血再灌注损伤的模型并了解H2O2 对心肌细胞的损伤作用。结果表明胰蛋白酶消化分离的心肌细胞能够在体外完好生长 ,并能够在一段时间内维持其原有的生理特性 ;MTT检测结果和形态学观察结果表明H2O2 对心肌细胞的损伤与其浓度和作用时间呈正比关系 ,TUNEL和DNA凝胶电泳分析结果显示 ,H2O2 在心肌细胞中的积累是造成细胞凋亡的主要因素之一。}     

海藻多糖抑制白细胞呼吸爆发作用研究

采用ESR、自旋捕集及自旋氧探针技术,研究了海藻硫酸多糖(SPS)对豆蔻酰佛波醇乙酯(PMA)刺激的多形核白细胞(PMN)呼吸爆发的影响.结果表明,SPS能显著抑制PMN呼吸爆发,10 g/L和5 g/L SPS几乎完全清除PMN呼吸爆发产生的自由基,1 g/L SPS可清除53.2%;10 g/L SPS对PMN的耗氧量也有较明显的抑制作用.     

H2O2对蛇足石杉离体培养物诱变效应的研究

为了获得高产石杉碱甲(Huperzine A,Hup A)的蛇足石杉[Huperzia serrata(Thunb.)Trev.]叶状体,对H_2O_2诱变后的叶状体进行了研究。结果表明,诱变后叶状体株系的Hup A含量显著提高,并获得高产株系SH42,其相对生长率和Hup A含量分别达到4499.28%和261.17μg g~(–1) DW,比起始叶状体分别提高了2.35倍和2.43倍;且株系间可溶性蛋白质谱带和SOD同工酶谱均存在差异,经过连续9代培养,变异叶状体可以稳定遗传。因此,H_2O_2对叶状体细胞具有良好的诱变效应,可以用于筛选高产Hup A株系。     

二氧化硫对蚕豆叶片H2O2累积和膜脂过氧化的影响

对经ＳＯ２熏气处理后,蚕豆叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２的累积与膜脂过氧化关系进行了研究。低浓度ＳＯ２处理引起叶片中Ｈ２Ｏ２轻微累积,膜脂过氧化程度较低;较高浓度ＳＯ２引起Ｈ２Ｏ２含量增加,同时膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛含量也迅速增加,回归分析结果表明,ＳＯ２处理蚕豆叶片Ｈ２Ｏ２含量与丙二醛含量存在极显著的线性关系：ｙ＝３．５２９８＋０．０１６３ｘ,ｒ＝０．９３９７。     

VE对培养的鼠心肌细胞氧自由基损伤的影响

本文通过向培养基中加入黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶系统造成细胞的氧自由基损伤,以心肌细胞动作电位和膜通透性的改变为指标,从细胞水平观察了V_E对氧自由基损伤的影响。实验结果:XOD组心肌细胞动作电位各电参数明显降低,与对照组比较有明显差异(P<0.05—0.001),BaCl_2引起心肌细胞停跳的阈浓度减低(P<0.05),而V_E组与XOD组比较, 动作电位各电参数增高(P<0.05—0.001),BaCl_2的阈浓度增高(P<0.05)。提示V_E对黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶引起的培养心肌细胞氧自由基损伤具有保护作用。     

衰老叶片和叶绿体中H_2O_2的累积与膜脂过氧化的关系

在自然衰老和ABA处理的叶片和叶绿体中活性氧H_2O_2均比对照明显增高。外加H_2O_2刺激水稻叶绿体膜脂过氧化作用。叶绿体的丙二醛含量随H_2O_2浓度、光照时间、光照强度及叶绿体完整性而变化。AsA、GSH、SOD、甘露醇和过氧化氢酶对外源H_2O_2引起的膜脂过氧化有缓解作用,Fe~(2+)有刺激作用。而H_2O_2对叶绿体过氧化损伤主要是转化为OH之故。     

Role of Hydroxyl Radicals in Escherzchza Colz Killing Induced by Hydrogen Peroxide

Escherichia coli lethality by hydrogen peroxide is characterized by two modes of killing. In this paper we have found that hydroxyl radicals (OH -) generated by H₂O₂ and intracellular divalent iron are not involved in the induction of mode one lethality (i.e. cell killing produced by concentrations of H₂O₂ lower than 2.5 mM). In fact, the OH radical scavengers, thiourea, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide, and the iron chelator, desferrioxarnine, did not affect the survival of cells exposed to 2.5mM H₂O₂. In addition cell vulnerability to the same H₂O₂ concentration was independent on the intracellular iron content. In contrast, mode two lethality (i.e. cell killing generated by concentrations of H₂O₂ higher than 10mM) was markedly reduced by OH radical scavengers and desferrioxamine and was augmented by increasing the intracellular iron content.

It is concluded that OH. are required for mode two killing of E. coli by hydrogen peroxide.     

Sirt3对过氧化氢诱导的骨髓间充质干细胞凋亡的保护作用

目的:通过调控骨髓间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)中的Sirtuin-3(Sirt3)蛋白的表达水平,阐明Sirt3对过氧化氢(H2O2)诱导MSCs凋亡的保护作用及其机制。方法:将大鼠MSCs分为正常对照组、H2O2刺激组、H2O2+Sirt3转染组、H2O2+Sirt3 si RNA转染组。利用Western blot法检测Sirt3及cyclophilin d蛋白的表达水平、利用免疫沉淀法检测cyclophilin d乙酰化水平、利用流式细胞仪检测细胞凋亡。结果:1H2O2刺激使MSCs中Sirt3表达水平降低。2转染Sirt3可减少H2O2诱导的MSCs的凋亡,而转染Sirt3 si RNA可增加H2O2诱导的MSCs的凋亡。3Sirt3蛋白的含量并不影响cyclophilin d的表达,但影响cyclophilin d的乙酰化水平。结论:Sirt3可能通过减少线粒体通透性转换孔(mitochondrial permeablity transition pore,m PTP)中的关键蛋白cyclophilin d的乙酰化水平,进一步抑制m PTP的开放,从而减少H2O2诱导的MSCs的凋亡。     

The Beneficial Effect of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Schwann Cells Subjected to Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Oxidative Injury

Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) has been considered to have therapeutic potential in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injuries. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of GRg1 on peripheral nerve regeneration is currently unclear. The possible effect of GRg1 on Schwann cells (SCs), which were subjected to oxidative injury after nerve injury, might contribute to the beneficial effect of GRg1 on nerve regeneration. The present study was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effect of GRg1 on SCs exposed to oxidative injury. The oxidative injury to SCs was induced by hydrogen peroxide. The effect of GRg1 (50 μM) on SCs exposed to oxidative injury was measured by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in SCs. The cell number and cell viability of SCs were evaluated through fluorescence observation and MTT assay. The apoptosis of SCs induced by oxidative injury was evaluated by an apoptosis assay. The expression and secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were evaluated using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and an ELISA method. We found that GRg1 significantly up-regulated the level of SOD, GSH and CAT, and decreased the level of MDA in SCs treated with hydrogen peroxide. In addition, GRg1 has been shown to be able to inhibit the proapoptotic effect of hydrogen peroxide, as well as inhibit the detrimental effect of hydrogen peroxide on cell number and cell viability. Furthermore, GRg1 also increased the mRNA levels, protein levels and secretion of NGF and BDNF in SCs after incubation of hydrogen peroxide. Further study showed that preincubation with H89 (a PKA inhibitor) significantly inhibited the effects induced by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that the PKA pathway might be involved in the antioxidant effect and neurotrophic factors (NTFs) promoting effect of GRg1. In addition, a short-term in vivo study was performed to confirm and validate the antioxidant effect and nerve regeneration-promoting effect of GRg1 in a sciatic crush injury model in rats. We found that GRg1 significantly increased SOD, CAT and GSH, decreased MDA, as well as promoted nerve regeneration after crush injury. In conclusion, the present study showed that GRg1 is capable of helping SCs recover from the oxidative insult induced by hydrogen peroxide, which might account, at least in part, for the beneficial effect of GRg1 on nerve regeneration.     

Hydrogen Peroxide Dependent Oxidative Degradation of DNA by Copper Epinephrine

The hydrogen peroxide dependent oxidation of the epinephrinecopper complex to adrenochrome is mediated by free copper ions. The oxidation is enhanced by chloride ions and by the presence of serum albumin. The reaction is not inhibited by SOD or by hydroxyl radical scavengers.

The 2:1 epinephrine or dopamine:Cu(II) complexes are able to bind to DNA and to catalyze its oxidative destruction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The DNA-epinephrine-Cu(II) terenary complex has characteristic spectral properties. It has the capacity to catalyze the reduction of oxygen or H₂O₂ and it preserves the capacity over a wide range of comp1ex:DNA ratios. The rate of DNA cleavage is proportional to the rate of epinephrine oxidation and the rate determining step of the reaction Seems to be the reduction of free Cu(II) ions. The ability to form redox active stable DNA ternary complexes, suggests that under specific physiological conditions, when “free” copper ions are available. catecholamina may induce oxidative degradation of DNA and other biological macromolecules.     

Hydrogen Peroxide Dependent Oxidative Degradation of DNA by Copper Epinephrine

The hydrogen peroxide dependent oxidation of the epinephrinecopper complex to adrenochrome is mediated by free copper ions. The oxidation is enhanced by chloride ions and by the presence of serum albumin. The reaction is not inhibited by SOD or by hydroxyl radical scavengers.

The 2:1 epinephrine or dopamine:Cu(II) complexes are able to bind to DNA and to catalyze its oxidative destruction in the presence of hydrogen peroxide. The DNA-epinephrine-Cu(II) terenary complex has characteristic spectral properties. It has the capacity to catalyze the reduction of oxygen or H₂O₂ and it preserves the capacity over a wide range of comp1ex:DNA ratios. The rate of DNA cleavage is proportional to the rate of epinephrine oxidation and the rate determining step of the reaction Seems to be the reduction of free Cu(II) ions. The ability to form redox active stable DNA ternary complexes, suggests that under specific physiological conditions, when “free” copper ions are available. catecholamina may induce oxidative degradation of DNA and other biological macromolecules.     

Reaction of Vanadyl with Hydrogen Peroxide. An ESR and Spin Trapping Study

Vanadyl reacts with hydrogen peroxide forming hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-like reaction. The hydroxyl radicals were spin trapped and identified using 5.5-dimethyl-I-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). The quantity of hydroxyl radicals spin trapped during the reaction between vanadyl and hydrogen peroxide are equal to half of the hydroxyl radicals spin trapped during the reaction between ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Experiments in the presence of formate show that this hydroxyl radical scavenger effectively competes with DMPO preventing the formation of the DMPO-OH adduct. However. in experiments using ethanol as the hydroxyl radical scavenger it was not possible to completely prevent the formation of DMPO-OH. The formation of this additional DMPO-OH in the presence of ethanol does not depend on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but does depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide added to the vanadyl solution. The results suggest that the additional DMPO-OH formed in the presence of ethanol originates from a vanadium (V) intermediate. This intermediate may oxidize DMPO leading to the formation of DMPO-0; which rapidly decomposes forming DMPO-OH.     

ESR Spin Trapping Detection of Hydroxyl Radicals in the Reactions of Cr(V) Complexes with Hydrogen Peroxide

Electron spin resonance (ESR) measurments provide direct evidence for the involvement of Cr(V) in the reduction of Cr(VI) by NAD(P)H. Addition of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) to NAD(P)H-Cr(VI) reaction mixtures suppresses the Cr(V) signal and generates hydroxyl (OH) radicals (as detected via spin trapping), suggesting that Cr(V) reacts with H₂O₂ to generate the OH radicals. Reaction between H₂O₂ and a Cr(V)-glutathione complex. and between H₂O₂ and several Cr(V)-cdrboxylato complexes also produces OH radicals. These results suggest that Cr(V) complexes catalyze the generation of OH radicals from H₂O₂, and that OH radicals might play a significant role in the mechanism of Cr(VI) cytotoxicity.     

Reaction of Vanadyl with Hydrogen Peroxide. An ESR and Spin Trapping Study

Vanadyl reacts with hydrogen peroxide forming hydroxyl radicals in a Fenton-like reaction. The hydroxyl radicals were spin trapped and identified using 5.5-dimethyl-I-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO). The quantity of hydroxyl radicals spin trapped during the reaction between vanadyl and hydrogen peroxide are equal to half of the hydroxyl radicals spin trapped during the reaction between ferrous ions and hydrogen peroxide. Experiments in the presence of formate show that this hydroxyl radical scavenger effectively competes with DMPO preventing the formation of the DMPO-OH adduct. However. in experiments using ethanol as the hydroxyl radical scavenger it was not possible to completely prevent the formation of DMPO-OH. The formation of this additional DMPO-OH in the presence of ethanol does not depend on the concentration of dissolved oxygen, but does depend on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide added to the vanadyl solution. The results suggest that the additional DMPO-OH formed in the presence of ethanol originates from a vanadium (V) intermediate. This intermediate may oxidize DMPO leading to the formation of DMPO-0; which rapidly decomposes forming DMPO-OH.